HF ground wave propagation over a curved rough sea surface in the presence of islands

For a vertically polarized line source, in the context of HF (3–30?MHz) ground wave propagation over a curved rough sea surface in the presence of islands, this paper adapts the FB-SA (Forward–Backward Spectral Acceleration) method to compute the attenuation function over sea–land (island)–sea mixed paths for different shapes and heights of the islands. The rigorous FB-SA numerical method is based on the method of moments and was originally developed for scattering from rough surfaces and is especially efficient in solving a huge problem, which is required to predict the ground wave propagation over a long surface. In addition, for zero island height, this method is compared with an analytical approach expressed from a (residue) series, in which the roots of a differential equation, depending on the Airy function, must be calculated. In addition, from an intuitive approach and from the work of Barrick and Ishimaru, this analytical approach is extended to include the sea roughness and then validated from the FB-SA.     

浅海起伏海面下气泡层对声传播的影响

分析了起伏海面下风浪引起的气泡层对海面反射损失和对声传播的影响.一方面,气泡层会改变原来水中的声速剖面;另一方面,气泡层会对声波产生散射和吸收作用.考虑以上两方面的因素,分析了不同风速下气泡层对海面反射损失和声传播损失的影响,仿真发现,在风速大于10 m/s时,对于2 k Hz以上频率时气泡层对小掠射角下海面反射损失的影响不可忽视.在给定的水声环境中,当声源深度和接收深度都为7 m时,风速为16 m/s的风浪下生成的气泡层,在10 km处对3 k Hz的声传播损失的影响达到8.1 d B.当声源深度和接收深度都为18 m时,风速为16 m/s的风浪下生成的气泡层,在10 km处对3 k Hz的声传播损失的影响达到4 d B.     

Recent advances in utilizing acoustics to study surface roughness in agricultural surfaces

The evaluation of surface roughness in agricultural settings is investigated. Previous work has shown that sound propagating in a direction parallel to a smooth porous ground attenuates more rapidly than in a free space. This attenuation is due to absorption of the sound in the air filled pores in the ground. Previous work has also shown that a comparable attenuation phenomenon exists for propagation over a rough surface, albeit from different attenuation mechanisms. It is proposed that these additional attenuation mechanisms can be used to quantify the surface roughness, even on a porous surface. Attempts to model observed data with an effective impedance or reflection coefficient, in order to quantify the surface roughness, have had some success but have met with some problems for certain propagation geometries and surface configurations. Experimental data and modeling results will be presented and discussed for a variety of surfaces ranging in surface properties from impermeable to loosely packed soil and ranging in surface roughness scales from low sloped perturbations to steeply sloped wedges.     

Predicted ground effect for highway noise

The well-established theory for propagation from a point source over an impedance boundary predicts a surface wave for low frequencies and near grazing incidence. The implications of the theoretically predicted surface wave for propagation over a locally reacting boundary are explored in terms of real and imaginary parts of surface normal impedance. Available measurements of the surface normal impedance of the ground are collected together and reviewed. The computer predicted variation in A-weighted excess attenuation of a traffic line source with ground type is presented and discussed.     

Scattering of Radiation of the Sun and the Sky from Two Dimensional Rough Sea Surfaces

The scattering of optical wave from two dimensional rough sea surfaces is studied first with method of facets. The sea surface is divided into many facets, and each facet is treated as a surface with small roughness instead of a smooth plane, therefore more practical and effective. In addition the shadowing function of sea surfaces for arbitrary incident and scattering angles is numerically calculated with the Z-BUFFER method, which applies to any kinks of rough surfaces compared with the methods available. Finally the spectral irradiance of the sun and the spectral radiance of the sky for different time at sea level with fine weather are obtained with the software of Lowtran7, and the scattering of the radiation of the sun and the sky from two dimensional rough sea surfaces for different time, waveband and wind speed is studied, which is of great reference value for reducing the interference to the infrared detector due to the scattering of the radiation of the sun and the sky from sea surfaces.     

Two-frequency mutual coherence function for electromagnetic pulse propagation over rough surfaces

The propagation of a transient electromagnetic pulse over irregular terrain is considered. We model the wave propagation using the parabolic wave equation, which is valid for near-horizontal propagation. We model the effect of scattering from the rough terrain by introducing a surface-flattening coordinate transform. This coordinate transform simplifies the boundary condition of our problem, and introduces an effective refractive index into our wave equation. As a result, the problem of propagation over an irregular surface becomes equivalent to the problem of propagation through random media. The parabolic equation is solved analytically using the path integral method. Both vertically polarized and horizontally polarized signals are treated. Cumulant expansion is introduced to obtain an approximate expression for the two-frequency mutual coherence function. From the mutual coherence function, spatial and temporal dependence of the propagating signal can be determined. It can be shown that scattering from the irregular surface can cause broadening of the transient signal. This can have a significant impact on the performance of radio communication systems.     

Multiple scattering of HF radio waves propagating across the sea surface

A problem that is of considerable importance to the HF communications and radar communities is the calculation of the spatio-temporal modulations imposed on a radio wave as a result of propagating across a rough sea surface. We derive equations, in the form of a multiple-scattering series, describing the spatio-temporal structure of a radio wave at a point on the rough sea surface after propagation from an antenna at another point on the surface. We present calculations illustrating the sensitivity of the resultant Doppler spectra to ocean surface conditions, as described by well known parametric models. The generality of the approach means that it can easily accommodate user-specified antenna patterns, arbitrary coastline geometries, arbitrary sea-wave spectrum models, wave-field inhomogeneity and a wide range of seawater conductivities.     

Two-frequency mutual coherence function for electromagnetic pulse propagation over rough surfaces

The propagation of a transient electromagnetic pulse over irregular terrain is considered. We model the wave propagation using the parabolic wave equation, which is valid for near-horizontal propagation. We model the effect of scattering from the rough terrain by introducing a surface-flattening coordinate transform. This coordinate transform simplifies the boundary condition of our problem, and introduces an effective refractive index into our wave equation. As a result, the problem of propagation over an irregular surface becomes equivalent to the problem of propagation through random media. The parabolic equation is solved analytically using the path integral method. Both vertically polarized and horizontally polarized signals are treated. Cumulant expansion is introduced to obtain an approximate expression for the two-frequency mutual coherence function. From the mutual coherence function, spatial and temporal dependence of the propagating signal can be determined. It can be shown that scattering from the irregular surface can cause broadening of the transient signal. This can have a significant impact on the performance of radio communication systems.     

浅海周期起伏海底环境下的声传播

海底粗糙对水下声传播及水声探测等应用具有重要影响.利用黄海夏季典型海洋环境,分析了同时存在海底周期起伏和强温跃层条件下的声传播特性,结果表明:由于海底周期起伏的存在,对于低频(<1 kHz)、近程(10 km)的声信号,传播损失可增大5—30 d B.总结了声传播损失及脉冲到达结构随声源深度、海底起伏周期及起伏高度等因...     

Investigation on global positioning system signal scattering and propagation over the rough sea surface

This paper is devoted to the study of polarization properties, scattering properties and propagation properties of global positioning system (GPS) scattering signal over the rough sea surface. To investigate the polarization and the scattering properties, the scattering field and the bistatic scattering coefficient of modified Kirchhoff approximation with using the tapered incident wave is derived in detail. In modeling the propagation properties of the GPS scattering signal in the evaporation duct, the initial field of parabolic equation traditionally computed by the antenna pattern with using fast Fourier transform (FFT) is replaced by the GPS scattering field. And the propagation properties of GPS scattering signal in the evaporation duct with different evaporation duct heights and elevation angles of GPS are discussed by the improved discrete mixed Fourier transform with taking into account the sea surface roughness.     

浅海涌浪对表面声道声传播的影响

受海面强风和海-气相互作用影响,表面声道普遍存在于冬季海洋环境中,是一种天然有利于声传播的波导.但是海面波浪使得海表形成粗糙界面,会严重破坏这种优良性能.本文利用南海北部海区的一次冬季声传播实验数据,研究表面声道声传播特性.研究表明,海底底质对表面声道内声传播的影响较弱,当海面风较小时,涌浪造成的影响为主要原因.实验数...     

风浪因素对海洋波导雷达回波作用机理的研究

采用文氏谱模型描述近海海洋动力环境海面的粗糙特征, 并运用海浪谱理论得到风速和均方根高度偏差的关系. 进而应用修正的离散混合傅里叶变换方法和改进的雷达散射系数模型分别计算了电磁波传输损耗和雷达散射系数. 在此基础上, 通过数值计算分析了风浪因素对海洋波导环境雷达回波功率值的影响. 结果表明, 风浪因素对不同观测高度处的传输损耗的影响均不大; 风浪因素对雷达回波功率有显著影响, 并且相对于传输损耗, 雷达散射系数项受风浪因素影响较大因而导致较大的雷达回波功率的变化.     

Small-slope expansion for electromagnetic-wave diffraction on a rough surface

The diffraction and absorption of the plane electromagnetic wave on a rough surface is considered to find the scattering and emissivity of the surface. For this purpose a system of integral equations for unknown surface fields is derived from Green's formula for the Helmholtz equation. The small-slope approach is used to find a solution, i.e. the solution is determined from an expansion over the roughness spectrum that, in the limit of the large-scale roughness, turns out to be the expansion over the slope spectrum.     

Fast asymptotic solutions for sound fields above and below a rigid porous ground

The current study simultaneously addresses the problem of reflection and refraction of sound from a rigid porous ground surface. A more rigorous approach is used to derive more accurate asymptotic solutions that can be cast in a convenient form for ease of numerical implementations. The solutions provide means for rapid computations of the sound fields above and below the rigid porous ground. The improved asymptotic formulas for both situations agree well with numerical results obtained by other numerical schemes, which are more accurate but computationally more intensive. More importantly, the asymptotic solutions can be written in the well-known form of the Weyl-van der Pol formula, which provides a direct correlation between the reflected wave term for the sound field above the porous ground and the transmitted (refracted) wave term for the sound field below.     

涌浪条件下的浅海表面声道脉冲声传播*

在冬季,海水表面受到海面强风的影响,普遍存在表面声道。当声源位于表面声道中并且声源频率高于表面声道的截止频率时,声能量几乎被完全限制其中,不与海底作用,十分有利于声传播。但当表面声道上边界为较大涌浪所形成的粗糙界面时,这种优良性能会被破坏。在南海北部陆坡海区的一次冬季实验中,发现表面声道以下水听器接收到的首个脉冲的幅度明显增加,通过研究表明,其原因是：存在较大涌浪时,部分表面声道内传播的声能量,经粗糙海面反射作用后进入下层水体中,使得位于表面声道以下的水听器的第一个到达的脉冲幅度增强。     

A study of time harmonic guided Lamb waves and their caustics in composite plates

Spatial steady-state Lamb wave propagation in an anisotropic composite plate excited by harmonic surface sources is modeled using a Green’s matrix representation in a frequency-wavenumber domain. An approach based on a residue integration technique for two dimensional wavenumber integrals for the computation of displacements outside an excitation source is presented in this paper. In the far-field zone of the excitation source, the method of stationary phase is used, which gives an asymptotic expansion of the displacement vector as a sum of cylindrical waves. Near caustic directions, a far-field solution is computed in terms of Airy functions. The results obtained applying residue integration technique and asymptotic expansion are found to be coinciding with the results of the computation by using the adaptive quadratures. Moreover, these approaches agree well with experimental data. Then, the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods applied for modeling of Lamb wave propagation are discussed in this paper. Focussing and other properties of Lamb waves are studied using numerical examples.     

1D waves in a random poroelastic medium with large fluctuations

We examine the problem of wave propagation in a random poroelastic medium. The porous medium is modelled as a Biot poroelastic solid whose constitutive parameters fluctuate substantially over finite distances. Our main results are asymptotic analytical expressions for the mean velocity-stress wave; this solution incorporates two distinct length scales. The effect of the fluctuations appears on the regular depth coordinate while the parameters of the effective medium arise on a shorter scale of distance. Thus the method that we apply, the theory of averaging, allows us to give a rigorous derivation of the effective medium parameters. It also provides the correction terms which are caused by the fluctuations in the random medium; we find that the relative effect of the latter increases in proportion to ω^1/2 where ω denotes the wave frequency. We also show that the fluctuations introduce significant attenuation of the fast Biot compressional wave and dispersion of the slow Biot wave. These results are illustrated by numerical examples using real oilfield data.     

The Structure of a Chirp Signal in the Randomly Inhomogeneous Earth-Ionosphere Channel

We analyze theoretically the structure of a chirp-ionosonde signal for the cases of one- and two-hop propagation in the randomly inhomogeneous ionosphere. For the case of two-hop propagation, wave scattering by the rough ground is taken into account. Our numerical simulation showed that random ionospheric irregularities and ground roughnesses play a significant role in the formation of a signal structure. We compare numerical results with experimental data obtained at oblique ionospheric sounding.     

Small-slope expansion for electromagnetic-wave diffraction on a rough surface

Abstract

The diffraction and absorption of the plane electromagnetic wave on a rough surface is considered to find the scattering and emissivity of the surface. For this purpose a system of integral equations for unknown surface fields is derived from Green's formula for the Helmholtz equation. The small-slope approach is used to find a solution, i.e. the solution is determined from an expansion over the roughness spectrum that, in the limit of the large-scale roughness, turns out to be the expansion over the slope spectrum.     

Eigenfunction expansion method to characterize Rayleigh wave propagation in orthotropic medium with phase lags

ABSTRACT

The present paper deals with the propagation of Rayleigh surface waves in homogeneous, orthotropic thermoelastic half space in the context of three-phase lag model of thermoelasticity. A vector matrix differential equation is formed by employing normal mode analysis to the considered equations which is then solved by eigenfunction expansion method. The frequency equations for different cases are derived and the path of surface particles during Rayleigh wave propagation is found elliptical. Effect of phase lags on phase velocity, attenuation coefficient, and specific loss are presented graphically with respect to frequency as well as wave number.