Enhanced sensitivity of Z-scan technique by use of flat-topped beam

Based on the Huygens–Fresnel diffraction integral method, we report a theoretical investigation on the closed-aperture Z-scan technique by using the flat-topped beam. The sensitivity of the flat-topped beam Z-scan technique, which can be enhanced with the increase of the flatness order N for the flat-topped beam, is greatly higher than of the Gaussian beam. Some salient characteristics of the flat-topped beam Z-scan traces are addressed. The flat-topped beam Z-scan technique for characterizing the instantaneous nonlinearity is also presented.     

Off-axis flat-topped multi-Gaussian beam and its propagation through paraxial optical system

Off-axis flat-topped multi-Gaussian beam is proposed as an extension of flat-topped multi-Gaussian beam. The electric field of off-axis flat-topped multi-Gaussian beam is expressed as a superposition of a series of off-axis Gaussian beams. Propagation formulae for off-axis flat-topped multi-Gaussian beam through aligned and misaligned optical system are derived. As a numerical example, propagation properties of off-axis flat-topped multi-Gaussian beam in free space and through a misaligned thin lens are discussed.     

经光阑衍射的平顶涡旋光束位相奇点的演化特性

推导出了平顶涡旋光束通过有光阑ABCD光学系统的传输解析式,并以光阑透镜和矩形光阑系统为例,与平顶光束比较研究了截断参量、相对离轴距离和光束阶数对衍射场中位相奇点演化特性的影响.数值计算表明,平顶涡旋光束通过上述光学系统均存在位相奇点,即使源处涡旋被光阑阻拦时,衍射场中也会出现位相奇点;而平顶光束通过光阑透镜系统存在刃型位错,随着截断参量增大,会发生刃型位错的演化和湮灭现象,且平顶光束通过矩形光阑系统没有发现位相奇点.     

经光阑衍射的平顶涡旋光束位相奇点的演化特性

推导出了平顶涡旋光束通过有光阑ABCD光学系统的传输解析式,并以光阑透镜和矩形光阑系统为例,与平顶光束比较研究了截断参量、相对离轴距离和光束阶数对衍射场中位相奇点演化特性的影响.数值计算表明,平顶涡旋光束通过上述光学系统均存在位相奇点,即使源处涡旋被光阑阻拦时,衍射场中也会出现位相奇点;而平顶光束通过光阑透镜系统存在刃型位错,随着截断参量增大,会发生刃型位错的演化和湮灭现象,且平顶光束通过矩形光阑系统没有发现位相奇点.     

高库仑量大电流两电极气体火花开关研究

设计了一个两电极气体火花开关，开关的主体部分仅包括阴极、阳极两个主电极，以及金属外壳和绝缘支撑外壳，两电极结构取消了触发极，消除了由于触发极烧蚀影响开关寿命的问题。开关设计工作电压23 kV，单脉冲能量1.2 MJ，峰值电流300 kA，单次脉冲电荷转移量110 C。初步试验阶段开关工作电压达到15 kV，开关的通流180 kA，电荷转移量为47.85 C。开关触发性能可靠，电极烧蚀均匀。     

An off-axis elliptical flat-topped beam and it’s propagation

A new kind of laser beam named off-axis elliptical flat-topped beam is proposed. This beam is expressed as a finite series of off-axis elliptical Gaussian beams with different beam parameters. Analytical propagation formulas for the off-axis elliptical flat-topped beam through aligned and misaligned optical systems are derived. As a numerical example, the propagation properties of the off-axis elliptical flat-topped beam in free space are calculated and discussed.     

Manipulating the Tomonaga-Luttinger exponent by electric field modulation

We establish a theoretical framework for artificial control of the power-law singularities in Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid states. The exponent governing the power-law behaviors is found to increase significantly with an increase in the amplitude of spatially periodic electrostatic field applied to the system. This field-induced shift in the exponent indicates the tunability of the transport properties of quasi-one-dimensional electron systems.     

基于幂律尾指数研究中国降水的时空演变特征

基于中国气象局国家气候中心740站点1960—2000a的日降水观测资料，对中国各地区日降水量分等级进行统计分析，揭示了各地区日降水存在的一个共同特征——幂律尾分布，且不同等级的降水量对应不同的幂律尾指数，在一定程度上反映了不同雨型具有不同的气候背景和物理机理.中国华北、华南等七个气候特征区，其幂律尾指数总体自东南向西北呈递增趋势，这与中国降水东多西少，南多北少的空间分布特征相符合.研究各气候特征区日降水的幂律尾指数随时间的演变特征发现：东北、华北和西北地区的幂律尾指数发生突变的年份对应着20世纪70年代末开始的中国北方干旱化进程，导致的可能原因是微量降水，尤其是0—7mm日降水的减少. 关键词： 幂律尾指数 突变 北方干旱化     

Measuring the power-law exponent of an atmospheric turbulence phase power spectrum with a Shack Hartmann wave-front sensor

For non-Kolmogorov turbulence we develop a differential angle-of-arrival fluctuation coefficient, which is the ratio between the transverse and longitudinal differential angle-of-arrival variances, and a slope structure-correlation coefficient, which is the ratio between the transverse and longitudinal differences of the slope correlation function and the slope structure function, to measure the power-law exponent of a phase power spectrum with a Shack-Hartmann wave-front sensor: The differential arrival-of-angle fluctuation coefficient and the slope structure-correlation coefficient are both related to power-law exponent beta and are independent of strength parameter rho(0) of the turbulence. We compare the methods developed and use them to evaluate beta in recently completed horizontal atmospheric experiments for 1000-m laser beam propagation.     

非傍轴截断平顶光束的质量因子

 使用功率密度的二阶矩方法和Li提出的平顶光束模型，推导出了非傍轴截断平顶光束的束腰宽度、远场发散角和光束质量因子的解析表达式。计算结果表明：非傍轴截断平顶光束的质量因子不仅与截断参数、光束阶数有关，而且与初始束腰宽度和波长之比有关；当截断参数趋近于0时，远场发散角趋于渐近值63.435°；对于光束阶数为1和截断参数趋于无穷大的特例，计算结果分别退化为非傍轴截断高斯光束和非傍轴无截断平顶光束的结果；功率密度的二阶矩方法可用于截断光束，并克服了光束质量因子的发散困难。     

平顶光束和平顶涡旋光束对金属瑞利粒子的光学俘获

 使用聚焦平顶光束和平顶涡旋光束,以金为例,对金属瑞利粒子辐射力和俘获稳定性进行了分析,着重研究了拓扑电荷和光束阶数对辐射力的影响。结果表明,随着拓扑电荷和光束阶数的增大,最大光强和辐射力随之减小;平顶光束可以俘获金瑞利粒子,俘获微粒的牢固性和俘获范围随着光束阶数增大而减小,而平顶涡旋光束的梯度力不能作为回复力,因此不能俘获。最后,还讨论了不同光强分布下,俘获金属瑞利粒子时复介电常数需满足的必要条件。     

采用衍射掩模产生白光横向平顶光束

白光横向平顶光束在定向背光式自由立体显示器中有重要应用.本文提出一种采用带蝶形小孔阵列的衍射掩模片获得白光横向平顶光束的方法.根据广义惠更斯-菲涅耳衍射积分和多波长叠加原理,推导出光强分布计算式.设计一套实验装置,数值模拟并实验验证出射光束在不同距离的横向光强分布以及小孔蝶形凹度(蝶形中心高度与边长的比值)对横向光强分布的影响.结果表明:当选择小孔蝶形凹度为0.50—0.66时,可以得到平顶因子F 0.89的白光横向平顶光束,横向平顶光束的宽度随着传输距离的增大而增大,而平顶因子基本不变.实验还发现柱面透镜的折射色散和衍射色散可以互相抵消,使白光横向平顶光束基本无色散.     

部分相干平顶光束通过湍流大气传输的等效曲率半径

推导出了部分相干平顶光束在湍流大气中传输的等效曲率半径的解析表达式,详细地研究了湍流对其等效曲率半径的影响.研究表明,湍流使得等效曲率半径R减小,但是只有当湍流足够强时等效曲率半径极小值出现的位置z_min才会改变.在弱湍流中,R随着光束相干长度β的增大而增大;但是在强湍流中,R随着β的增大而减小.R随着光束阶数M(N)的增大而缓慢减小.若β越大、 关键词： 等效曲率半径 湍流 部分相干平顶光束     

Propagation of elliptical flat-topped beam in spatial-frequency domain

Based on a tensor method, the propagation formulae of elliptical flat-topped beam through aligned and misaligned optical systems in spatial-frequency domain are derived analytically. The derived formulae provide a powerful tool for treating the propagation and transformation of elliptical flat-topped beam through complex optical systems in spatial-frequency domain. As a numerical example, the propagation properties of elliptical flat-topped Gaussian beam in free space are studied in spatial-frequency domain.     

Propagation of flat-topped beams

The propagation of flat-topped beams passing through paraxial ABCD optical system is investigated based on the propagation formulas of Gaussian beam. The focal shift of focused coherent flat-topped beam is also studied in detail. Analytical expressions of the M² factor and the far-field intensity distribution for flat-topped beams are derived on the basis of second-order moments.     

Self-organized Critical Model Based on Complex Brain Networks with Hierarchical Organization

The dynamical behavior in the cortical brain network of macaque is studied by modelling each cortical area with a subnetwork of interacting excitable neurons. We find that the avalanche of our model on different levels exhibits power-law. Furthermore the power-law exponent of the distribution and the average avalanche size are affected by the topology of the network.     

M 2-factors of a non-circular partially coherent flat-topped beam

Based on the extended Huygens-Fresnel integral and the second-order moments of the Wigner distribution function, analytical formulae for the propagation factors (known as M ²-factors) of a non-circular (i.e., rectangular or elliptical) partially coherent flat-topped beam in turbulent atmosphere are derived. The properties of the M ²-factors of a non-circular partially coherent flat-topped beam in turbulent atmosphere and in free space are studied numerically and comparatively. It is found that the evolution properties of the M ²-factors are mainly determined by the parameters of the beam and the turbulent atmosphere. The relative M ²-factors of a non-circular partially coherent flat-topped beam can be smaller than a circular partially coherent flat-topped beam and a Gaussian Schell-model beam, particularly at long propagation ranges in turbulent atmosphere. Our results will be useful in long-distance free-space optical communications.     

节点数加速增长的复杂网络生长模型

受某些实际网络节点数按几何级数增长现象的启发，构造了每个时间步中按当前网络规模成比例地同时加入多个节点的节点数加速增长的网络模型.研究表明，在增长率不是很大的情况下网络度分布仍然是幂律的，但在不同的增长率r下幂律指数是不同的.得到了幂律指数介于2到3之间可调的无标度网络模型，并解析地给出了幂律指数随增长率变化的函数关系.数值模拟还显示，网络的平均最短距离随r减小而簇系数随r增大. 关键词： 复杂网络 无标度网络 生长网络模型 节点数加速增长网络模型     

Circular partially coherent flattened Gaussian beam

An alternative theoretical model called circular partially coherent flattened Gaussian beam (FGB) is developed to describe a circular partially coherent beam with a flat-topped spatial profile. Explicit expression for the propagation factor of a circular partially coherent FGB is derived. We drive the analytical formulae for the cross-spectral density and mean-squared beam width of a circular partially coherent FGB propagating through a paraxial ABCD optical system based on the generalized Collins formula. The intensity, spreading and directionality properties of a circular partially coherent FGB propagating in free space are studied as numerical examples. The propagation properties of a circular partially coherent FGB agree well with those of a partially coherent flat-topped beam reported in the literature. Thus, our model provides an alternative but reliable model for describing a circular partially coherent beam with flat-topped profile.     

Maximum Renyi entropy principle for systems with power-law Hamiltonians

The Renyi distribution ensuring the maximum of Renyi entropy is investigated for a particular case of a power-law Hamiltonian. Both Lagrange parameters alpha and beta can be eliminated. It is found that beta does not depend on a Renyi parameter q and can be expressed in terms of an exponent kappa of the power-law Hamiltonian and an average energy U. The Renyi entropy for the resulting Renyi distribution reaches its maximal value at q=1/(1+kappa) that can be considered as the most probable value of q when we have no additional information on the behavior of the stochastic process. The Renyi distribution for such q becomes a power-law distribution with the exponent -(kappa+1). When q=1/(1+kappa)+epsilon (0相似文献