Chaos and integrability in a nonlinear wave equation

We consider the parametrized family of equations _tt ,u- _xx u-au+u ₂ ² u=O,x(0,L), with Dirichlet boundary conditions. This equation has finite-dimensional invariant manifolds of solutions. Studying the reduced equation to a four-dimensional manifold, we prove the existence of transversal homoclinic orbits to periodic solutions and of invariant sets with chaotic dynamics, provided that =2, 3, 4,.... For =1 we prove the existence of infinitely many first integrals pairwise in involution.     

Lp-estimates for the nonlinear spatially homogeneous Boltzmann equation

This paper studies L^p-estimates for solutions of the nonlinear, spatially homogeneous Boltzmann equation. The molecular forces considered include inverse k^th-power forces with k > 5 and angular cut-off.The main conclusions are the following. Let f be the unique solution of the Boltzmann equation with f(v,t)(1 + ¦v²¦)^(s ₁ ^{+ /p)/2} L¹, when the initial value f ₀ satisfies f ₀(v) 0, f ₀(v) (1 + ¦v¦²)^(s ₁ ^{+ /p)/2} L¹, for some s₁ 2 + /p, and f ₀(v) (1 + ¦v¦²)^s/2 L^p. If s 2/p and 1 < p < , then f(v, t)(1 + ¦v¦²)^{(s s} ₁)^/2 L^p, t > 0. If s >2 and 3/(1+ ) < p < , thenf(v,t) (1 + ¦v¦²)^(s(s ₁ ^{+ 3/p))/2} L^p, t > 0. If s >2 + 2C₀/C₁ and 3/(l + ) < p < , then f(v,t)(1 + ¦v¦²)^s/2 L^p, t > 0. Here 1/p + 1/p = 1, x y = min (x, y), and C₀, C₁, 0 < 1, are positive constants related to the molecular forces under consideration; = (k – 5)/ (k – 1) for k^th-power forces.Some weaker conclusions follow when 1 < p 3/ (1 + ).In the proofs some previously known L-estimates are extended. The results for L^p, 1 < p < , are based on these L-estimates coupled with nonlinear interpolation.     

Un théorème d'existence de solutions d'un problème de shallow water

Résumé Nous présentons un théorème d'existence de solutions d'un problème de type shallow water, en formulation hauteur-vitesse (h, u). Nous obtenons une majoration de type énergie et construisons des solutions approchées respectant cette majoration. La difficulté essentielle du passage à la limite provient de l'unique majoration connue de la hauteur h qui est du type: h et hlogh bornés dans L (0T;L ¹()). Mémoire presenté par P.-L. Lions     

On the directional sensitivity of hot-wires: a new look at an old phenomenon

The directional response of a constant temperature hotwire anemometer to variations in pitch and yaw is reviewed, and a new data reduction technique for obtaining velocity vector data in a steady flow is described. Sequential sampling of the signal as the probe shaft is rotated through 360° provides data to yield a three-dimensional velocity vector. Jorgensen's expression was found to be suitable for the data reduction using independently measured pitch and yaw coefficients. Within the range of velocity and flow direction investigated, the velocity magnitude and direction can be determined to within 2% and 2° respectively if the yaw coefficient is neglected. This measurement method is currently being used to determine velocity distributions on the intake-valve/cylinder boundary for different induction system designs.List of symbols d diameter of hot wire - k ₁ yaw coefficient - k ₂ pitch coefficient - l length of hot wire - V output voltage of hot-wire anemometer - L valve lift - U ₀ free stream velocity - U _e effective measured velocity - variance of the mean - X axial distance parallel to valve stem - square root of the residual - velocity cone angle - probe shaft rotation angle - ₀ velocity phase angle     

Dynamic-mechanical properties of a bitumen-silica composite

Summary Dynamic-mechanical properties of bitumen-silica composite materials, measured at room temperature, do not vary with the volume ratio () in a simple manner as do usual bituminous concretes. However,E is a linear function of the interfacial area () between the filler and the binder per unit volume. ThusE = E ₀ +a(), wherea is a constant related to the storage modulus, in the absence of voids and with a void ratio factor. The loss moduli, plotted against () go through a maximum in a similar way as when plotted versus decreasing temperatures.

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Zusammenfassung Die bei Zimmertemperatur gemessenen dynamischmechanischen Eigenschaften von Bitumen, welches mit Siliziumdioxid gefüllt worden ist, ändern sich nicht in einer so einfachen Weise mit dem Volumenanteil des Füllstoffs, wie es bei gewöhnlichen Asphaltbetonen der Fall ist. Dagegen ergibt sich der SpeichermodulE als eine lineare Funktion der Grenzfläche zwischen Bindemittel und Füllstoff pro Volumeneinheit:E = E ₀ +a(), wobeia eine Konstante bedeutet, die zum einen von dem Speichermodul bei Abwesenheit von Hohlräumen und zum andern von einem durch solche Hohlräume bedingten Faktor abhängt. Der Verlustmodul als Funktion von zeigt ein Maximum ähnlich wie bei der Auftragung gegen die Temperatur.

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Résumé Les propriétés mécaniques dynamiques, mesurées à la température ambiante, d'un système composite bitume-silice, n'évoluent pas simplement avec la fraction volumique de charges comme dans le cas des enrobés usuels. En effet, le module de conservationE varie linéairement avec l'aire de l'interface liant-charge par unité de volume (). Ainsi la relation suivante a pu être mise en évidence:E = E ₀ +a(), la constantea étant fonction d'un module indépendant du taux de vide et d'un terme relié à ce dernier. Si augmente, les modules de perte passent par une valeur maximale. Ces variations sont semblables à celles que l'on aurait si l'on portait ces modules en fonction de la température.

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With 9 figures and 2 tables     

Viscous properties of calcium carbonate filled polymer melts

Summary The viscous properties of calcium carbonate filled polyethylene and polystyrene melts were examined. The relative vircosity _r defined in the previous paper gave an asymtptotic value( _r)_l in the range of the shear stress below 10⁵ dyne/cm².( _r)_l of the calcium carbonate filled system was higher than that of the glass beads or glass balloons filled system at the same volume fraction of the filler. Maron-Pierce equation with ₀ = 0.44 was able to approximate the( _r)_l — relationship. However, it was deduced here that the high value of( _r)_l of calcium carbonyl filled system was due to the apparent increase of and this increase was attributed to the fixed polymer layer formed on the powder particle. By assuming the particle as a sphere with a diameter of 2 µm, the thickness of the fixed polymer layer was estimated as about 0.17 µm. The yield stress estimated from the Casson's plots increased exponentially with.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurden die viskosen Eigenschaften von Polyäthylen-und Polystyrol-Schmelzen untersucht, die mit Kalziumkarbonat-Teilchen gefüllt waren. Für die relative Viskosität _r, wie sie in einer vorangegangenen Veröffentlichung definiert worden war, ergab sich bei Schubspannungen unterhalb 10⁵ dyn/cm² ein asymptotischer Wert( _r)_l. Dieser war bei den mit Kalziumkarbonat gefüllten Schmelzen höher als bei Schmelzen, die bis zur gleichen Volumenkonzentration mit Glaskugeln oder Glasballons gefüllt waren. Die ( _r) _l —-Abhängigkeit ließ sich durch eine Gleichung nachMaron und Pierce mit ₀ = 0,44 beschreiben. Es wurde jedoch geschlossen, daß der hohe( _r)_l-Wert der mit Kalziumkarbonat gefüllten Schmelzen auf eine scheinbare Zunahme von zurückzuführen ist, verursacht durch eine feste Polymerschicht auf der Teilchenoberfläche. Unter Annahme kugelförmiger Teilchen mit einem Durchmesser von 2 µm ließ sich die zugeordnete Schichtdicke zu 0,17 µm abschätzen. Die mittels der Casson-Beziehung geschätzte Fließspannung ergab eine exponentielle-Abhängigkeit.

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With 7 figures and 1 table     

Stoffübergang mit chemischer Oberflächenreaktion an umströmten Platten

Zusammenfassung Die Strömung und der Stofftransport in der Umgebung von Platten mit chemischer Oberflächenreaktion lassen sich durch Differentialgleichungen zuverlässig beschreiben. Deren vollständige Lösung konnte ohne vereinfachende Annahmen mit Hilfe theoretisch-numerischer Methoden erzielt werden. Dadurch erhält man Einblick in die tatsächlichen Transportvorgänge. Einige wichtige Ergebnisse werden erörtert. Insbesondere wird ein umfassendes Gesetz für den Stoffübergang mitgeteilt, das theoretisch und experimentell einwandfrei gesichert ist. Die Wiedergabe der bekannten sowie der neuen Daten ist gut. Sein Gültigkeitsbereich ist angegeben. Das neue Gesetz enthält neben anderen Grenzgesetzen auch das auf der Grundlage der GrenzschichtHypothese aufgestellte Gesetz.

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Mass transfer with chemical surface reaction on flat plates in flow

The flow field and mass transfer from flat plates with chemical surface reaction can be described by means of differential equations. Their solutions have been obtained numerically without any simplifications. This report presents some of the more important results obtained, which give insight into the true transport phenomena.A comprehensive mass transfer law has been developed, that has a wide range of validity. It is in good agreement with all available experimental and theoretical data. The new mass transfer equation includes the special case of boundary layer law besides other special laws that describe mass transfer in limited regions of relevant parameters.

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Formelzeichen c_A örtliche Moldichte der reagierenden Komponente A - c_Aw Wert von c_A an der Plattenoberfläche - c Funktion nach Gl. (28) - D Diffusionskoeffizient - f_p Funktion nach Gl.(2) - k Funktion nach Gl.(27) - k_w Reaktionsgeschwindigkeitskonstante - L Länge der Platte - n Reaktionsordnung - n_A Molstromdichte der diffundierenden Komponente A - p Funktion nach Gl.(29) - r_A Reaktionsstromdichte der reagierenden Komponente A - Sh_x,Sh örtliche und mittlere Sherwood-Zahl - w Anströmgeschwindigkeit des Fluidgemisches - w_x, w _x ^* absolute und bezogene örtliche Längsgeschwindigkeit - w_y, w _y ^* absolute und bezogene örtliche Quergeschwindigkeit - x, x^* absolute und bezogene Längskoordinate - y, y^* absolute und bezogene Querkoordinate - _x, örtlicher und mittlerer Stoffübergangskoeffizien - dynamische Viskosität des Fluidgemisches - Massendichte des Fluidgemisches - Da k_wLc ^n–1 /2D Damköhler-Zahl - Re wL//gr Reynolds-Zahl - Re_kr=5 · 10⁵ kritischer Wert der Reynolds-Re_kr=5 · 10⁵ Zahl - Sc //D Schmidt-Zahl - c_A/c_A bezogene örtliche Konzentration - _w Wert von an der Plattenoberfläche Indizes A diffundierende und reagierende Komponente - w an der Plattenoberfläche - x in Längsrichtung - y in Querrichtung - in sehr großer Entfernung von der Platte     

The value of the critical exponent for reaction-diffusion equations in cones

Let D R ^N be a cone with vertex at the origin i.e., D = (0, )x where S ^N–1 and x D if and only if x = (r, ) with r=¦x¦, . We consider the initial boundary value problem: u _t = u+u ^p in D×(0, T), u=0 on Dx(0, T) with u(x, 0)=u ₀(x) 0. Let ₁ denote the smallest Dirichlet eigenvalue for the Laplace-Beltrami operator on and let ₊ denote the positive root of (+N–2) = ₁. Let p ^* = 1 + 2/(N + ₊). If 1 < p < p ^*, no positive global solution exists. If p>p ^*, positive global solutions do exist. Extensions are given to the same problem for u _t=+¦x¦ u ^p .This research was supported in part by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under Grant # AFOSR 88-0031 and in part by NSF Grant DMS-8 822 788. The United States Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for governmental purposes not withstanding any copyright notation therein.     

On the boundary conditions at the macroscopic level

We study the problem of the boundary conditions specified at the boundary of a porous domain in order to solve the macroscopic transfer equations obtained by means of the volume-averaging method. The analysis is limited to the case of conductive transport but the method can be extended to other cases. A numerical study enables us to illustrate the theoretical results in the case of a model porous medium. Roman Letters _sf interfacial area of the s-f interface contained within the macroscopic system m² - A _sf interfacial area of the s-f interface contained within the averaging volume m² - C _p mass fraction weighted heat capacity, kcal/kg/K - d _s , d _f microscopic characteristic length m - g vector that maps to _s, m - h vector that maps to _f , m - K _eff effective thermal conductivity tensor, kcal/m s K - l REV characteristic length, m - L macroscopic characteristic length, m - n _fs outwardly directed unit normal vector for the f-phase at the f-s interface - n _e outwardly directed unit normal vector at the dividing surface - T ^* macroscopic temperature field obtained by solving the macroscopic equation (3), K - V averaging volume, m³ - V _s , V _f volume of the considered phase within the averaging volume, m³ - volume of the macroscopic system, m³ - _s , _f volume of the considered phase within the volume of the macroscopic system, m³ - dividing surface, m² Greek Letters _s , _f volume fraction - ratio of thermal conductivities - _s , _f thermal conductivities, kcal/m s K - spatial average density, kg/m³ - microscopic temperature, K - ^* microscopic temperature corresponding to T ^* , K - spatial deviation temperature K - error on the temperature due to the macroscopic boundary conditions, K - spatial average - ^s , ^f intrinsic phase average     

The finite element solutions of laminar flow and combined convection of air in a staggered or an in-line tube-bank

A finite element method is used to solve the full Navier-Stokes and energy equations for the problems of laminar combined convection from three isothermal heat horizontal cylinders in staggered tube-bank and four isothermal heat horizontal cylinders in in-line tube-bank. The variations of surface shear stress, pressure and Nusselt number are obtained over the entire cylinder surface including the zone beyond the separation point. The predicted values of total, pressure and friction drag coefficients, average Nusselt number and the plots of velocity flow fields and isotherms are also presented.

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Die Finite-Elemente-Lösung von laminarer Strömung und kombinierter Konvektion von Luft in einer versetzten oder fluchtenden Rohranordnung

Zusammenfassung Eine Methode der finiten Elemente wird zur Lösung der vollständigen Navier-Stokes- und der Energiegleichung für die Probleme der laminaren kombinierten Konvektion an drei isothermen geheizten horizontalen Zylindern in versetzter Rohranordnung sowie für vier isotherme geheizte horizontale Zylinder in fluchtender Anordnung verwendet.Die Veränderung der Wandschubspannung, des Druckes und der Nusselt-Zahl werden für die gesamte Zylinderoberfläche, einschließlich des Bereiches nach dem Ablösepunkt, bestimmt. Die Werte des gesamten Widerstandsbeiwertes aufgrund von Druck und Reibung, die durchschnittliche Nusselt-Zahl und die Diagramme des Geschwindigkeitsfeldes und der Isothermen werden ebenfalls aufgezeigt.

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Nomenclature C specifie heat - C _D total drag coefficient - C _f friction drag coefficient - C _p pressure drag coefficient - D diameter of cylinder,L=2R ₀ - G, g gravitational acceleration - Gr Grashof number, g(T_w–T )D ³/v ² - h local heat transfer coefficient - K thermal conductivity - L spacing between the centers of cylinder - M _l shape function - N _i shape function - Nu, local and average Nusselt numbers - P dimensionless pressure, p^*/u ² - p ^*,p pressure, free stream pressure - Pe Peclet number,RePr - Pr Prandtl number, c/K - Ra Rayleigh number,Gr Pr - Re Reynolds number,Du /v - R ₀ radius of cylinder - T temperature - T _w temperature on cylinder surface with fixed value - T free stream temperature - v dimensionless x-direction component of velocity,v ^*/u - u ^* x-direction component of velocity - u free stream velocity - v dimensionless Y-direction component of velocity,v ^*/u - v ^* Y-direction component of velocity - X x-direction axis - x dimensionless x-direction coordinate,x ^*/D - x^* x-direction coordinate - Y Y-direction axis - y dimensionless Y-direction coordinate,y ^*/D - y ^* Y-direction coordinate Greek symbols coefficient of volumetric thermal expansion - plane angle - dynamic viscosity - kinematic viscosity, / - density of fluid - _w dimensionless surface shear stress, _* ^w /u ² - skw/* surface shear stress - dimensionless temperature,      

A simplified flood routing model: variable prameter muskingum (VPM)

Summary Flood routing methods are numerical methods for estimating the movement of a flood wave along a channel reach, on the basis of the knowledge of the discharge hydrograph at the upstream end and of the hydraulic characteristics of the reach and, usually, in the hypothesis that no perturbation is coming from downstream (free boundary condition). The flood routing method wich is proposed is similar to the Muskingum one, but with variable and hydraulic parameters; it is able to estimate water levels too; is effective even if kinetic terms are not completely negligible; take advantage of the insignificance of the downstream condition and make it possible to obtain results starting upstream and proceeding downstream; for simplicity's sake, take advantage of the fact that the discharge loop of normal flood waves is quite small. Obtained results are much better that those obtainable from constant parameters methods and indeed, if the flood loop is less that 10%, very similar to those obtainable from more complex and time consuming models.

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Sommario I metodi di flood routing studiano la propagazione di un'onda di piena lungo un tratto di un corso d'acqua, assegnato l'andamento temporale della portata nella sezione di monte e le caratteristiche dell'alveo, e usualmente nell'ipotesi di assenza di perturbazioni provenienti da valle (condizione di valle passiva). Viene qui proposto un procedimento di flood routing, formalmente simile ad un Muskingum ma con i parametri variabili e calcolati per via idraulica; idoneo a stimare anche i livelli idrici; valido anche se i termini cinetici non sono del tutto trascurabili; che sfrutta l'irrilevanza della condizione di valle procedendo a cascata da monte a valle; che sfrutta, a vantaggio della semplicità, il fatto che per le normali onde di piena dei corsi d'acqua il cappio di portata è di dimensioni modeste. I risultati ottenuti sono molto migliori di quelli ottenibili con metodi a parametri costanti e, almeno per i casi in cui il cappio relativo è inferiore al 10%, paragonabili a quelli ottenuti con metodi molto più complessi ed onerosi.

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List of symbols x, t channel distance, starting upstream; time - z water surface height above datum - Q volumetric rate of discharge - P(x, z) steady rating curve - q=Q–P flood loop - g acceleration of gravity - A, B cross section wetted area and free surface width - I, S water surface slope and friction slope - c kinematic wave velocity - F Froude number - L,L ₀,L ₁,L ₂,L ₃ characteristic lengths of the channel - T=L/c characteristic time of the channel - D diffusion - p, l time and space steps - K, X Muskingum parameters - C ₁,C ₂,C ₃,C ₄ Muskingum coefficients - f _x=f/x,f _t=f/t etc. for the partial derivatives Paper presented at the First Italian Meeting of Computational Mechanics held in Milan, June 24–26, 1986.     

Injection moulding of thermoplastics: Freezing during mould filling

The injection moulding of thermoplastic polymers involves, during mould filling, flows of hot melts into mould networks, the walls of which are so cold that frozen layers form on them. Theoretical analyses of such flows are presented here. Br Brinkman number - c _L polymer melt specific heat capacity - c _S frozen polymer specific heat capacity - e exponential function - erf() error function - Gz Graetz number in thermal entrance region - Gz ^* modified Graetz number in thermal entrance region - Gz overall Graetz number - h channel half-height - h ^* half-height of polymer melt region - H mean heat transfer coefficient - k _L polymer melt thermal conductivity - k _S frozen polymer thermal conductivity - ln( ) natural logarithm function - L length of thermal entrance region in pipe or channel - m viscosity shear rate exponent - M(,,) Kummer function - Nu Nusselt number - p pressure - P pressure drop in thermal entrance region - P _f pressure drop in melt front region - Pe Péclet number - Pr Prandtl number - Q volumetric flow rate - r radial coordinate in pipe - R pipe radius - R ^* radius of polymer melt region - Re Reynolds number - Sf Stefan number - t time - T temperature - T _i inlet polymer melt temperature - T _m melting temperature of polymer - T _w pipe or channel wall temperature - U(,,) Kummer function - u _r radial velocity in pipe - u _x axial velocity in channel - u _y cross-channel velocity - u _z axial velocity in pipe - V melt front velocity - w channel width - x axial coordinate in channel - x _f melt front position in channel - y cross-channel coordinate - z axial coordinate in pipe - z _f melt front position in pipe - () gamma function - dimensionless thickness of frozen polymer layer - _i i-th term (i = 1,2,3) in power series expansion of - dimensionless axial coordinate in pipe - _f dimensionless melt front position in pipe - dimensionless cross-channel coordinate - ^* dimensionless half-height of polymer melt region - dimensionless temperature - _i i-th term (i = 0, 1, 2, 3) in power series expansion of - _i first derivative of _i with respect toø - _i second derivative of _i with respect toø - ^* dimensionless wall temperature - thermal diffusivity ratio - - latent heat of fusion - µ viscosity - µ ^* unit shear rate viscosity - dimensionless axial coordinate in channel - _f dimensionless melt front position in channel - dimensionless pressure drop in thermal entrance region - _f dimensionless pressure drop in melt front region - _L polymer melt density - _s frozen polymer density - dimensionless radial coordinate in pipe - ^* dimensionless radius of polymer melt region - ø dimensionless similarity variable in thermal entrance region - dummy variable - dimensionless contracted axial coordinate in thermal entrance region - dimensionless similarity variable in melt front region - ^* constant     

Pressure measuring techniques in I.C.E.

Summary A revue of the possible errors affecting pressure measurements in internal combustion engines is presented. A new instrument based on the principle of the Balanced Pressure Indicator and signal multiplexing was developped. Its characteristics used both to obtain an accurate mean pressure diagram and to calibrate pressure transducers in working engines. The overall ability of obtaining meaningful pressure data was shown, even if it is clear that pressure measurements are more an art than a mere technique, given the complexity of the problems involved.

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Sommario L'articolo presenta un'analisi dei possibili errori che possono distorcere la misurazione delle pressioni nella camera di combustione dei motori a combustione interna. Un nuovo strumento, basato sul principio dell'indicatore di pressione a bilanciamento di pressioni e del multiplex a modi di impulsi, è qui anche presentato ed utilizzato sia per ottenere un diagramma medio di pressioni di notevole accuratezza, che per calibrare trasduttori di pressione in condizioni di lavoro, cioè mentre il motore è in funzione. Ne risulta che è possibile ottenere diagrammi di pressione veramente rappresentativi delle condizioni di lavoro del motore, anche se è chiaro che, data la complessità dei problemi relativi a detta misurazione, misurare la pressione nei motori è più un'arte che pura tecnica.

     

Supersonic nonequilibrium flow past segmental bodies of a mixture simulating the atmosphere of venus

Calculations of the flow of the mixture 0.94 CO₂+0.05 N₂+0.01 Ar past the forward portion of segmentai bodies are presented. The temperature, pressure, and concentration distributions are given as a function of the pressure ahead of the shock wave and the body velocity. Analysis of the concentration distribution makes it possible to formulate a simplified model for the chemical reaction kinetics in the shock layer that reflects the primary flow characteristics. The density distributions are used to verify the validity of the binary similarity law throughout the shock layer region calculated.The flow of a CO₂+N₂+Ar gas mixture of varying composition past a spherical nose was examined in [1]. The basic flow properties in the shock layer were studied, particularly flow dependence on the free-stream CO₂ and N₂ concentration.New revised data on the properties of the Venusian atmosphere have appeared in the literature [2, 3] One is the dominant CO₂ concentration. This finding permits more rigorous formulation of the problem of blunt body motion in the Venus atmosphere, and attention can be concentrated on revising the CO₂ thermodynamic and kinetic properties that must be used in the calculation.The problem of supersonic nonequilibrium flow past a blunt body is solved within the framework of the problem formulation of [4].Notation V body velocity - shock wave standoff - universal gas constant - ratio of frozen specific heats - hRt/m enthalpy per unit mass undisturbed stream P pressure - density - T temperature - m molecular weight - c_p specific heat at constant pressure - (X) concentration of component X (number of particles in unit mass) - R body radius of curvature at the stagnation point - _j rate of j-th chemical reaction shock layer P V ² pressure - density - TT temperature - mm molecular weight Translated from Izv. AN SSSR. Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 67–72, March–April, 1970.The author thanks V. P. Stulov for guidance in this study.     

Method of calculating supersonic three-dimensional flow past smooth bodies

A method is suggested in [1] for calculating supersonic flow past smooth bodies that uses an analytic approximation of the gasdynamic functions on layers and the method of characteristics for calculating the flow parameters at the nodes of a fixed grid. In the present paper this method is discussed for three-dimensional flows of a perfect gas in general form for cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems; relations are presented for calculating the flow parameters at the layer nodes, results are given for the calculation of the flow for specific bodies, and results are shown for a numerical analysis of the suggested method. Three-dimensional steady flows with plane symmetry are considered. In the relations presented in the article all geometric quantities are referred to the characteristic dimension L, the velocity components u, v, w and the sonic velocitya are referred to the characteristic velocity W, the density is referred to the density of the free stream, and the pressure p is referred to w².     

Second order gravitational field theories with hilbert gauge

Summary We consider, in the field-theoretical approach, a class of gravitational theories deducible by a variational principle in the unrenormalized pseudo-Euclidean space-time. At first order in the coupling constant f we require the theories to coincide with the Einstein one. Moreover we assume the Hilbert gauge which assure the exclusion of the vector component of the gravitational potential . To get the higher order consistency we substitute the most general energy-momentum tensor for the particle tensorT ^(p) in the field equations. Requiring the latter to be deducible by a variational principle varying the potentials , we get a Lagrangian which, varying the particle coordinates, gives the equations of motion. So we get a class of theories depending on 5 arbitrary parameters. To have observable quantities we have to renormalize. So we realize that, to satisfy the equivalence principle, we have to put one of the arbitrary parameters equal to zero. With this choice the class of theories coincides at second order with general relativity.

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Sommario Si vuole ottenere una classe di teorie gravitazionali deducibili da un principio variazionale, nell'ambito della teoria dei campi e nello spazio-tempo pseudoeuclideo non-rinormalizzato. Si richiede che tali teorie coincidano, al primo ordine nella costante di accoppiamento f, con la teoria di Einstein. Si assume inoltre la gauge di Hilbert al fine di escludere la presenza della componente vettoriale del potenziale . Per ottenere la consistenza al secondo ordine delle equazioni di campo, si sostituisce, in queste ultime, al tensore della particellaT ^(p) il più generale tensore energia-quantità-di-moto . Imponendo alle equazioni di campo di essere deducibili mediante un principio variazionale ove si varino i potenziali , si ottiene una lagrangiana che, ove si varino le coordinate della particella di prova, dà le equazioni di moto. In tal modo si ottiene una classe di teorie dipendenti da 5 parametri arbitrari. Per un confronto con i dati sperimentali è necessario rinormalizzare, onde esprimere quantità osservabili. Si dimostra così che per soddisfare il principio di equivalenza al secondo ordine è necessario porre uno dei 5 parametri uguale a zero e che, con tale scelta, l'intera classe di teorie coincide, al secondo ordine, con la relatività generale.

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Research sponsored by the CNR, Gruppi di ricerca Matematica     

Genesis of Longitudinal Vortices in Near-Wall Turbulence

Using direct numerical simulations of turbulent channel flow, we present new insight into the formation mechanism of near-wall longitudinal vortices. Instability of lifted, vortex-free low-speed streaks is shown to generate, upon nonlinear saturation, new streamwise vortices, which dominate near-wall turbulence production, drag, and heat transfer. The instability requires sufficiently strong streaks (the wall-normal circulation on either side of a streak exceeding 7.6) and is inviscid in nature, despite the proximity of the no-slip wall. Streamwise vortex formation (collapse) is dominated by stretching, rather than Kelvin–Helmholtz rollup, of instability-generated _x sheets. In turn, direct stretching results from the positive u/x (i.e. positive VISA) associated with streak waviness in the(x,z) plane, generated upon finite-amplitude evolution of the sinuous instability mode. Significantly, the three-dimensional features of the (instantaneous) instability-generated vortices agree well with the coherent structures educed ( i.e. ensemble averaged) from fully turbulent flow, suggesting the prevalence of this instability mechanism. These results suggest promising new drag reduction strategies, involving large-scale (hence more durable) control of near-wall flow and requiring no wall sensors or feedback logic.Sommario. Utilizzando una simulazione numerica diretta di flusso turbolento in un canale vengono presentate nuove prospettive sui meccanismi di formazione di vortici longitudinali vicino alla parete. Si dimostra come linstabilità delle bande a bassa velocità e senza vortici generi, fino alla saturazione non lineare, nuovi vortici paralleli al flusso, che dominano la produzione di vorticitá a parete, la resistenza e lo scambio termico. Linstabilità richiede la presenza di bande sufficientemente forti ed ha natura non viscosa, nonostante la prossimità della parete. La formazione di vortici paralleli al flusso (collasso) è dominata dallo stiramento, piuttosto che da un avvolgimento di Kelvin–Helmholtz, dei fogli di generati dall' instabilità.A sua volta, lo stiramento deriva da valori positivi di u/x (cioèVISA positivi) associati con le onde a bande nel piano(x,z) generate dall' evoluzione in ampiezza finita dei modi di instabilità sinusoidali. E' significativo che le caratteristiche (istantanee) three-dimensional dei vortici generati dall' instabilità concordino bene con le strutture coerenti edotte (cioè ottenute da medie dinsieme) dal flusso pienamente turbolento, il che suggerisce una prevalenza di questo meccanismo d'instabilità. Questi risultati suggeriscono nuove, promettenti strategie per la riduzione della resistenza, che utilizzino controlli di larga scala (quindi su tempi più lunghi) del flusso a parete e che non necessitino di sensori di parete o di logiche di ritorno.     

A class of nonlinear,completely integrable abstract wave equations

IfL is a positive self-adjoint operator on a Hubert spaceH, with compact inverse, the second-order evolution equation int,u+Lu+u _H ² u=0 has an infinite number of first integrals, pairwise in involution. It follows from this that no nontrivial solution tends weakly to 0 inH ast. Under an additional separation assumption on the eigenvalues ofL, all trajectories (u,u) are relatively compact inD(L ^1/2)×H. Finally, if all the eigenvalues are simple, the set of initial values of quasi-periodic solutions is dense in the ball B=(u ₀,u ₀ )D(L ^1/2)×H; L^1/2 u _{0 H} ² +u ² < for sufficiently small.     

Normal and oblique collisions of a vortex ring with a wall

The oblique collision of a vortex ring with a solid wall, atRe=/=1389, has been analysed by the direct simulation of the Navier-Stokes equations in Cartesian coordinates. In accordance with a previous experimental study [1], the secondary vorticity produced at the wall is organized into a loop-like vortex in the region of the ring furthest away from the wall. As the ring approaches the wall, the region closest is subjected to a high rate of stretching which increases the vorticity in the core. The vorticity gradients along the core generate bi-helical vortex lines continually displaced towards the region of the ring furthest away from the wall. The analysis of the vorticity and straining fields revealed that the pressure gradient along the core is responsible for the convective motion that displaces these vortex lines and accumulates secondary vorticity in the region far from the wall. This vorticity rolls up and forms a secondary structure which by self-induction moves away from the wall.The fundamental role of the differential stretching has been demonstrated by comparing the case of oblique collision with that of normal collision and with the collision of a two-dimensional vortex pair with an oblique wall.

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Sommario L'interazione di un vortice ad anello con una parete obliqua, aRe=1389, è stata analizzata mediante la simulazione diretta delle equazioni di Navier-Stokes in coordinate cartesiane. In accordo con un precedente esperimento [1] è stato evidenziato che la vorticità secondaria, prodotta alla parete, si organizza in una strutura vorticosa a loop nella regione dell'anello più lontana dalla parete. Quando il vortice si avvicina alla parete, la parte più vicina è soggetta ad un'elevata deformazione che aumenta il valore della vorticità nel core. La distribuzione non uniforme di vorticità lungo il core del vortice genera delle linee di vorticità elicoidali che vengono transportate verso la regione dell'anello più lontana dalla parete. L'analisi dei campi di vorticità e di deformazione ha rivelato che il gradiente di pressione, dovuto al campo di deformazione non uniforme lungo il core del vortice, è responsabile di un moto convettivo che trasporta le linee di vorticità ed accumula la vorticità secondaria nella regione del vortice più lontana dalla parete, dove la struttura secondaria viene generata.Il ruolo fondamentale della deformazione non uniforme è stato evidenziato mediante il confronto della collisione obliqua coni casi di collisione normale e di collisione di una coppia di vortici bidimensionali con una parete obliqua.

     

Impulsive motion of a semi-infinite flat plate in a viscous fluid

The unsteady laminar boundary layer flow is investigated for a semi-infinite flat plate subjected to impulsive motion. An approximate solution is obtained by utilizing Meksyn's method. These results vary smoothly from Rayleigh's unsteady solution to the steady state solution of Blasius. Results are compared to those of Lam and Crocco.Nomenclature A expansion coefficient, see eq. (13) - a expansion coefficient, see eq. (10) - B expansion coefficient, see eq. (14) - b expansion coefficient, see eq. (12) - G function defined by eq. (6) - U free stream velocity - u velocity in x direction - v velocity in y direction - x coordinate along plate - y coordinate normal to plate Greek symbols (l, ) incomplete gamma function - function defined by eq. (15) - y(U/x) ^1/2 - kinematic viscosity - x/Ut - (Uvx)^1/2 f(, )