Exciton photoluminescence from ZnO layers produced by laser-induced gas breakdown processing

The plasma of optically-excited gas breakdown has been used to treat a Zn target in atmospheric pressure gases (air, O₂, N₂, Ar). The breakdown is produced near the target by a pulsed CO₂ laser radiation, yielding to a local erosion of the target under the irradiation spot and the formation of a porous nanostructured layer, consisting of ZnO nanoscale spheres. We show that the produced nanostructured layers exhibit an intense exciton emission band in the ultraviolet range (380–385 nm), while defect-related photoluminescent bands were weak and could be completely removed by varying the fabrication parameters. Properties of the produced layers were found to be very promising for the development of optoelectronic devices. PACS 81.16.Mk; 81.05.-t     

KrF laser-induced breakdown of gases

Measurements have been made of the threshold intensities for gas breakdown at the KrF 248 nm laser wavelength. The threshold intensities were measured as a function of pressure for air, H₂, CH₄ and the rare gases.     

Coherent control of laser-induced breakdown

We demonstrate coherent control of laser-induced optical breakdown in Ar and Xe with a femtosecond time-scale pulse train. By using a genetic algorithm to set the relative phases of seven optical sidebands that span two octaves of bandwidth, we enhance or suppress the probability of breakdown, vary the onset time of the spark, and to some extent, vary the position of the spark and the timing of the laser-produced shock wave.     

Minimally disruptive laser-induced breakdown in water

We produce minimally disruptive breakdown in water by using tightly focused 100-fs laser pulses and demonstrate the potential use of this technique in microsurgery of the eye. Using time-resolved imaging and piezoelectric pressure detection, we measure the magnitude and speed of propagation of the pressure wave produced in the breakdown. Compared with breakdown with longer pulses, here there is a much lower energy threshold for breakdown of 0.2microJ , a smaller shock zone diameter (11microm for 1-microJ pulses), and consistent energy deposition.     

飞秒激光诱导水光学击穿阈值

为了研究飞秒激光诱导水光学击穿阈值随激光脉冲参数的变化关系,采用四阶RungeKutta方法对飞秒激光诱导水光学击穿的椭球体模型进行了不同脉宽(40～540fs)、波长(400～1200nm)和光斑尺寸(0～200μm)下的数值模拟。通过控制变量法得出阈值光强与这些激光脉冲参数的关系曲线图,据此定性分析了阈值光强与激光脉冲参数的变化特征趋势。应用光强与功率、能量、辐照曝光量和电场强度之间的关系,得到了它们随激光脉冲参数脉宽、波长和光斑尺寸的动态关系,这为进一步研究飞秒激光与水和含水介质的相互作用提供了理论依据。     

激光诱导击穿光谱机理及爆炸物研究

激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术是基于激光诱导等离子体发光探测物质成分的方法。激光诱导等离子体的发射谱线由两部分组成:一部分是电子-离子复合及自由电子相互作用辐射的宽带连续谱;另一部分是原子和离子发射的特征谱线。对这些谱线进行识别并测量其强度,给出物质成分的定性和定量信息。分别讨论了样品所附着的基质为金属和电介质的两种情况,并对ns和fs级激光脉宽的影响作了介绍。     

飞秒激光诱导水光学击穿阈值

为了研究飞秒激光诱导水光学击穿阈值随激光脉冲参数的变化关系,采用四阶Runge-Kutta方法对飞秒激光诱导水光学击穿的椭球体模型进行了不同脉宽（40~540 fs）、波长(400~1 200 nm)和光斑尺寸（0~200 μm）下的数值模拟。通过控制变量法得出阈值光强与这些激光脉冲参数的关系曲线图,据此定性分析了阈值光强与激光脉冲参数的变化特征趋势。应用光强与功率、能量、辐照曝光量和电场强度之间的关系,得到了它们随激光脉冲参数脉宽、波长和光斑尺寸的动态关系,这为进一步研究飞秒激光与水和含水介质的相互作用提供了理论依据。     

Some notes on the role of meta-stable excited state of helium atom in laser-induced helium gas breakdown spectroscopy

A study of the experimental results on the plasma emissions of water and ethanol vapor samples, induced by Nd:YAG laser in ambient helium and nitrogen gases at atmospheric pressure, is presented here. The result reveals distinct geometrical and spectral characteristics of the plasma emissions generated in the helium gas when compared to those observed from nitrogen gas plasma. Most remarkable is the narrow line width and low continuum background exhibited by emission lines of the analyte atoms from helium plasma, including the hydrogen emission line which is known to suffer from notorious broadening effects in conventional laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). It is further shown on the basis of the measured spatial distributions and time profiles of the emission intensities, that the excellent spectral quality is attained by taking advantage of the meta-stable excited state of helium atoms for the delayed excitation of the hydrogen and other analyte atoms, this allows the detection of those atomic emissions to be performed under more favorable conditions. The result of this study has thus demonstrated the feasibility of achieving high-quality spectrochemical analysis, including hydrogen analysis with laser-induced helium gas breakdown spectroscopy. PACS 52.38.Mf     

Detection of explosives with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Our recent work on the detection of explosives by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is reviewed in this paper. We have studied the physical mechanism of laser-induced plasma of an organic explosive, TNT. The LIBS spectra of TNT under single-photon excitation are simulated using MATLAB. The variations of the atomic emission lines intensities of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen versus the plasma temperature are simulated too. We also investigate the time-resolved LIBS spectra of a common inorganic explosive, black powder, in two kinds of surrounding atmospheres, air and argon, and find that the maximum value of the O atomic emission line SBR of black powder occurs at a gate delay of 596 ns. Another focus of our work is on using chemometic methods such as principle component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to distinguish the organic explosives from organic materials such as plastics. A PLS-DA model for classification is built. TNT and seven types of plastics are chosen as samples to test the model. The experimental results demonstrate that LIBS coupled with the chemometric techniques has the capacity to discriminate organic explosive from plastics.     

激光诱导击穿火焰等离子体光谱研究

采用PI-MAX-II型增强型电荷耦合器件, 用Nd:YAG纳秒脉冲激光器输出的1064 nm强光束击穿在一个大气压的空气中燃烧的酒精灯火焰, 对激光诱导击穿酒精灯火焰产生的等离子体光谱进行了初步研究. 根据美国国家标准与技术研究院原子发射谱线数据库, 对等离子体中的主要元素的特征谱线进行了标识和归属. 通过激光诱导击穿空气等离子体光谱、激光诱导击穿酒精灯火焰等离子体光谱、激光诱导酒精喷灯火焰等离子体光谱的对比分析, 发现不同燃烧状况下的光谱中各原子谱线的相对强度是不同的. 这些结果对于使用激光诱导击穿技术分析和研究碳氢燃料在空气中的燃烧特性具有重要的意义和参考价值, 同时也为将该技术应用于燃烧诊断提供了实验依据.     

New vacuum ultraviolet lamps for gas analysis

The designs of vacuum ultraviolet lamps offering a high stability, their basic specifications, and acceptance tests are described.     

Plasma stoichiometry correction method in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

The spectra correction approach for the quantitative analysis of alloys by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy was proposed. A disproportion between the composition of the laser-plasma plume and the bulk sample is explained by the selective evaporation of components during the melting-evaporation stage. The Batanov-Bunkin-Prohorov-Fedorov phenomenon of the transparent wave propagation in a melted metal during the laser ablation was accounted for by the discussed approach. The proposed spectra correction procedure gives good results for the composition measurement of the Al alloy.     

激光诱导击穿光谱技术及应用研究进展

激光诱导击穿光谱（LIBS）技术是一种基于原子发射光谱学的元素定性、定量检测手段。本文介绍了LIBS技术的原理、应用方式、检测元素种类及检测极限;综述了该项技术在固体、液体、气体组分检测方面的技术发展,以及在环境检测、食品安全、生物医药、材料、军事、太空领域的应用进展。最后,提出了高功率、高稳定的激光光源和准确的定量分析方法是LIBS技术目前所面临的问题和挑战。     

Resonant CO2 laser-induced breakdown in polyatomic molecules

Summary The onset of CO₂ laser-induced breakdown has been observed by irradiating several polyatomic species (SiH₄, NH₃, hydrocarbons, fluorohydrocarbons) at a wavelength resonant with an IR active vibration. Primary fragmentation and subsequent ion and radical secondary reactions have been monitored detecting the spontaneous luminescence with a gateable optical multichannel analyser. The resonant laser-induced processes can be of importance in etching reactors where hydrocarbons and fluoro-hydrocarbons are commonly used, as well as in laser chemical vapour deposition reactors for the production of sinterable Si₃N₄ and SiC powders.     

小波变换在激光诱导击穿光谱压缩中的应用

将小波变换应用于8种燃煤的激光诱导击穿光谱数据的压缩,并通过考察db小波阶数、分解层数和阈值化方法等参数对压缩效果的影响,总结了压缩参数选取的规律,确定了较好的压缩方案。以压缩分数、恢复分数、谱线强度相对误差为衡量准则,比较了压缩前后谱图的差异,评价了压缩的效果。结果表明,在所选的较优方案下,8个煤样其1,2,5通道的谱图恢复分数RS为81%~99.96%,压缩分数CS为79.02%~92.07%,谱线相对误差均在5%之内,重构光谱与原始光谱基本一致,存储量减小。     

The laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy of TiF in the ultraviolet region

The laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectrum of jet-cooled ⁴⁸TiF has been obtained in the wavelength region of 245-270 nm for the first time. Six pairs of vibronic bands were observed and assigned to two new transitions [37.8]⁴Φ-X⁴Φ and ⁴Δ-X⁴Φ. Rotational analysis was carried out for the (ν′ = 0-3 to ν″ = 0) vibrational bands of the [37.8]⁴Φ_3/2-X⁴Φ_3/2 and [37.8]⁴Φ_5/2-X⁴Φ_5/2 subbands, and also, the (ν′, 0) and (ν′+1, 0) vibrational bands of the ⁴Δ_1/2-X⁴Φ_3/2 and ⁴Δ_3/2-X⁴Φ_5/2 subbands. The effective equilibrium molecular constants for the [37.8]⁴Φ_3/2 and [37.8]⁴Φ_3/2 upper states were determined. In addition, lifetime measurements were carried out for all of the observed bands under collision-free conditions. On the basis of the spectroscopic constants and lifetime measurements, the electronic transitions involved in the observed high-lying electronic states are discussed.     

Mechanisms of femtosecond laser-induced breakdown and damage in MgO

Single-shot laser damage threshold of MgO for 40-986 fs, 800 nm laser pulses is reported. The pump-probe measurements with femtosecond pulses were carried out to investigate the time-resolved electronic excitation processes. A theoretical model including conduction band electrons (CBE) production and laser energy deposition was applied to discuss the roles of multiphoton ionization (MPI) and avalanche ionization in femtosecond laser-induced dielectric breakdown. The results indicate that avalanche ionization plays the dominant role in the femtosecond laser-induced breakdown in MgO near the damage threshold.     

溶液中金属元素的激光诱导击穿光谱

利用激光击穿光谱的方法对水溶液样品中的金属元素进行定性和定量分析。分别采用竖直喷流（口径0.5 mm）和静止液面两种样品采样模式,针对不同质量浓度的Cd,Fe,Al和Pb元素进行了检测分析并得到了其定标曲线(线性拟合相关度基本在0.99以上),初步确定了４种元素在喷流模式下的检测限为0.206 5(Cd),0.147 6(Fe),0.061 9(Al)和0.200 9(Pb) g/L;静止液面模式下的检测限为0.050 1(Cd),0.023 9(Fe),0.014 8(Al)和0.006 9(Pb) g/L。实验所得的结果为检测工业废水中金属元素的含量提供了依据。     

一种针对激光诱导击穿光谱技术的基线校正方法

针对激光诱导击穿光谱(laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,LIBS)数据中存在的周期性拱形突起问题,提出了一种改进的基线校正算法。该算法基于惩罚最小二乘方法,通过改变局部惩罚系数,使其在拟合周期性拱形突起的同时降低谱线强度对拟合基线的影响。与其他基线校正方法相比,该算法在拟合仿真基线时的均方根误差更小,并且基于该算法得到光谱数据绘制的定标曲线的相关系数达到了0.997 2。结果表明：该算法相较于现有的去基线方法,在拟合中阶梯光栅光谱仪采集激光诱导击穿光谱的基线时,能更好地保留光谱数据的有效信息。