着火油罐燃烧过程预测的通用模型

本文根据油罐火灾的燃烧特点,从基本的传热规律和燃烧机理出发,以油品表面热反馈的能量平衡为前提,并利用化工热力学方法计算了火焰的平均温度,通过迭代方法,并结合相关的实验数据和结果,提出了油罐火灾燃烧过程的通用模型,该模型可适用于多种碳氢类燃料。本文以汽油为例,通过计算可以得到着火油罐的多项燃烧特性,包括燃烧速度、平均火焰温度等,是获取油罐周围热辐射规律的基础和前提,计算结果可为火灾现场战术的决策以及预案的制订提供依据。     

汽油储罐火灾燃烧特性的实验研究

本文通过对直径为1 m、 1.5 m和2.7 m的汽油储罐进行火灾实验,分析了汽油罐燃烧时不同阶段的燃烧特 性。本文重点讨论了描述燃烧特性的几个重要参数的变化规律,包括火焰脉动频率、火焰高度、倾斜角度以及火焰的温度 分布等,并将结果拟合为相应的实验关联式,以揭示油罐火灾的内在规律和预测其发展趋势。     

较高当量比氢气空气预混合气的燃烧特性研究

利用纹影法,在定容燃烧弹中研究了较高当量比和不同初始压力下氢气空气预混合气的燃烧特性,分析了两参数对其燃烧特性的影响。试验结果表明,本实验条件下的氢气空气预混合物燃烧过程中,主火焰两侧出现挤流火焰,且挤流火焰的传播明显快于主火焰;根据出现挤流火焰与否、两侧挤流火焰相遇与否、实验时的热力参数、燃料浓度等条件,燃烧过程可分为四个阶段;在本文的实验条件下随着当量比增加,挤流火焰燃烧速度加快,其倾向于自燃时的多点燃烧;随着初始压力降低,挤流火焰逐渐出现在主火焰层流燃烧阶段。     

预混火焰在封闭狭缝内传播动力学研究

本文构建了一个封闭圆盘狭缝空间的一维平面火焰动力学模型,研究了存在壁面热损失条件下可燃混合物在封闭的圆盘狭缝定容装置内火焰的传播特性。模型预测结果与实验结果定性地吻合。模型表明显示,壁面散热降低火焰传播速度的机制在于其使高温已燃气体向低温未燃气体方向的膨胀能力减小,导致火焰前锋的当地流场速度降低,而且同时降低了火焰温度和燃烧反应速率。因此增大初始压力或掺氢气等低活化能的反应物能够有效降低壁面散热的不利影响。该计算模型能够丰富微小尺度封闭空间内火焰传播相关理论,并提供在微小封闭空间内提高火焰传播速度和燃烧效率的理论依据和调控手段。     

非平衡等离子体对脉动丙烷预混火焰的影响

通过将介质阻挡放电应用于燃烧增强,实验研究了非平衡等离子体对于入流脉动条件下丙烷预混火焰的影响。通过本生灯法测定火焰速度,通过气相色谱分析确定丙烷燃料经非平衡等离子体作用后的组分并计算物性,重点研究了不同限流速度、脉动幅度以及平均流速下等离子体对吹熄极限的影响。实验结果表明,非平衡等离子体使丙烷预先裂解,提高火焰速度,并在一定区间内优化吹熄特性,增强燃烧稳定性。     

管状火焰燃烧器中高氧气浓度丙烷燃烧特性

对两种不同入口尺寸的急速混合管状火焰燃烧器开展了丙烷富氧燃烧特性研究,着重从火焰结构、燃烧范围、燃烧模式等,分析了燃料与氧化剂切向入口尺寸分别为0.5/0.5 mm(燃烧器A)及0.25/0.5 mm(燃烧器B)的丙烷燃烧特性,并基于Chemkin计算分析了内在机制。结果表明:在氧气浓度β≤0.5时,两者均能获得均匀稳定的管状火焰,火焰特征和燃烧范围相近;对于燃烧器A,随着β增加至0.7,化学反应时间缩短,掺混效果不足以维持火焰稳定;燃烧器B入口尺寸较小,入口速度更大,掺混更充分,在β=0.7时火焰仍稳定,β=0.8时火焰不均匀但仍稳定。此外,β≥0.7时,随当量比增加,燃烧器A、B均在低当量比和化学计量当量比附近出现了声不稳定现象,管状火焰区随β增加不断缩小。     

湿空气扩散燃烧火焰结构特性研究

利用二维粒子成像速度仪(PIV)对钝体燃烧器中的甲烷／湿空气扩散燃烧的速度场进行测量,考察其火焰的结构特性及其内部流动状况。通过对湿空气燃烧流场与普通燃烧流场的对比分析表明,湿空气燃烧情况下,两种燃烧状态的火焰(回流燃烧火焰和中心射流主导火焰)相互转换的燃空速度比(γ)值要比普通燃烧的小;湿空气燃烧使得喷嘴后的同流空气的速度降低,空气的回流作用减弱,燃料更容易冲出回流区,火焰的稳定性能变差。     

HCCI工况下氨氢混合物燃烧的直接数值模拟

本文利用直接数值模拟方法对均质压燃(HCCI, Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition)工况下氨氢混合物的着火和燃烧特性进行了研究。结果表明,着火首先从局部孤立区域处发生,随后发展到整个计算区域;最高燃烧温度和热释率随着掺氢比的增加而增加;通过与零维计算结果对比,发现湍流和热分层使得氨氢混合物着火提前。利用直接数值模拟数据计算了反应锋面的位移速度,并据此分析了自着火和火焰传播这两种燃烧模式。发现在低掺氢比的情况下,燃烧模式以自着火为主;而在高掺氢比的情况下,燃烧模式以火焰传播为主。     

油料池火焰红外光谱特性分析研究（英文）

油罐池火燃烧污染强度大、范围广,航天遥感可成为实时动态监测油罐池火灾污染的新途径。航天遥感监测以目标光谱特性分析为基础,针对油料池火焰光谱特性研究不足的现状,通过构建全火焰红外测试系统,在室外开放空间条件下对多种油料及混合油料池火焰光谱,其他可燃物火焰的发射光谱进行了测试分析研究,光谱范围1~14μm。结果表明:92#汽油、95#汽油、0#柴油、航空煤油、润滑油池火焰的光谱曲线特征相似,在特定的波长处存在特征发射峰,在1.1,2.4,2.8及6.3μm附近存在H2O特征发射峰,在4.2及4.5μm附近存在CO2发射峰,在3.4μm处存在C—H伸缩振动发射峰,6.3μm后各光谱曲线无明显特征峰。92#汽油与0#柴油以不同比例混合的池火焰光谱与各油料池火焰光谱相比也无明显差别。92#汽油池火焰光谱与木柴及纸张火焰光谱相比,在3.4μm处存在特征发射峰;酒精火焰光谱虽然在3.4μm附近也有类似辐射发射,但辐射强度与4.5μm处CO2的辐射强度之比远低于92#汽油池火焰光谱在此两波段处辐射强度之比;蜂窝煤火焰光谱近似灰体辐射光谱。各燃料火焰光谱的差异主要由燃料的化学组成及燃烧反应机理的差异决定的。对92#汽油池火焰连续区、间歇区及烟气区的光谱特性进行了比较分析,结果表明3.4μm处的C—H伸缩振动峰只存在于连续区,证明了该发射峰是参与燃烧化学反应的油气产生的,该结果与油料池火燃烧反应机理吻合。实验结论对基于光谱特性分析的油料池火焰遥感识别具有重要借鉴意义。     

惰性多孔介质内过滤燃烧特性分析

以惰性堆积床内甲烷/空气低速过滤燃烧为例,因次分析系统特征尺度,基于修正的单温度模型,提出一种封闭的耦合解析方法,对燃烧过程进行理论分析.研究了燃烧波波速、火焰传播速率、最高燃烧温度等燃烧特性参数,将计算结果与实验结果以及前人的理论结果进行对比.     

Experimental research on combustion dynamics of medium-scale fire whirl

The medium-scale fire whirl was extensively investigated by experimental means, in order to establish correlations of the burning rate, flame height and flame temperature of fire whirl, and to clarify the difference between fire whirls and general pool fires. Experimental observations and data confirmed that a free burning fire whirl is a highly stable burning phenomenon with large quasi-steady periods. Burning rates of fire whirls depend on pool diameter similarly to those of general pool fires; however the transition turbulent burning occurs sooner as the pool diameter increases. The lip height seems to have little effect on the burning rate of fire whirls. The correlation was proposed to couple the height of fire whirl to the fire release rate and ambient circulation. It correlates the data from both this work and the literature. Radial temperature profiles in the continuous region of the fire whirl were confirmed to be hump-type, implying the existence of fuel-rich inner core. The pool diameter and heat release rate do not significantly affect the radial temperature profiles in non-dimensional radial coordinates. It was found that the fire plume of fire whirl involves three distinct zones just like that of pool fire, but with different normalized ranges. Fire whirls maintain a higher ratio of continuous flame height to the overall flame height, and also higher maximum centerline excess temperature in continuous flame region, as compared to general pool fires. It was further demonstrated that the fire whirl plume at its origin behaves like a turbulent jet with moderate swirling, and then tends to become buoyancy dominated downstream, with slight swirling. With an increase in dimensionless height adjusted by the plume origin, the plume centerline excess temperature decays rapidly and approaches the theoretical value of −5/3 for free buoyancy plume.     

着火油罐辐射热传递过程实验研究

通过对直径D=1 m、 1.5 m、2.7 m全掀顶油罐着火特性实验研究,分别得出汽油、柴油的火焰形状,及距油罐1D、1.5D的火焰辐射强度和温度动态分布数据,对直径1 m的相邻油罐,得出在火灾辐射场中其壁面温度分布和罐体内部压力及温度动态变化曲线,研究内容对修订我国相关消防规范和工程设计提供参考,同时为开展数值模拟提供参照标准。     

小尺度薄油池火沸腾燃烧特性研究

通过对小尺度薄油池火燃烧特性进行实验研究,分析油池不同燃烧阶段的特点,探讨沸腾燃烧对油池燃烧特性的影响。测量了直径分别为0.10 m、0.14 m、0.20 m和0.30 m正庚烷油池火的燃烧速率以及温度分布随时间变化。分析燃烧过程中燃油液面温度和池壁温度的变化规律,研究池壁沸腾传热对油池沸腾燃烧的影响。结果表明:油池沸腾燃烧阶段的燃烧速率明显大于稳定燃烧阶段;燃油液面温度在油池燃烧初期迅速上升至沸点,随后基本保持不变;池壁温度达到并超过燃料的沸点,从而在油池壁面上发生沸腾现象,是油池发生沸腾燃烧的条件。     

Effect of flow circulation on combustion dynamics of fire whirl

In this paper, the effect of flow circulation on the combustion dynamics of fire whirl is systematically investigated by experiments. New correlations for the burning rate, flame height, radial temperature and mass flow rate are established for fire whirl. It is clarified that flow circulation helps increase both the fuel-flame contact area and the actual fuel surface area, which in turn increases both the heat feedback to the fuel surface and the radial velocity in the ground boundary layer, leading to increase of burning rate. A novel idea for correlation of fire whirl flame height is proposed by assuming that the ratio of the fire whirl flame height to the flame height without circulation solely characterizes the effect of circulation. This idea is fully verified, thereby a new formulation for flame height is established, which successfully decouples the burning rate and the circulation. It is indicated that the fuel-rich core in the flame body of fire whirl significantly affects the radial temperature distribution in the continuous flame region, and the flame body can be described by the combination of a cylinder and a cone. The flow circulation significantly suppresses fire plume radius and thus decreases its increasing rate with vertical distance. It is also demonstrated that the fire whirl flame involves laminarized regions in its lower section, coexisting with turbulent regions in the upper portion. The flow circulation enhances the air entrainment in the ground layer by altering the radial velocity profile and increasing the radial velocity. In the low section of flaming region, the significant decrease of mixture between the combustion products and surrounding air dominates the pure aerodynamic effect of flow circulation on the flame height. Finally, it is clarified that fire whirls maintain higher centerline excess temperature than general pool fires due to the effect of less air entrainment.     

A novel combustion system for liquid fuel evaporating and burning

To utilize sustainable biofuel, the current study proposes a novel combustion technique that directly burns liquid ethanol without a spray system. Two swirling air flows are induced by tangentially injected the gas from two concentric tubes at different stages. The liquid ethanol is fed by a liquid tank at the center. At the beginning methane flame assists in preheating the system to vaporize liquid ethanol and ignite the vapor. Thereafter methane is switched off, and liquid ethanol can be continuously vaporized through self-burning released heat. The heat and mass transfer processes are examined to illustrate such self-sustained burning–heating–evaporating system. The ethanol flow rate is gradually increased to provide different heat output. The flame structures, temperature distributions and pollutant emissions are carefully examined. The results show that the ethanol can be steadily burned to provide heat output between 0.7 and 2.5?kW. Generally a blue flame is obtained, and the NO_x and CO concentrations are ultralow. By increasing ethanol flow rate to exceed 8?mL/min, an unsteady, sooting flame is observed owing to incomplete evaporation and poor mixing. A parametric study is conducted to evaluate the influences of liquid tank position, flow rate and tip structure on the combustion characteristics. Additionally, an optimal operation condition is proposed. The current study provides a promising method to burn low-boiling liquid fuel in a clean, efficient and compact way.     

油池火焰前锋的数值研究

应用化学流体力学基本定律,建立了描述油池火灾过程的基本控制方程组和油池表面平衡方程,并对油池火灾过程进行数值模拟,注重研究来流风速变化对油池火焰前锋的影响,计算结果定性合理.     

Parameters influencing the burning rate of laminar flames propagating into a reacting mixture

The laminar flame speed is an important property of a reacting mixture and it is used extensively for the characterization of the combustion process in practical devices. However, under engine-relevant conditions, considerable reactivity may be present in the unburned mixture, introducing thus challenges due to couplings of auto-ignition and flame propagation phenomena. In this study, the propagation of transient, one-dimensional laminar flames into a reacting unburned mixture was investigated numerically in order to identify the parameters influencing the flame burning rate in the conduction-reaction controlled regime at constant pressure. It was found that the fuel chemical classification significantly influences the burning rate. More specifically, for hydrogen flames, the “evolution” of the burning rate does not depend on the initial unburned mixture temperature. On the other hand, for n-heptane flames that exhibit low temperature chemistry, the burning rate depends on the instantaneous temperature and composition of the unburned mixture in a coupled way. A new approach was developed allowing for the decoupling the flame chemistry from the ignition dynamics as well as for the decoupling of parameters influencing the burning rate, so that meaningful sensitivity analysis could be performed. It was determined that the burning rate is not directly affected by fuel specific reactions even in the presence of low temperature chemistry whose effect is indirect through the modification of the reactants composition entering the flame. The controlling parameters include but not limited to mixture conductivity, enthalpy, and the species composition evolution in the unburned mixture.