超声吸附制备均匀分散在SBA-15的S_2O_8~(2–)-Fe_2O_3纳米粒子:增强S_2O_8~(2–)-Fe_2O_3本体催化活性（英文）

摘要:酸催化剂在化学反应和化工生产中具有重要的作用.传统无机酸,如H_2SO_4,H_3PO_4和对甲苯磺酸等具有较高的催化活性,但是存在污染大、设备腐蚀严重以及催化剂不能重复使用等问题.固体酸具有酸性强、易分离、环境友好以及稳定性和重复使用性好等特点因而近年来越来越引起人们的关注.其中,SO_4~(2-)-M_xO_y固体超强酸(如SO_4~(2-)-Zr O_2,SO_4~(2-)-Ti O_2和SO_4~(2-)-Sn O_2等)因具有很好的催化性能而备受关注.相比SO_4~(2-)-M_xO_y,S_2O_8~(2-)-M_xO_y具有更强的酸性和稳定性而成为研究的重点.如何克服固体超强酸本体的低比表面积和孔容,增加其比表面积和催化活性是固体超强酸研究的热点.超声吸附法可保证所制介孔固体酸活性组分均匀分散,以及大的比表面积和更多的酸性位点.因此采用超声吸附法制备了一种新型介孔固体酸S_2O_8~(2-)-Fe_2O_3/SBA-15.相比S_2O_8~(2-)-Fe_2O_3本体、B酸和文献报道催化剂,负载30%Fe_2O_3的S_2O_8~(2-)-Fe_2O_3/SBA-15在环氧苯乙烷甲醇醇解的探针反应中显示出很高的催化活性,反应收率为100%.S_2O_8~(2-)-Fe_2O_3纳米粒子的纳米效应和SBA-15介孔结构的协同作用使S_2O_8~(2-)-Fe_2O_3/SBA-15具有高催化活性.相比S_2O_8~(2-)-Fe_2O_3本体,采用超声分散技术制备的S_2O_8~(2-)-Fe_2O_3/SBA-15固体超强酸具有典型的介孔结构、大的比表面积和孔容,并且表面富含酸性位点.并且吡啶红外分析S_2O_8~(2-)-Fe_2O_3/SBA-15表面富含L酸和B酸.环氧苯乙烷甲醇醇解探针反应表明,Fe_2O_3负载量为30%时,S_2O_8~(2-)-Fe_2O_3/SBA-15的催化活性最高,优于S_2O_8~(2-)-Fe_2O_3本体和已报道的布朗酸和路易斯酸等催化剂,将醇底物拓展(ROHs,R=C_2H_5-C_4H_9),S_2O_8~(2-)-Fe_2O_3/SBA-15的催化活性也优于S_2O_8~(2-)-Fe_2O_3本体.同时,S_2O_8~(2-)-Fe_2O_3/SBA-15具有很好的重复使用性能,连续使用七次,反应收率在84.1%以上.总之,具有高催化活性、好的稳定性和经济性的S_2O_8~(2-)-Fe_2O_3/SBA-15具有广阔的应用前景.     

痕量硫代硫酸根的示波极谱法测定

在Fe~(2+)-NO_2~--VC体系中,在单扫示波极谱仪上,有一很灵敏的S_2O_3~(2-)阴极波,峰电位为-0.37伏(vs. SCE)。阴极导数波高与S_2O_3~(2-)浓度在6×10~(-8)mol/L—1×10~(-6)mol/L之间成线性关系,出限为5×10~(-8)mol/L。该法可用于环境水中痕量S_2O_3~(2-)的测定。该波具有吸附性质,系三元络合物Fe·S_2O_3-No催化溶解氧还原所致。     

电泳管的改进及使用

中山大学及北京师范大学编写的《无机化学实验》中,有过二硫酸铵与碘化钾反应速度的测定实验.在水溶液中,该反应的离子反应式为: S_2O_8~2+3I~-=2SO_4~(2-)+I_3~-(1)+I_3~(1)反应速度方程可表示为: v=k[S_2O_3~(2-)]~m[I~-]~n(2)式中V是反应的瞬时速度,若[S_2O_8~(2-)]、[I~-]是起始浓度,则V表示起始速度.但实验测定的是在时间Δt内反应的平均速度V,在此时间内S_2O_8~(2-)浓度的改变量为Δ[S_2O_8~(2-)],故有V=-Δ[S_2O_8~(2-))]/(Δt))(3)显然,只在Δt很小时,才能平均速度代替起始     

水环境中ZVI/氧化剂体系及其电子迁移作用机制

利用零价铁(Zero-Valent Iron,ZVI)去除水环境中的污染物成为近年来的研究热点。当O_2、H_2O_2等氧化剂存在时,ZVI、氧化剂与污染物之间的电子迁移机制非常复杂,ZVI和氧化剂之间的相互影响机制尚无定论。传统观点认为,O_2会促进ZVI钝化膜的形成并阻断电子传递从而降低ZVI的还原性能。然而O_2可在ZVI作用下通过双电子传输转化为H_2O_2,构成ZVI/O2类Fenton体系;在此基础上,利用额外加入H_2O_2、HSO_5~-、S_2O_8~(2-)等氧化剂,发展出了基于·OH或SO_4~(·-)的ZVI/氧化剂高级氧化体系(ZVI-AOPs),从而氧化降解有机污染物。有学者认为H_2O_2、KMnO_4、S_2O_8~(2-)等强氧化剂的加入反而可以加快ZVI腐蚀和失电子的速率,从而提高ZVI去除重金属等污染物的还原性能,该研究结论对钝化膜机制提出了挑战。ZVI与氧化剂的联合作用还可以实现同时还原去除重金属和氧化降解有机物,也可以对卤代有机物等抗氧化污染物实现先还原后氧化去除。本文综述了基于ZVI/氧化剂的高级氧化或还原体系及其电子迁移机制,同时对ZVI与氧化剂的联合作用体系作一总结,并就值得深入研究的问题进行了展望。     

一种使羧酸增加两个碳原子的合成方法

自由基反应已普遍应用于有机合成。涉及电子转移过程的一个重要试剂是 S_2O_8~(2-),S_2O_8~(2-)在银盐催化下可氧化羧酸形成烷基自由基:     

PbO_2电极上S_2O_8~(2-)离子阳极形成过程的研究

用分解稳态极化曲线的方法,在PbO_2阳极上,H_2SO_4和H_2SO_4-(NH_4)_2SO_4溶液中得到了相应于S_2O_8~(2-)形成和O_2发生的动态力学数据。在高于+2.25V的电位区,这两个反应的Tafel斜率都是2.303RT/βF(β=0.52～O.55),S_2O_8~(2-)形成的电流效率低于29％,且几乎不随阳极电位而改变。S_2O_8~(2-)的形成速度与溶液中硫酸离子浓度无关,而O_2发生速度随硫酸离子浓度的增大稍有减慢。提出了在高电位区S_2O_8~(2-)形成及O_2发生的机理。     

S_2O_8~(2-)/ZnFe_xAl_(2-x)O_4的制备及催化合成乙酸正丁酯

通过(NH4)2S2O8溶液浸渍法制备了S_2O_8~(2-)/ZnFe_xAl_(2-x)O_4固体催化剂。通过XRD、TG-DSC、IR和N_2吸附-脱附的分析方法对催化剂进行了表征,并考察了催化剂的制备条件。实验结果表明,S_2O_8~(2-)/ZnFe_xAl_(2-x)O_4-仍具有载体的尖晶石结构特征,BET表面积为37.65m~2/g,颗粒堆积后的平均孔径约为12.47nm。将S_2O_8~(2-)/ZnFe_xAl_(2-x)O_4应用于制备乙酸正丁酯的反应,研究表明,催化剂的催化活性与制备条件有关,当采用0.15mol/L(NH4)_2S_2O_8溶液浸渍ZnFe_(0.15)Al_(1.85)O_4,温度为550℃焙烧5h条件下制备的催化剂,可使乙酸的酯化率达到93.47%。     

纳米复合固体超强酸催化α-蒎烯异构活性

用浸渍法以S_2O_8~(2-)为促进剂,制备得到尺寸为15～20nm的复合固体超强酸S_2O_8~(2-)/SnO_2-TiO_2,将其用于催化α-蒎烯异构化反应.考察了制备条件对其催化性能的影响,发现在Sn/Ti比2:1、S_2O_8~(2-)的浸渍浓度1.0mol/L和焙烧温度500℃条件下,所得纳米S_2O_8~(2-)/SnO_2-TiO_2具有最高的催化活性和选择性,α-蒎烯的转化率达98%,莰烯得率为62%.     

Na_2S_2O_3与过氧化合物之间的非线性化学反应研究

研究了Na_2S_2O_3与过氧化合物(H_2O_2和Na_2S_2O_8)的反应在batch和CSTR中的动力学情况,发现无催化剂时在CSTR中Na_2S_2O_3被H_2O_2和Na_2S_2O_8氧化有稳态振荡出现,在Na_2S_2O_3-H_2O_2-H_2SO_4反应体系中振荡范围外高低流速体系稳定定态(Pt电位和pH)皆处在振荡反应同一极值状态边,Cu~(2+)催化反应中有可分离的催化振荡过程和无催化振荡过程.在实验的基础上提出3个阶段反应机制:氢离子正反馈反应、负反馈反应(非催化负反馈和催化负反馈)及过渡反应,可合理解释硫代硫酸钠被过氧化合物氧化过程中出现的非线性化学现象.     

碘离子选择电极测定S2O82-与I-反应动力学参数

水溶液中S_2O_8~(2-)氧化I~-的反应是典型的二级离子反应,常选为大学物理化学实验.但该实验一直沿用滴定法和碘钟法,因而存在着操作繁锁费时、无法确定任意时刻的反应物浓度及引入其它试剂使体系复杂等缺点. 为了克服上述缺点,本文根据离子选择电极和化学动力学原理,提出一种新的能系统地进行S_2O_8~(2-)与I~-反应动力学实验的方法,它包括反应级数、反应速度常数、反应活化能的测定以及考察离子强度、催化剂对反应速度的影响.作者采用碘离子选择电极(以下简称碘电极)电位法跟踪反应中I~-浓度的变化,可由     

Sc2MgGa2 and Y2MgGa2

Scandium magnesium gallide, Sc₂MgGa₂, and yttrium magnesium gallide, Y₂MgGa₂, were synthesized from the corresponding elements by heating under an argon atmosphere in an induction furnace. These intermetallic compounds crystallize in the tetragonal Mo₂FeB₂‐type structure. All three crystallographically unique atoms occupy special positions and the site symmetries of (Sc/Y, Ga) and Mg are m2m and 4/m, respectively. The coordinations around Sc/Y, Mg and Ga are pentagonal (Sc/Y), tetragonal (Mg) and triangular (Ga) prisms, with four (Mg) or three (Ga) additional capping atoms leading to the coordination numbers [10], [8+4] and [6+3], respectively. The crystal structure of Sc₂MgGa₂ was determined from single‐crystal diffraction intensities and the isostructural Y₂MgGa₂ was identified from powder diffraction data.     

Zur Kenntnis der Dialkalimetalldichalkogenide β-Na2S2, K2S2, α-Rb2S2, β-Rb2S2, K2Se2, Rb2Se2, α-K2Te2, β-K2Te2 und Rb2Te2

On Dialkali Metal Dichalcogenides β-Na₂S₂, K₂S₂, α-Rb₂S₂, β-Rb₂S₂, K₂Se₂, Rb₂Se₂, α-K₂Te₂, β-K₂Te₂ and Rb₂Te₂ The first presentation of pure samples of α- and β-Rb₂S₂, α- and β-K₂Te₂, and Rb₂Te₂ is described. Using single crystals of K₂S₂ and K₂Se₂, received by ammonothermal synthesis, the structure of the Na₂O₂ type and by using single crystals of β-Na₂S₂ and β-K₂Te₂ the Li₂O₂ type structure will be refined. By combined investigations with temperature-dependent Guinier-, neutron diffraction-, thermal analysis, and Raman-spectroscopy the nature of the monotropic phase transition from the Na₂O₂ type to the Li₂O₂ type will be explained by means of the examples α-/β-Na₂S₂ and α-/β-K₂Te₂. A further case of dimorphic condition as well as the monotropic phase transition of α- and β-Rb₂S₂ is presented. The existing areas of the structure fields of the dialkali metal dichalcogenides are limited by the model of the polar covalence.     

Crystal Structures of [Bu2Sn(O2PPh2)2], [Ph2Sn(O2PPh2)2], and [PhClSn(O2PPh2)OMe]2. Raman Spectra of [Ph2Sn(O2PPh2)2] and [PhClSn(O2PPh2)OMe]2

[(n‐Bu)₂Sn(O₂PPh₂)₂] ( 1 ), and [Ph₂Sn(O₂PPh₂)₂] ( 2 ) have been synthesized by the reactions of R₂SnCl₂ (R=n‐Bu, Ph) with HO₂PPh₂ in Methanol. From the reaction of Ph₂SnCl₂ with diphenylphosphinic acid a third product [PhClSn(O₂PPh₂)OMe]₂ ( 3 ) could be isolated. X‐ray diffraction studies show 1 to crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2₁/c with a = 1303.7(1) pm, b = 2286.9(2) pm, c = 1063.1(1) pm, β = 94.383(6)°, and Z = 4. 2 crystallizes triclinic in the space group , the cell parameters being a = 1293.2(2) pm, b = 1478.5(4) pm, c = 1507.2(3) pm, α = 98.86(3)°, β = 109.63(2)°, γ = 114.88(2)°, and Z = 2. Both compounds form arrays of eight‐membered rings (SnOPO)₂ linked at the tin atoms to form chains of infinite length. The dimer 3 consists of a like ring, in which the tin atoms are bridged by methoxo groups. It crystallizes triclinic in space group with a = 946.4(1) pm, b = 963.7(1) pm, c = 1174.2(1) pm, α = 82.495(6)°, β = 66.451(6)°, γ = 74.922(6)°, and Z = 1 for the dimer. The Raman spectra of 2 and 3 are given and discussed.     

Electrochemical study of (NEt4)2Cl2FeS2MoS2 and (NEt4)2Cl2FeS2MoS2FeCl2

Summary The ability of [MoS₄]^2–, anions to be used as ligands for transition metal ions has been widely demonstrated, especially with Fe²⁺. The present study has been restricted to linear complexes such as (NEt₄)₂ [Cl₂FeS₂MoS₂] and (NEt₄)₂[Cl₂FeS₂MoS₂FeCl₂]. Their electrochemical properties are described: upon electrochemical reduction, these compounds yield MoS₂, as a black precipitate, and an iron complex in solution, assumed to be [SFeCl₂]^2–. The electrochemical reduction goes through two electron transfers, coupled with the breakdown of the molecular skeleton: a DISPl and an ECE mechanism. Depending on the solvent, the following equilibrium may be observed: [Cl₄Fe₂MoS₄]^2–[Cl₂FeMoS₄]^2–+FeCl₂. The equilibrium constant, K_D, was evaluated by differential pulse polarography. K_D is tightly related to the donor number of the solvent.     

The alkali hypophosphites KH2PO2, RbH2PO2 and CsH2PO2

The structures of the hypophosphites KH₂PO₂ (potassium hypophosphite), RbH₂PO₂ (rubidium hypophosphite) and CsH₂PO₂ (caesium hypophosphite) have been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The structures consist of layers of alkali cations and hypophosphite anions, with the latter bridging four cations within the same layer. The Rb and Cs hypophosphites are isomorphous.     

Syntheses,Spectroscopic Studies,and Crystal Structures of Me2Sn(O2PPh2)2, Ph2Pb(O2PMe2)2, and Ph2Pb(O2PPh2)2

Me₂Sn(O₂PPh₂)₂ ( 1 ), Ph₂Pb(O₂PMe₂)₂ ( 2 ), and Ph₂Pb(O₂PPh₂)₂ ( 3 ) have been synthesized by the reactions of Me₂SnCl₂ or Ph₃PbCl with the corresponding diorganophosphinic acid in methanol. X‐ray diffraction studies show that the diorganophosphinate groups behave as double bridges between the metal atoms leading to polymeric ring‐chain structures with M₂O₄P₂ (M = Pb, Sn) eight‐membered rings. The organic groups bonded to the metal atoms are in trans‐position in the resulting octahedral arrangement around the metal atoms. The IR and the mass spectra were reported and discussed.     

Thermal decomposition of Me3SnO2PCl2, Me2Sn(O2PCl2)2 and Ph3SnO2PCl2

TG and DTA studies on Me₃SnO₂PCl₂, Me₂Sn(O₂PCl₂)₂ and Ph₃SnO₂PCl₂ were carried out under dynamic argon atmosphere. The results show that the decomposition proceeds in different stages leading to the formation of Sn₃(PO₄)₂ as a stable product. This compound was characterized by IR spectroscopy. Decomposition schemes involving reductive elimination reactions were proposed.