Microwave subsurface remote sensing in the Negev Desert: monitoring of soil water-content

We report the use of the microwave remote sensing as a technique with great potential for the mapping of subsurface properties including the monitoring of soil water conditions. Remote sensing experiments with microwave instrumentation were conducted in the Negev desert in Israel. The remote sensors used were a P-band (68 cm, 441 MHz) scatterometer and an ERS-2 C-band (5.3 cm, 5.7 GHz) SAR (synthetic aperture radar) along with the collection of ground truth data such as volumetric and gravimetric soil water-content, surface roughness and dielectric measurements. Corner reflectors in the field were used for calibration and geo-rectification of the SAR data. The results of the microwave experiments are in a good agreement with the developed theoretical models that take into account the effects of the random surface roughness. The optical modelling of microwave processes is presented as a tool for developing the physical basis for empirical studies. This practice simplifies testing theoretical predictions and reduces the immense cost of running field and laboratory measurements in the microwave range.     

Small-slope predictions of microwave backscatter from the sea surface

Abstract

The small-slope approximation is applied to the prediction of microwave sea-surface backscatter. Numerical results are obtained assuming a non-directional surface wavenumber spectrum and compared with azimuthally averaged C- and Ku-band radar backscattering data. For vertical polarization, the predictions and measurements agree to within 3 dB at incidence angles of interest for remote sensing. Small-slope predictions of azimuthal scattering asymmetry do not agree as well with measurements. These predictions are found to be sufficiently dependent on the assumed wave directionality that they may be used to improve existing directional wave spectral models.     

直接光强检测方式分析激光遥测水下声场探测灵敏度

激光声遥感探测水下声信号技术,是比以往任何一种水声探测技术都先进的技术,但探测系统的灵敏度一直未曾分析。得出了在直接光强检测方式下表面微波的最小可探测幅度值,并且分析了最小可探测幅度值分别和探测高度、接收孔径的关系。在直接光强检测方式下,针对水下声场形成的表面微扰现象,通过建立探测系统的一维物理模型进行理论推算。直接光强检测方式下表面微波的最小可探测幅度值为0.424 4 mm,当表面微波幅度超过该值时,探测系统灵敏度完全满足对水下声场的实时监测要求。     

Effects of roughness on the retroreflection from dielectric layers

The backscattering of electromagnetic radiation from rough dielectric layers with strong reflectors is studied both theoretically and experimentally. The retroreflected intensity is calculated as a function of the angle of incidence for different polarizations and different parameters of layers. It is shown that the interference pattern is extremely sensitive to the long-scale component of the roughness. The theoretical results are in a good agreement with the measurements of light scattering. The results are discussed in the context of microwave subsurface remote sensing.     

Microwave radiometry of forests

Abstract

Microwave remote sensing observations provide all weather, day/night monitoring of the earth's surface and make it possible to probe forest vegetation at various depths by operating at different frequencies. Significant progress in microwave radiometry of land surfaces has been made by using advanced airborne and spaceborne instruments and by developing physical and statistical models needed for interpreting the data. At present, a new multi-frequency scanning radiometer, launched in 2002 is providing global observations of the earth's surface at a relatively high resolution, and collected data are currently under study. This paper provides a review of experimental and theoretical investigations carried out in recent years to study the relationships between microwave emission and forest features at regional and global scale. It is shown that, despite the relatively small amount of experimental data currently available, microwave radiometry has proved to be an efficient technique in monitoring forest environments, and in particular in separating forest types, estimating woody biomass and, in some cases, assessing soil surface properties.     

土壤Cd含量实验室与野外DS光谱联合反演

土壤重金属高光谱遥感建模理论上能够大大降低传统化学分析测定所需成本,正逐步发展为有效探查土壤污染空间分布与开展污染土壤综合防治的关键技术。然而土壤重金属高光谱遥感调查技术目前多局限于稳定可控条件下的实验室光谱模型,野外诸多因素（光照、湿度、土壤粗糙度等）影响下野外原位光谱模型的有效性已成为困扰该项技术大范围推广亟待突破的关键科学问题。以湖南衡阳市某矿区为例,分别利用ASD地物光谱仪和等离子发射光谱法测定46个土壤样品350~2 500 nm的实验室光谱和Cd含量,并在土壤取样时同步测量样品野外原位光谱。在运用DS（direct standardization）转换算法处理野外光谱的基础上,融合实验室光谱先验知识,基于主成分逐步回归建模方法开展了土壤Cd含量实验室与野外原位DS光谱联合反演实验,交叉验证了模型的稳定性。同时为深入探究实验室与野外原位DS光谱联合反演模型的有效性,将其与基于实验室光谱、野外原位光谱、野外原位DS光谱、实验室与野外原位光谱联合建立的主成分逐步回归模型开展了对比分析。结果表明：野外原位光谱反演模型精度（R2=0.56）明显低于实验室光谱反演模型（R2=0.64）,野外原位DS光谱反演模型与之相比精度有所提升（R2=0.66）;在野外原位光谱DS转换校正基础上,联合实验室光谱先验知识的土壤Cd含量反演模型精度最高,R2可达0.72。与此同时,实验室与野外原位DS光谱联合反演模型揭示482,565,979和2 206 nm波段对研究区土壤Cd含量有较好指示性,此结果与实验室光谱反演模型所识别的特征波段一致,两者物理意义相同。研究结果证实了实验室光谱先验知识以及DS转换算法能够提升野外原位光谱模型的可靠性,可为发展土壤Cd含量野外原位高光谱遥感探测提供重要的提供理论与方法支撑。     

分形粗糙面合成孔径雷达成像研究

研究了分形粗糙面的成像问题. 分形粗糙面能够较好的逼近真实环境, 采用带限形式的Weierstrass-Mandelbrot函数建立了分形粗糙面几何模型, 对分形粗糙面参数的选取进行了讨论. 对大尺度粗糙面散射问题提出了一种基于大面元的Kirchhoff近似方法, 采用面元模型来计算粗糙面总的后向散射场以及每一个面元的后向散射场, 并对面元的尺寸选取进行了研究, 通过与解析解进行对比证明了该方法的正确性. 在分形理论建立的确定性粗糙面几何模型与面元的Kirchhoff方法获取的散射场的基础上, 采用正侧视条带式成像模式, 并选用距离多普勒算法对不同分形参数的粗糙面进行合成孔径雷达(SAR) 成像模拟, 结果显示从SAR像中可以清晰地观察到不同分形参数对粗糙面几何轮廓的影响. 该研究包括了从环境模型、电磁模型到SAR成像技术在内的完整的分形环境SAR像模拟过程, 仿真结果显示出分形环境的SAR像特点, 这对基于分形理论的自然环境的遥感探测以及参数反演具有一定的理论支撑作用.     

Travel-time statistics for signals scattered at a rough surface

Abstract

The travel time of signals reflected or refracted by a rough surface is investigated in the geometrical optics approximation. It is shown that surface roughness typically decreases the mean travel time in the case of large-scale roughness, when only one specularly reflecting point moves randomly around its unperturbed position, resulting in a negative travel-time bias (toward early echoes). In the opposite limiting case of multipath propagation, when many specular points exist on a random surface, the travel-time bias is always positive. General results are illustrated by two examples related to ocean remote sensing which involve sound scattering from the ocean surface and bottom.     

西北盐碱土理化性质的高光谱建模及预测

高光谱数据具有光谱分辨率高、波段连续性强、信息丰富等特点,在土壤信息的监测中得到广泛应用。利用高光谱遥感技术测定盐渍化土壤属性对灌区农作物的生长和农业可持续发展具有重要意义。采集玛纳斯河流域221个土壤样品,分别测定土壤电导率(EC)、有机质(SOM)和Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+三种离子浓度含量等土壤理化性质和光谱反射率曲线,并由三种离子含量得出钠吸附比值(SAR),采用逐步线性回归方法建立EC,SOM和SAR与原始光谱反射率(R)、标准正态变量(SNV)、归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)、倒数的对数(LR)、一阶微分(FDR)和去包络线(CR)等六种指标的模型。模型验证结果表明,相较其他五种变量的模型,以R为自变量的EC对数模型精度最高,相关系数为0.782,均方根误差为0.256。以NDVI为自变量的土SOM预测模型精度最高,相关系数为0.670,均方根误差为5.352。以FDR为自变量的SAR预测模型精度最高,相关系数为0.647,均方根误差为1.932。EC预测模型效果最好,SOM预测模型次之,SAR预测模型精度最低。最优模型中EC,SOM和SAR的敏感波长分别分布于395~1 801,352~1 144和394~1 011 nm波段。由于土壤中各属性的差异和不同成分空间分布的变异性,对于不同土壤性质的建模和验证结果差异较大。本研究可为盐渍化土壤的高光谱遥感监测提供依据。     

一个L波段海表盐度遥感反演的新经验模式

海表盐度是描述海洋的一个重要参量，海表盐度的微波探测是海洋遥感研究的重要内容.利用黄海实测盐度数据和海表亮温资料，建立了一个适用于黄海近岸的盐度反演模式.在没有海浪破碎情况下，利用L波段的亮温资料反演海洋表层盐度.本模式充分考虑了海面粗糙度的影响，从海水亮温和海水的介电常数反演的表层盐度和实测的表层海水盐度基本一致，其平均绝对误差为0.288psu，与同类模式相比具有较高的精度. 关键词： 盐度 亮温 辐射率 介电常数     

不同湿度的低植被覆盖土壤表面偏振特性研究

相对于传统的光谱探测,偏振探测能够提供更多的目标信息,比如,利用偏振探测手段解译材料表面的折射率、粗糙度等特性;也可用来反演土壤的湿度等。应用土壤表面反射光的偏振特性来反演土壤湿度,为定量反演土壤湿度提供一种新的方法,在农业、水文、气象和生态等领域中都有十分重要的意义。针对遥感中的一类混合像元难题,即低植被覆盖情况的土壤样品,通过实验测量,研究了样品表面偏振特性,进一步研究了样品表面偏振特性与土壤湿度的关系。结果表明,低植被覆盖土壤表面的偏振特性主要受裸土区域的影响,并与土壤湿度之间存在一种相关关系,例如,在本次实验中,当偏振度较小的光源以40°入射,且观测角处于20°～60°时,三种湿度土壤样品表面的偏振度与土壤湿度呈正比关系。进一步定量化这种相关关系将为反演低植被覆盖土壤湿度提供了一种新的途径。     

Monostatic and bistatic statistical shadowing functions from a one-dimensional stationary randomly rough surface: II. Multiple scattering

Abstract

The integral equation model (IEM) has been developed over the last decade and it has become one of the most widely used theoretical models for rough-surface scattering in microwave remote sensing. In the IEM model the shadowing function is typically either omitted or a form based on geometric optics with single reflection is used. In this paper, a shadowing function for one-dimensional rough surfaces which incorporates multiple scattering, finite surface length and both monostatic and bistatic configurations is developed. For any uncorrelated process, the resulting equation can be expressed in terms of the monostatic statistical shadowing function with single reflection, derived in the preceding companion paper. The effect of correlation between the surface slopes and heights for a Gaussian surface is studied to illuminate the range over which such correlations can be ignored. It is found that while the correlation between surface slopes and heights in the monostatic statistical shadowing function with single reflection can be ignored, when calculating the average shadowing function with double reflection the correlation between slopes and heights between points must be incorporated.     

偏振光谱的土壤湿度遥感方法实验研究

偏振探测作为一种新型遥感技术,是对传统光谱遥感探测的有益补充,为目标遥感探测提供更丰富的信息。用地物偏振光谱仪实验测量,分析土壤湿度与偏振光谱的相关性,同时研究不同观测角下的土壤表面反射光偏振光谱特性。结果表明：在土壤湿度较高的情况下,偏振光谱与土壤湿度具有一定的相关性,尤其在500～700 nm波段,湿度与偏振度呈正比关系;低湿度的情况下,偏振光谱与土壤湿度相关性不明显;此外,不同观测角对偏振光谱也有影响,如入射角固定为50°,观测角在20°～60°区间测量时,偏振度随观测角增大而增大,且观测角愈大,偏振度随湿度的变化愈显著。     

Microwave radiometry of forests

Microwave remote sensing observations provide all weather, day/night monitoring of the earth's surface and make it possible to probe forest vegetation at various depths by operating at different frequencies. Significant progress in microwave radiometry of land surfaces has been made by using advanced airborne and spaceborne instruments and by developing physical and statistical models needed for interpreting the data. At present, a new multi-frequency scanning radiometer, launched in 2002 is providing global observations of the earth's surface at a relatively high resolution, and collected data are currently under study. This paper provides a review of experimental and theoretical investigations carried out in recent years to study the relationships between microwave emission and forest features at regional and global scale. It is shown that, despite the relatively small amount of experimental data currently available, microwave radiometry has proved to be an efficient technique in monitoring forest environments, and in particular in separating forest types, estimating woody biomass and, in some cases, assessing soil surface properties.     

受石油污染的农田土和湿地土的偏振光谱特征对比

遥感技术依据传感器所接收到的探测目标所反射或主动向外发射的电磁波特征进行地表物体的识别和研究,是一种重要的对地观测手段,其中光学遥感和热红外遥感是常用的遥感技术手段。偏振是一种常见的光学现象,在商业和科技领域有着广泛应用。经过数十年的发展,偏振光遥感已成为近年来受到广泛关注和应用的对地观测手段。传统的光学遥感依赖光强信息对地物进行探测和识别,所得的地物识别和信息提取结果往往不够全面,而利用偏振光信息可以弥补传统光学遥感方法的不足之处,人们可以从地物的偏振信息中得到其更重要的性质和特征。土壤是一种复杂的自然地理综合体,在生态系统中发挥着重要作用,因此土壤遥感能够在环境监测和污染治理方面发挥重要作用。在实验室条件下,洁净干燥土壤本身的光谱反射率没有明显的吸收谷和反射峰,而在自然条件下土壤的光谱特性与含水量、表面粗糙程度和有机质含量等因素有关。近年来许多研究发现,石油对土壤偏振光谱特性的影响十分显著,尤其在可见光-近红外波段,石油的偏振光谱响应十分明显,因此可以利用该现象并运用遥感技术大范围多时相地探测地表被石油污染的情况。许多研究发现石油的浓度和种类等因素能够影响土壤的偏振光谱特征,进一步...     

新疆天山北坡典型研究区融雪期地物光谱特征分析

地物的波谱特性乃是整个遥感技术的物理基础,更是遥感技术应用尤其是定量遥感的基石。由于融雪期静态地物与冰-雪-水等动态地物交互存在,地物光谱特征更为复杂。选取了新疆天山北坡乌鲁木齐河流域以及军塘湖流域作为典型研究区,采用美国CID公司生产的CI700便携式野外光谱仪,通过2006年到2009年融雪期大量的野外调查和实地测量,获取了新疆天山北坡典型研究区融雪期典型地物包括各种积雪、冰、水以及土壤的光谱曲线及其变化规律,并对其进行了光谱特征分析。结果表明,融雪期虽然地物类型较为单一,但是因为积雪-冰-水-土壤复杂系统的交互式影响,地物的光谱特性及其变化均较为复杂,给融雪期地表参数的定量遥感研究带来了较大的挑战。对于融雪期复杂地物光谱的系列观测及特征分析无论是对于地物光谱特征基础研究还是定量遥感应用研究均具有重要意义。     

偏振遥感在伪装目标识别上的应用及对抗措施

 为了研究偏振遥感对伪装目标的识别特点,分别对不同颜色的伪装网进行了偏振参数测量和成像实验。通过数据分析发现,伪装网的散射偏振度受观测条件和材料自身特性（如反射率、折射率和表面粗糙度）影响很大;伪装涂层对入射光的散射作用可以分为面散射和体散射,其中面散射具有起偏振作用而体散射具有消偏振作用;与自然背景相比,伪装目标的偏振特征非常显著,利用偏振遥感可以有效地识别出常规侦察手段所不能发现的伪装目标。通过偏振遥感的侦察原理和特点分析,提出了可以利用表面结构设计和烟雾等方法对抗偏振遥感的侦察。     

二维海面上舰船目标电磁散射及合成孔径雷达成像技术研究

研究了二维海面上三维金属目标的电磁散射计算以及合成 孔径雷达(SAR)成像技术. 基于物理光学法、几何光学法和射线弹跳法计算了海 面与目标镜面反射及相互耦合作用; 并用等效电流法计算了目标的棱边绕射作用, 该方法考虑了阴影效应,同时为了消除人为截断引起的边缘衍射, 采用锥形入射波入射. 应用蒙特卡罗法生成的Pierson-Moskowitz谱粗糙面模拟实际海洋面, 计算海面上立方体及舰船的双站雷达散射截面, 通过与数值算法的结果相比较, 验证了该算法的正确性. 运用该解析法快速获取不同频率、 不同角度入射波照射下海面与目标的复合后向散射场数组, 结合SAR成像技术, 得到海面上立方体以及不同姿态舰船目标的SAR成像结果. 该研究成果在实际海洋遥感、海面上军事目标的探测与识别 等领域中具有重要的应用价值.     

基于光谱指数与EM38的土壤盐分空间变异性研究

针对目前半干旱区存在的土壤盐渍化问题,以典型半旱区封丘县为研究区,将遥感与磁感应电导率仪(EM38)技术相结合对典型半干旱区土壤盐分空间变异性进行了研究。结合田间采样对EM38测量数据进行解译,并对解译后的数据进行经典数据统计特征分析,建立了EM38解译后的土壤电导率与光谱指数(土壤指数、植被指数)之间的回归模型。利用该模型绘制了研究区土壤盐分的空间分布图。结果表明,受内在和外在因子的共同作用,研究区各土层含盐量均具有中等的变异强度。采用植被指数与土壤指数和EM38测量相结合的方法,较好地绘制了研究区土壤盐分的空间变化图。盐渍化土壤主要集中在研究区北部与南部,具有明显的趋势效应,并且在整个剖面盐分表现为表层最高,随着深度增加盐分先减小后增大的趋势。