胶凝原油颗粒变形的数值模拟研究

在胶凝原油水力悬浮输送过程中,胶凝原油颗粒在复杂的相间作用力下发生变形。本文基于VOSET方法对胶凝原油颗粒在水力悬浮输送过程中的变形进行模拟研究,颗粒变形后的长短轴通过Image Pro Plus图像处理软件确定,变形的大小用变形度衡量。模拟结果表明,在水流的剪切作用下圆形的颗粒逐渐发生变形,变形后的原油颗粒接近椭圆形。在给定的模拟条件下,当温度分别为55℃(原油属于牛顿流体)、46℃(原油属于假塑性流体)、40℃(屈服假塑性流体,并呈现胶凝状态)时,原油颗粒的出口变形度分别为59.38%、47.29%、32.47%,胶凝原油颗粒的变形度最小。通过机理分析,明确了胶凝原油颗粒变形受流场的剪切作用、原油的屈服值和剪切稀释性共同影响。     

原油中声衰减和声速的温度特性的测量

原油是一种混合物。它的一些性质随温度而变，如原油的声衰减和声速都是温度的函数．本文使用一个换能器发射声波，另一个换能器接收声波，在实验室内测得12t－80℃之间的声波幅度值，利用插值算法，求出该温度范围内原油声衰减的温度特性曲线；利用线性拟合算法，求出原油声速的温度特性曲线。结果表明：随着温度的升高，原油的声衰减和声速都呈下降趋势，而且测量结果与换能器的灵敏度无关．     

近红外光谱法快速测定原油密度的应用研究

建立近红外光谱法快速测定原油20℃密度的方法,在市售原油光谱数据库的基础上,添加广西石化常炼原油品种,采用拓扑法建立分析模型。用该方法和标准方法对炼厂原油密度进行了三个月的对比测试,115个实际样品的预测标准偏差为0.0024g/cm3。近红外光谱法测定原油密度具有分析速度快,测定方法简便,重复性好等特点,能够满足炼厂对原油密度快速测定的要求。     

GC和GC-MS考察原油稳定处理中轻组分提取效果

用气相色谱和气－质谱联用分析比较了稳定处理前后的原油中轻组分（≤C8)；用氧化铝PLOT柱分析了石油气中的低碳数成分（C1－C3），分离效果良好。     

原油吸附对含水率电容探针测量的影响

原油含水率测量在石油工业生产中起着非常重要的作用。基于电容探针的原油含水率传感器在实际使用时，原油会吸附在探针表面，进而影响探针测量的灵敏度。本文主要对探针表面原油吸附特性进行试验分析，研究发现温度及含水率是影响原油吸附的主要因素，原油黏度随温度的升高而减小，导致原油吸附量越少。温度越低，含水率对原油吸附的影响越大。实验结果表明，原油与探针壁面之间的吸附属于物理吸附，根据等温吸附模型可描述原油在探针表面的吸附过程，建立了原油吸附之后的探针的输出信号与含水率之间的关系，为原油含水率的在线测量提供了理论基础。     

含蜡原油乳状液触变性研究

触变性是含蜡原油管道停输再启动压力计算和原油可泵性评价的重要基础资料,为了确定油水混输海底管道的停输再启动特性,必须掌握含蜡原油乳状液的触变性.本文在脱水含蜡原油触变性研究的基础上,对含蜡原油油包水乳状液的触变性进行了研究,发现含蜡原油乳状液的触变趋势与脱水原油类似;建立了一个描述含蜡原油乳状液在恒定剪切速率作用下剪切应力衰减这一触变行为的数学模型.用最小二乘法对本文和文献中的实验数据进行拟合,结果表明,该模型能够较准确地描述在恒定剪切速率作用下剪切应力衰减的触变行为,不仅适用于含蜡原油乳状液,对脱水含蜡原油和化学剂改性含蜡原油也适用,与其他触变模型相比,该模型具有参数较少、计算方便等优点.     

烧原油高效燃烧器的研究

本文讨论了用于油田加热炉的一种烧原油高效燃烧器的设计，论述了Ｙ型蒸汽雾化喷嘴、正交蒸汽雾化喷嘴和高压离心喷嘴的具体设计结果。该燃烧器对原油加温并采用内、外双漩流器组织燃烧，明显提高了燃烧效率。最后还指出了这种燃烧器的开发与应用前景。     

原油平均结构的NMR指纹特征

用¹H和¹³C NMR技术对未经处理的原油进行了直接测定.原油样品采自新疆、胜利及华北等油田,在分析原油的NMK谱线并计算原油各种平均结构多数的基础上,提出了可作为原油指纹的6个乡量:fa,Hm,Cz,m_A,m_N,m_p.这些参数反映了不同类型原油的特点,可用于对原油进行快速和粗略的评价。     

超声参量对制备原油乳化液的影响

采用原油配制了原油质量分数为5%的油水混合液,通过实验探究了超声辐射功率、辐射时间、间歇比、脉冲重复周期等因素对超声乳化效果的影响.实验结果表明,制备低含油原油乳化液的最佳超声参数为:超声辐射功率400W、辐射时间5min;间歇比和脉冲重复周期对原油乳化效果影响较小.     

帕尔曼发声器在原油防蜡降粘方面的应用

作为物理法采油技术的一种新应用，声波技术在原油防蜡降粘方向取得了有效的应用效果，文章论述了帕尔曼发声器在原油防蜡降粘方面的研究，从作用机理、实验研究、现场应用方面进行了详细的介绍。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.