激光诱导击穿光谱对不规则未知镀层样品的分析

传统经典的镀层分析方法分析速度慢,对于不规则镀层样品较难分析,文中在最佳分析条件下,采用激光诱导击穿光谱法对两块不规则未知镀层样品进行分析,镀层分析曲线表明,两块未知镀层样品采用渗锌工艺制备而成,镀层表面的锌、 铁元素是主量元素,少量的铬起钝化作用,镀层界面下则是中低合金钢,用一套中低合金钢标准样品建立校准曲线,准确分析了镀层界面下中低合金钢的化学成分及Cr和Mo元素在镀层表面的含量变化情况,从而对未知不规则镀层样品的化学成分有一个深入的了解。     

基于轻量化校准反射镜的旋转平移干涉绝对检验技术

光学干涉绝对检验技术能够实现参考面和待测面面形的有效分离,是对干涉仪进行精度标定的有效手段。面向大口径平面干涉仪的校准需求,旋转平移法仅需一块透射平晶和一块反射平晶,避免了额外加工第3块平晶的成本和难度。但随着口径的增大,自重和支撑使得反射平晶在平移和旋转多种状态下的变形较大,继而影响绝对检验精度。提出设计轻量化的校准反射镜作为反射平晶,采用旋转平移法实现大口径干涉仪的绝对检验。以Φ1 500 mm平面干涉仪作为标定需求,采用碳化硅作为校准反射镜材料,以三角形轻量化结构和6点背部支撑方式进行轻量化设计,控制其质量仅为93 kg,支撑和重力引入的面形变形PV值为9.75 nm。将变形面形叠加至PV值λ/4、不同分布的加工面形进行旋转平移绝对检验仿真计算,对旋转对称程度低且包含较多高频成分的面形,检验精度为λ/30;而对分布平滑对称的面形,检验精度可达到λ/50。因此,为了实现对于大口径平面干涉仪λ/50精度的标定目标,要求碳化硅校准反射镜加工面形PV值低于λ/4,尽量避免高频成分,旋转对称程度高。     

The impacts of temperature and emissivity estimations on radiance-based calibration for HJ-1B/IRS TIR band

The IRS radiometer on the HJ-1B satellite of HJ-1 constellation has just a wide band (IRS B08) in thermal infrared spectral region between 10 and 12 μm. The onboard radiometric calibration of IRS B08 is implemented by periodically heating the blackbody of calibration system from normal temperature status (NTS) to high temperature status (HTS) for the lack of observation to deep space. Radiance-based vicarious calibration was taken as one point in two-point calibration method to substitute NTS for the instability of NTS. The estimation impacts of temperature and emissivity were analyzed by defining band matching factor k. The results indicate that their impacts were related to channel center wavelengths of reference and target bands. As to the reference band of CE312 B02, temperature impact of ±10 K estimated error on IRS B08 TOA radiance can be ignored while six substituted emissivities demonstrated their impacts can also be ignored. However, if CE312 B03 or B04 was taken as reference bands, the impacts cannot be ignored even emissivity-specimens of fresh water, sea water and blackbody were used as actual surface. Linear combination of two reference bands surrounding target band, such as CE312 B03 and B04 to IRS B08, significantly reduced the calibration uncertainty of using single reference band from 1.8 K and 2.5 K to 0.4 K. The vicarious calibration accuracy based on CE312 B02 is 0.25 K and the vicarious calibration coefficients could be used from August 2009 to August 2010.     

基于圆结构光视觉传感器的标定特征点获取方法

管道作为工业生产重要的传输手段其内表面腐蚀程度和瑕疵的精确检测对于保证安全生产具有重要意义。针对管道内表面圆结构光视觉检测,提出了一种基于共面参照物获取圆结构光视觉传感器标定特征点的新方法。该方法设计了圆结构光平面靶标,基于交比不变原理,以摄像机三维坐标系为中介,将多个局部世界坐标系下的标定特征点统一到全局世界坐标系中,得到位于圆结构光曲面上的非共线标定特征点的三维世界坐标。该方法降低了标定设备的成本,简化了结构光视觉传感器的标定过程。标定实验精度达到0.340 mm,标定结果表明,该方法切实可行。     

Innovative calibration technique for fringe projection based 3D scanner

A new approach to 3D scanners calibration, based on Fourier Transform Profilometry method, is proposed and verified by experiments. Commonly used calibration techniques require that a calibration plane is placed in different and known positions in the scanner measuring volume; an optimization procedure iteratively change the value of some calibration parameters in order to minimize the discrepancy between the height distributions of the measured planes and the reference ones. The main limit of this type of calibration techniques is the necessity to guarantee a high accuracy in the placement of the planes used as calibration references. The innovation of the method proposed in this paper is the complete removal of any device for the accurate plane placement by assigning the task of the plane positions estimation to the camera, which is part of the scanner. The well known camera calibration algorithm proposed by Zhang permits at the same time to calibrate the camera and to estimate the positions and orientations of the plane used for the calibration itself. The knowledge of the plane position allows to use them as a reference of the scanner calibration. The obtained results show that this method provides accuracy values for the scanner parameters estimation comparable with other calibration techniques, but the advantage is that no particular device is needed.     

Depth-dependent calibration for quantitative elemental depth profiling of copper alloys using laser-induced plasma spectroscopy

This work presents new calibration procedures for deep elemental depth profile analysis of bronze artifacts. A simple ablation model is developed for the estimation of the ablation rate and hence for deriving the depth spatial calibration scale. Elemental quantification is obtained through the construction of calibration surfaces, using reference samples of known composition, relating laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS) intensity ratios, content of atomic species and number of laser pulses. Such a method represents a refinement of the standard LIPS quantification approach based on calibration curves, which is extended here to the generation of significantly deep craters into the material under investigation up to several hundred microns. The depth dependence of the calibration surfaces measured is discussed in the framework of a simplified model of depth-dependent plasma temperature.     

高光谱遥感器现场光谱定标精度验证方法研究

鉴于精确的光谱辐射定标精度验证对于高光谱遥感器的现场定标和数据应用非常必要,以SVC光谱辐亮度计为例,利用多波段辐亮度标准传递探测器和新型的光谱可调积分球参考光源,设计了一种高光谱遥感器光谱定标精度的验证方法。该方法利用新型光谱可调积分球参考光源在待测波段内分别输出光谱形状单调上升和单调下降的光谱辐亮度状态,通过光谱匹配技术,即平移改变SVC光谱辐亮度计的波长,分析比对MRSTD和SVC光谱辐亮度计测量辐亮度的相对偏差。比对结果为光谱定标验证精度优于±0.2 nm,辐射定标验证精度小于5%。     

一种基于参数标定的投影条纹周期简易校正方法

基于三角测量原理的条纹投影轮廓测量系统中,倾斜投影到参考平面上的条纹将产生周期展宽现象,引起相位失真甚至影响测量精度.论文以条纹位置为控制变量推导出条纹周期校正的线性数学模型,通过简便的标定获得模型参数,由此反算出新的待投影条纹,并在参考平面上获得周期分布的投影条纹.实验结果表明校正后的条纹周期变化范围在±0.1像素内...     

Fractal surface for calibration of an optical profiler

The surface profiler has become a basic metrology tool for the characterization of high-quality optical surfaces. The unknown effective resolution of the surface profiler is problematic in using the instrument, as it distorts the measured surface profile. In this paper, we suggest and describe the use of a fractal surface as a standard test surface with which to calibrate the effective resolution of a surface profiler. Fractal surfaces have the characteristics of irregularity, self-similarity and low correlation, with the correlation length being approximately equal to the length of the profile; therefore, a log-log plot of the power spectral density curve is a straight line. The power spectral density curves of fractal surfaces, which can be acquired through surface characterization techniques such as atomic force microscopy, are fitted to a straight line to act as a standard with which to calibrate an optical profiler in different ranges. Through calibration, we can obtain the effective resolution of the optical profiler, and the surface profiler is found to have good transmission capacity within the effective spatial frequency range.     

Rapid and reliable reference sphere calibration for Fizeau interferometry

I describe and demonstrate a rapid and simple technique for calibrating spherical reference surfaces in Fizeau interferometry. A flat mirror at the focus of the test wavefront and a partial occlusion of the test beam enable a double-pass measurement of one half of the surface against the other, which gives an error map for half the aperture. Subsequent rotations of the beam stop and stitching together of several measurements yields the full-aperture calibration file. The method always produces point-symmetrical surface maps and is therefore not exact. However, most actual reference surfaces are approximately point symmetric and therefore the trade-off of accuracy for expediency is reasonable in practice.     

激光驱动飞片的动量耦合模型研究

 激光驱动飞片技术在动高压加载和模拟空间高速粒子运动规律等实验中有重要的应用价值。而激光与飞片的动量耦合模型研究是激光驱动飞片技术的重要内容之一，其实质是激光与物质的作用规律的宏观表征。以激光支持爆轰波（LSDW）理论为基础，建立了约束条件下激光驱动飞片的动量模型，模型考虑了激光功率密度、脉宽、聚焦焦斑、侧向稀疏波、飞片表面气体参数、飞片面积等因素的影响，比较全面地反映了LSDW对飞片的力学作用特性，理论计算结果与参考文献结果吻合较好，误差不超过25%。     

远紫外光学遥感载荷在轨定标技术研究进展

远紫外波段（115～200 nm）光学遥感是在卫星上获得空间环境参数,如O,N₂和O₂等中性大气原子分子柱密度及廓线分布、电离层电子密度TEC、电子密度廓线、等离子体含量、大气温度廓线、太阳EUV流量、能量粒子沉降等信息的重要探测技术,也是最具发展潜力的空间天气探测方法之一。定量获得这些物理参量的重要过程之一是载荷的辐射定标,包括发射前实验室定标和在轨定标。发射前定标给出载荷的原始定标系数,而在轨定标则给出仪器在轨运行一段时间后定标系数的变化。远紫外探测技术用于中高层大气、电离层、磁层、太阳活动等方面的研究从19世纪70年代就已经开始,以美国为代表的一些国家已将远紫外探测列入空间天气监测的长期规划,并且开展了大量的在轨定标技术研究,确保载荷数据的长期定量化应用。我国在本世纪初才开展远紫外波段载荷技术的研究,在轨定标技术基本属于空白。在轨定标方法包括基于外部标准辐射源定标、基于内部辐射标准源定标和替代定标三种。以国际上具有代表性的远紫外探测载荷为例,分析和总结这三种定标方法分别用于成像探测、光谱成像探测和光度计三种主要的探测类型仪器上的定标方案、在轨定标数据处理方法及处理结果。对多种类型载荷及不同定标源定标方法及结果分析表明,对于视场较大,且具备深空观测能力的远紫外波段成像仪器及成像光谱仪,首选外定标源法,即采用远紫外辐射相当稳定且已知光辐射强度的的紫外恒星作为辐射标准源,根据运行轨道进行定标模式合理设计,并结合实验室定标数据,实现在轨全视场定标;对于光度计类的单点探测仪器,由于视场限制,极少有恒星观测条件,故推荐采用替代定标方式,实现载荷在轨长期监测,但在定标数据的选取及时空匹配方面应详细分析,以提高定标精度;而利用内部标准源进行定标的方法,标准源本身的衰减问题是亟待解决的问题。     

New calibration method for UV-VIS photothermal deflection spectroscopy set-up

Photothermal deflection spectroscopy has emerged as a useful technique for the determination of the absorption of materials with a small absorption coefficient. The technique offers relative values of the material absorptivity and, therefore, requires a calibration procedure in order to determine the absolute values. In this work, we present a new calibration method for a photothermal deflection spectroscopy set-up working in the UV-VIS, spectral range. The method is based on the use of reference samples with different levels of absorption. The samples, consisting of single thin films of amorphous carbon on transparent substrates, are optically characterized by means of spectrophotometric measurements. The accurate characterization of the samples enables the computation of their corresponding optical absorptivity in the PDS set-up. The calibration method is cross-checked by comparison of the measurements for the different reference samples and is finally applied to the study of the absorption of dielectric films in the UV.     

Preparation of sulfur reference materials that reproduce atmospheric particulate matter sample characteristics for XRF calibration

Energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) is an important tool used in routine elemental analysis of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) samples collected on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane filters. The method requires calibration against thin‐film standards of known elemental masses commonly obtained from commercial suppliers. These standards serve as a convenient and widely accepted interlaboratory reference but can differ significantly from samples in their chemical composition, substrate, and geometry. These differences can introduce uncertainties regarding the absolute accuracy of the calibration for atmospheric samples. Continuous elemental records of the US Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) PM monitoring network extend back to 1988. Evaluation of long‐term concentration trends and comparison with other networks demand a calibration that is accurate and precise compared with the uncertainty of the XRF measurement itself. We describe a method to prepare sulfur reference materials that are optimized for calibration of XRF instruments used to analyze IMPROVE PM samples. The reference materials are prepared by using the atmospheric form of the element, by reproducing the sample geometry, and by using the same substrate as in samples. Our results show that stable, pure, anhydrous, and stoichiometric deposits are collected onto the filter substrates, and furthermore, that the reference material masses are accurate and have acceptable uncertainty in the measurement range. The XRF response of the sulfur reference materials is similar to other commercial standards and is linear in the measurement range, and the slope of the multipoint calibration curve has very low uncertainty. These reference materials are valid for the calibration of XRF systems, and they bring improved transparency and credibility to the IMPROVE calibration. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

长基线定位系统高精度阵型标定方法

为解决长基线定位系统传统标定方法中受垂直方向声速变化剧烈而导致的标定精度差、逐个声信标交汇标定效率低、跟踪定位阶段采用不同声信标基准对目标解算不一致的问题,本文提出了一种高精度相对阵型标定方法,通过水下声信标的互测距信息构建观测模型改进了传统标定方式。理论分析表明,采用该方法水平方向上能够获得与测距等量级的标定精度,有效地提高了标定效率,采用不同的声信标基准目标解算结果一致,在深海作业中优势明显。通过浅水试验结果可以看出该方法水平方向上的标定精度能达到和测距等量级的毫米量级精度,和传统标定方法相比提高了一个数量级,在提高标定精度的同时降低了作业复杂度,采用本文的标定结果获得的目标定位结果更接近于GPS输出,具有良好的工程应用价值。      

基于深对流云目标的风云二号可见光通道辐射定标

介绍了一种采用深对流云目标对风云二号(FY-2)扫描辐射计可见光通道进行辐射定标的方法。以深对流云作为辐射定标参考载体,以AQUA/MODIS获得的深对流云反射率作为辐射基准参考,以GOME-2和辐射模式模拟的DCC光谱进行了光谱响应函数的修正,评估FY-2系列卫星的可见光通道辐射定标精度及其长序列衰减趋势。结果表明：(1)FY-2可见光通道存在不同程度的衰减,FY-2D,FY-2E和FY-2F的年衰减率分别约为1.67%,1.69%和0.81%;(2)与国际推荐的参考仪器AQUA/MODIS的DCC反射率基准相比,风云二号可见光通道业务定标结果与之存在显著差异,其相对偏差了分别达到了39.9%,29%和19.2%。(3)FY-2卫星在轨期间,可见光通道存在一定程度的周期性的波动和跳跃现象。借助深对流云目标很好地实现了FY-2系列气象卫星的可见光辐射定标,获取的辐射定标结果已经作为业务定标更新的重要依据。     

Absolute interferometric test of Fresnel zone plates

An absolute interferometric test of two-level binary Fresnel zone plates (FZPs) is presented. Five measurements with a wavefront testing interferometer are required to fully separate interferometer errors from those of the FZP. The method provides both errors, pattern errors and surface figure errors of the zone plate absolutely. The test method is suitable for zone mirrors and zone lenses. Test setups are explained, equations are derived and experimental results are presented. Further, applications of the absolute diffractive test method are described. For the estimation of the accuracy of the diffractive calibration method a comparison with the classical three-position test was carried out.     

高精度检测球面面形的方法研究

短波光学的迅猛发展和高精密光学仪器的需求日益增多,对高精度表面的加工与检测也随之重要起来。而在一般的干涉检测中,球面镜检测精度主要依赖参考镜的精度。利用Jensen提出的干涉仪绝对校准理论可以去除参考镜的误差和干涉仪的附加波像差,从而提高被测件测量精度。在研究Jensen绝对校准理论的基础上,提出一种利用泽尼克(Zernike)多项式进行波面相位转换的方法进行波面处理,并提出具体实施方案。对面形精度优于A／37小凸球面进行测量得出了较好的结果,打破了标准镜头最优A／20的局限,使这一理论简单易行地赋予应用。从而实现了高精度检测球面面形。     

Application of a laser/EMAT system for using shear and LS mode converted waves

Quantitative time-of-flight analysis of laser-generated shear waves and longitudinal-shear mode-converted waves has demonstrated an effective method for non-contact monitoring of the thickness of metal plates. Q-switched Nd:YAG laser pulses with energies of approximately 18 mJ, delivered to the material surface via an optical fibre and focused to a line source by a cylindrical lens, excited surface waves, longitudinal and shear waves. Bulk waves propagated through the plate to be reflected from the far surface. Returning waves were detected using an electro-magnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) sensitive to in-plane motion. The compilation of B-scans generated as the sensor head was moved along the material's surface to produce a 2-D intensity profile made any changes in the plate thickness easy to visualise. The longitudinal-shear (L-S) and shear-longitudinal (S-L) mode-converted waves provided a method of simultaneously monitoring two different points on the far surface enabling any changes in the material thickness to be clearly identified. This method was used to determine the thickness of aluminium samples ranging in from 5 to 70 mm.