On the experimental investigation of the stiffness of clamped machined surfaces

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of surface texture and normal load on the stiffness of joints formed by two machined surfaces. The experiments involved deformation measurements and examination of the contact surfaces of joints subjected to normal loads. It was shown that surface-displacement results can be affected by assuming that the compressive strain in the joint specimen is the same as in an equivalent solid piece. The elastic stiffness of joints were found to increase with an increase in the maximum nominal surface pressure. Results were also shown to illustrate that the elastic stiffness of a joint is affected by the loading history. Surface-profile measurements indicated that the topography of a joint surface changed with normal load, and that the deformation of a surface profile was related to the permanent change measured by extensometers placed across the joint interface.

     

An engineering failure envelope for adhesive joints

An engineering failure envelope (EFE) for adhesive joints is presented and discussed. It is based on local nominal deformation parameters near the free edge of the bond where delamination may start. Tested on a double CLS specimen, this EFE exhibits an easy-to-apply failure envelope. Linear-fracture-mechanics tools show limited capability of predicting the failure load, since the singular region, especially for the interlaminar peeling stresses, is very small. Tests include simultaneous bending and stretching at different ratios in order to simulate realistic loading conditions.     

轻质合金压印接头质量判断及其力学性能研究

在结构轻量化的进程中,新型薄板材料被大量使用,新兴的压印连接技术可以实现这些材料的连接．以钛合金为主要材料进行压印连接实验,结果显示材料的母材性能对连接性能、接头强度、失效形式均有一定的影响．压印接头的拉伸-剪切失效形式为颈部断裂时,拉伸-剪切实验过程中载荷位移曲线有两次明显的下降过程,分别是由于圆形压印点的上半部分颈部被拉断,圆压印点的下半部分颈部被拉断造成的．微观分析显示TA1-TA1压印接头断口呈现类解理穿晶断裂,5052-TA1压印接头断口出现拉长韧窝特征,属于塑性断裂,1420-TA1接头断口呈现大面积平面及少量冰糖状花样,属于沿晶脆性断裂．     

An exact theory of interfacial debonding in layered elastic composites

An exact theory of interfacial debonding is developed for a layered composite system consisting of distinct linear elastic slabs separated by nonlinear, nonuniform decohesive interfaces. Loading of the top and bottom external surfaces is defined pointwise while loading of the side surfaces is prescribed in the form of resultants. The work is motivated by the desire to develop a general tool to analyze the detailed features of debonding along uniform and nonuniform straight interfaces in slab systems subject to general loading. The methodology allows for the investigation of both solitary defect as well as multiple defect interaction problems. Interfacial integral equations, governing the normal and tangential displacement jump components at an interface of a slab system are developed from the Fourier series solution for the single slab subject to arbitrary loading on its surfaces. Interfaces are characterized by distinct interface force–displacement jump relations with crack-like defects modeled by an interface strength which varies with interface coordinate. Infinitesimal strain equilibrium solutions, which account for rigid body translation and rotation, are sought by eigenfunction expansion of the solution of the governing interfacial integral equations. Applications of the theory to the bilayer problem with a solitary defect or a defect pair, in both peeling and mixed load configurations are presented.     

Dynamic tensile strength of composite laminate joints fastened mechanically

The tensile strength of composite joints is determined under dynamic loading conditions. The composites are laminates made from hybrid fiber reinforced plastic (HFRP) and carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP). Three different mechanically fastened joint configurations are considered: they are the pin-connected, single-lap and double-lap type. The joint strength under dynamic load is found to be lower than that under quasi-static load. The pin-connected joint was the weakest. Investigated also are the influence of geometric parameters for pin-connected HFRP laminate joints. The results shed light on how to improve the bearing strength of mechanical joints when encountering dynamic loads.     

The fracture behaviour of adhesively-bonded composite joints: Effects of rate of test and mode of loading

The present paper discusses the results of an investigation into the effects of test rate and the mode of loading on the fracture energy, G_c, of adhesively-bonded fibre-composite joints. Various carbon-fibre reinforced-polymer (CFRP) matrix composite substrates have been bonded using two different types of automotive structural epoxy-adhesives. They have been tested via loading the bonded joints in mode I (tensile), mode II (in-plane shear) and mixed-mode I/II from slow rates (i.e., of about 10^?5 m/s) up to relatively high rates of test of about 15 m/s. The high-rate tests were photographed using a high-speed digital video camera to record the deformation of the joint and the fracture behaviour. An analysis strategy has been developed for the various modes of loading (i) to account for the observed fracture behaviour, (ii) to circumvent the problems posed by oscillations in the load traces due to the presence of dynamic effects in the faster tests, and (iii) to account for the kinetic energy associated with the moving specimen arms in the faster tests. Based on the analysis strategy developed, the effect of the test rate on the fracture energy, G_c, for the different loading modes for the joints has been ascertained. Furthermore, various different fracture paths were observed in the tests. They were either cohesive, in the adhesive layer, or interlaminar in the composite substrates. The exact fracture path observed was a function of (i) the type of composite substrate, (ii) the type of adhesive, and (iii) the mode of loading employed. However, the nature of the fracture path was found to be quite insensitive to the test rate. Essentially, it was found that joints subjected to mixed-mode I/II loading were more likely to exhibit an interlaminar fracture path in the composite substrates than when loaded in either pure modes I or II. The propensity for a given joint to exhibit such a fracture path via delamination of the composite substrate has been explained by calculating the transverse tensile stresses induced in the loaded composite arms, and comparing this value to the measured transverse tensile strength of the composite. Following this approach, the underlying reasons for the observed fracture path were identified and could be predicted. Also, the proposed scheme provides a route to design against delamination failure occurring in adhesively-bonded fibre-composite test specimens.     

Peeling behavior of a bio-inspired nano-film on a substrate

A peeling model is proposed to analyze the peeling properties of bio-mimetic nano-films using the finite element method (FEM) and theoretical approach. The influences of the nano-film’s adhesion length, thickness, elastic modulus, roughness and peeling angle on the peeling force were considered as well as the effect of the viscoelastic behavior. It has been found that the effective adhesion length, at which the peeling force attained maximum, was much smaller than the real length of nano-films; and the shear force dominated in the case of smaller peeling angles, whereas, the normal force dominated at larger peeling angles. The total peeling force decreased with an increasing peeling angle. Two limiting values of the peeling-off force can be found in the viscoelastic model, which corresponds to the smaller and larger loading rate cases. The effects of nano-film thickness and Young’s modulus on peeling behaviors were also discussed. The results obtained are helpful for understanding the micro-adhesion mechanisms of biological systems, such as geckos.     

On-Chip Mechanical Characterization using an Electro-thermo-mechanical Actuator

A new micro-system for the on-chip mechanical characterization of thin polysilicon films was designed, fabricated and tested. The device contains a micro electro-thermo mechanical actuator which is able to load a specimen until rupture in purely tensile conditions. The elongation of the specimen is measured during the test through the capacitance variation of a set of parallel plate capacitors, while the force in the specimen can be computed starting from the applied voltage. Through a unique loading cycle in which the voltage is first increased until specimen rupture and then decreased, the new device allows for the determination of the specimen elastic stiffness and nominal tensile strength. The obtained experimental results were compared with values previously obtained by means of different on-chip test devices. Multi-physics FE simulations were performed for additional comparison with analytical formulae used in the data reduction procedure and with the obtained experimental results.     

双螺旋辊式新型磨浆机螺旋套磨损机理的研究

利用金相组织分析和电子显微分析技术,结合生产实际,对已磨损的输料段和磨浆段的螺旋套进行磨损表面形貌分析,探讨螺旋套磨损机理.结果表明:输料段正螺旋套能够将纸浆料旋转送入机壳内,不承受较大的挤压应力,但由于纸浆料中含有腐蚀介质,其主要的磨损失效形式以腐蚀磨损为主,磨料磨损为辅;磨浆段反螺旋套本身无正输送能力,浆料在正输送组件作用下形成高压区,纤维与浆料之间产生较大摩擦力,导致纤维分离,进而使之分丝帚化和压溃,浆料水分降低,其主要的磨损失效形式为高应力磨料磨损,并伴有腐蚀磨损.     

长期持荷工况下钢管混凝土构件的抗撞击性能

为研究长期荷载作用对钢管混凝土构件抗撞击性能的影响,利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立了长期荷载与侧向撞击荷载作用的耦合分析模型以及撞击后剩余受压承载力计算模型。对比了一次加载模式下和长期荷载作用下构件遭受撞击的动力响应,采用剩余受压承载力系数量化分析了两种加载模式下构件的剩余受压承载力。典型的有限元模型分析表明:相较于一次加载模式,考虑长期荷载作用时撞击力峰值和平台值下降,撞击时间延长,构件跨中挠度增大,但撞击力对构件做功基本保持不变;考虑长期荷载作用的撞击过程轴向荷载做功比一次加载模式增大,增加的功主要通过外钢管的塑性变形耗散,核心混凝土贡献较小;长期荷载作用下构件的剩余受压承载力系数均低于一次加载模式,撞击条件相同时,一次加载模式下撞击后可以继续承载的构件在考虑长期荷载作用时可能会丧失承载能力;提高含钢率和钢材屈服强度、降低长期荷载比可有效减小长期荷载对构件抗撞击性能的不利影响。     

Fatigue strength of welded joints based on local, semi-local and nominal approaches

Analysis based on the so-called “local approach” is made to estimate the fatigue strength of welded joints. Numerical analyses or strain gauges are employed for finding the stress and/or strain state in the vicinity of the weld toe. The notch stress intensity factor (NSIF) approach applied to fillet welded joints, as far as the opening angle between the weld and the main plate surface is constant (e.g. 135°, typical for many fillet welds), is able to rationalise the fatigue strength data both for different joint geometries and absolute dimensions. The NSIF approach has been previously developed as an extension of the Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) to open V-notches and is based on the exponential local stress field around the V-notch tip. Several different “local approaches”, although simpler and more practical than the NSIF, are based on the stress (or strain) values determined beyond the exponential local one. To distinguish such approaches from the NSIF based one, we define the former as semi-local or nominal approaches while the latter is a local approach. The paper underlines that the local approaches, differently from the other ones, are able to unify in a single scatter band the fatigue strength data obtained from welded joints having different geometry and absolute dimensions.     

复合材料-金属毛化接头的失效预测模型

针对复合材料与金属连接的一种新型连接形式－毛化接头,建立了其在拉伸载荷作用下的失效模式与破坏载荷的宏－细观预测模型。首先根据毛刺的分布选择合适的代表体积元,建立毛刺层单胞模型,施加周期性边界条件,通过有限元分析得到毛刺层的平均刚度参数。其次,基于累积损伤理论预测毛刺层的单胞强度,分析毛刺层的失效机理。最后,将毛刺层的等效材料参数赋予接头整体模型,预测接头的抗拉强度及失效模式。预测结果与试验值吻合良好。分析结果表明,毛化接头的承载能力和失效模式与毛刺的密度高度、搭接面积等因素密切相关,通过参数设计可获得较高的承载能力。     

A dynamic damage constitutive model for a rock mass with non-persistent joints under uniaxial compression

Most problems faced by the practicing rock mass engineering involve the evaluation of rock mass dynamic strength and deformability. As part of a rock mass, the mesoscopic flaws such as the microcracks and the macroscopic ones such as the joints both inherently affect the rock mass dynamic strength and deformational behavior. Nearly none of the existing models can handle the co-effect of these two kinds of flaws on the rock mass dynamic mechanical behavior. This study focusses on the rock mass with multi-sets of non-persistent joints and establishes a mathematical model accounting for the anisotropy in dynamic strength and deformability induced by the joints. Accordingly, an approach incorporating the existing models or methods to enable perfect simulation of the dynamic stress-strain relationship of a rock mass is proposed, in which the joint geometrical parameters such as the joint length and dip angle, the strength ones such as the joint internal friction and the deformational ones such as the joint normal and shear stiffness can all be taken into account. In order to investigate the validity of the proposed model, a series of calculation examples have been made and the results fits very well with the theoretical ones.     

Dynamic response and energy dissipation characteristics of balsa wood: experiment and analysis

Dynamic response of a cellular sandwich core material, balsa wood, is investigated over its entire density spectrum ranging from 55 to 380 kg/m³. Specimens were compression loaded along the grain direction at a nominal strain rate of 3 × 10³ s⁻¹ using a modified Kolsky (split Hopkinson) bar. The dynamic data are discussed and compared to those of quasi-static experiments reported in a previous study (Mech. Mater. 35 (2003) 523). Results show that while the initial failure stress is very sensitive to the rate of loading, plateau (crushing) stress remains unaffected by the strain rate. As in quasi-static loading, buckling and kink band formation were identified to be two major failure modes in dynamic loading as well. However, the degree of dynamic strength enhancement was observed to be different for these two distinct modes. Kinematics of deformation of the observed failure modes and associated micro-inertial effects are modeled to explain this different behavior. Specific energy dissipation capacity of balsa wood was computed and is found to be comparable with those of fiber-reinforced polymer composites.     

轴向交变载荷作用下螺栓联接结构的松动试验研究

在设计、试制螺栓加载装置的基础上,对螺栓联接结构进行了轴向振动的疲劳试验,获取了螺栓夹紧力的时变曲线,并对试验后的螺栓接触表面进行损伤分析,研究螺栓联接结构的松动机理.结果表明:在轴向振动条件下,螺栓联接结构的夹紧力下降较为明显,但拧出力矩相对于预紧力矩变化不大.螺栓的松动过程可分为以下两个阶段:试验初期由于螺栓接触面的塑性变形,夹紧力迅速下降;然后由于接触面之间的微动磨损,夹紧力缓慢下降.螺纹接触面之间的损伤机制主要为黏着磨损、磨粒磨损和剥层.     

EFFECT OF Z-PINS＇ DIAMETER, SPACING AND OVERLAP LENGTH ON CONNECTING PERFORMANCE OF CMC SINGLE LAP JOINT

The effect of through-thickness reinforcement by composite pins （Z-pins） on the static tensile strength and failure mechanisms of the joints made from ceramic matrix composite （CMC） is investigated. Overlap length of the single lap joint is 15 mm, 20 mm, 23 mm, 37 mm, and 60 mm, respectively. The experimental results indicate that the final failure modes of the joints can be divided into two groups, （a） the bond-line stops debonding until crack encounters Z-pins; and then the adherends break at the location of Z-pins, when overlap length is more than 20 mm; （b） the bond-line detaches entirely and Z-pins are drawn from adherends, when overlap length is equal to 15 mm. A simple efficient computational approach is presented for analyzing the benefit of through-thickness pins for restricting failure in the single lap joints. Here, the mechanics problem is simplified by representing the effect of the pins by tractions acting on the fracture surfaces of the cracked bond-line. The tractions are prescribed as functions of the crack displacement, which are available in simple forms that summarize the complex deformations to a reasonable accuracy. The resulting model can be used to track the evolution of complete failure mechanisms, for example, bond-line initial delamination and ultimate failure associated with Z-pin pullout, ultimate failure of the adherends. The paper simulates connecting performance of the single lap joints with different Z-pins＇ diameter, spacing and overlap length; the numerical results agree with the experimental results; the numerical results indicate enlarging diameter and decreasing spacing of Z-pins are in favor of improving the connecting performance of the joints. By numerical analysis method, the critical overlap length that lies between two final failure modes is between 18 mm and 19 mm, when Z-pins＇ diameter and spacing are 0.4 mm, 5 mm, respectively.     

高层建筑结构边节点抗震性能研究

通过7根留有施工缝的高层建筑结构边节点的低周反复抗震性能试验,研究了轴压比、节点核心区的混凝土强度等级、柱中混凝土在梁中的延伸长度等对梁柱边节点抗震性能的影响,对构件的破坏特征、承载能力、延性性能、滞回曲线和骨架曲线进行了对比分析。试验结果表明:所有试验构件均为梁端受弯破坏;柱中混凝土在梁中的延伸长度对骨架曲线的形态、屈服荷载和最大荷载都没有显著影响;但是延伸长度对节点的延性性能是有影响的,延伸长度为0.5h(h为梁高)的边节点构件的位移延性系数小于延伸长度为1.0h和1.5h的构件。     

EFFECT OF Z-PINS'' DIAMETER, SPACING AND OVERLAP LENGTH ON CONNECTING PERFORMANCE OF CMC SINGLE LAP JOINT

The effect of through-thickness reinforcement by composite pins (Z-pins) on the static tensile strength and failure mechanisms of the joints made from ceramic matrix composite (CMC) is investigated.Overlap length of the single lap joint is 15 mm,20 mm,23 mm,37 mm,and 60 mm,respectively.The experimcntal results indicate that the final failure modes of the joints can be divided into twó groups,(a) the bond-line stops debonding until crack encounters Z-pins;and then the adherends break at the location of Z-pins,when overlap length is more than 20 mm;(b) the bond-line detaches entirely and Z-pins are drawn from adherends,when overlap length is equal to 15 mm.A simple efficient computational approach is presented for analyzing the benefit of through-thickness pins for restricting failure in the single lap joints.Here,the mechanics problem is simplified by representing the effect of the pins by tractions acting on the fracture surfaces of the cracked bond-line.The tractions are prescribed as functions of the crack displacement,which are available in simple forms that summarize the complex deformations to a reasonable accuracy.The resulting model can be used to track the evolution of complete failure mechanisms,for example,bond-line initial delamination and ultimate failure associated with Z-pin pullout,ultimate failure of the adherends.The paper simulates connecting performance of the single lap joints with different Z-pins' diameter,spacing and overlap length;the numerical results agree with the experimental results;the numerical results indicate enlarging diameter and decreasing spacing of Z-pins are in favor of improving the connecting performance of the joints.By numerical analysis method,the critical overlap length that lies between two final failure modes is between 18 mm and 19 mm,when Z-pins' diameter and spacing are 0.4 ram,5 ram,respectively.     

An instrumented fastener for shear force measurements in joints

A preliminary investigation has been conducted on instrumented fasteners for use as sensors to measure the shear loads transmitted by individual fasteners installed in double-splice joints. Calibration and load verification tests were conducted for instrumented fasteners installed at three fastener torque levels. Results from calibration tests show that the shear strains obtained from the instrumented fasteners vary linearly with the applied load and that the instrumented fasteners can be effectively used to measure shear loads transmitted by individual fasteners installed in double-splice joints. Tests were also conducted with three instrumented fasteners installed in a typical double-splice joint. The test results showed that the load distribution between individual fasteners is dependent on the location of the fastener in the joint and the fastener torque level. The fastener located near the end of the joint with the single plate carried more load than the fasteners located near the end of the joint with the two plates. Installing the fasteners with a torque greater than finger tight results in a significant amount of the load being carried by friction between the faying surfaces of the plates even if the faying surfaces are polished and lubricated. Increasing the fastener torque increases the load being carried by friction between the faying surfaces of the joint. Increasing friction between the faying surfaces of the joint. Increasing the fastener torque also results in a more uniform distribution of the loads between the individual fasteners for joints in aluminum plates with two fasteners, but does not have a significant effect for joints in steel plates with three fasteners. Paper was presented at the 1992 SEM Spring Conference on Experimental Mechanics held in Las Vegas, NV on June 8–11.     

Brush-like modes of fatigue fracture in unidirectional fibre composites

Fatigue fracture of unidirectional fibre composites under tension along the fibres is discussed with account of the interaction between various mechanisms of damage such as single and multiple fibre ruptures, matrix cracking, and matrix-fibre debonding. The case of brittle fibres and a comparatively weak and ductile matrix is considered that exposes non-conventional modes of fracture, named “brush-like” cracks. Growth of such cracks under cyclic quasistatic loading is studied, and the effect of various factors on the crack growth rate is investigated.