由小斜率近似计算空气声经粗糙海面透射至深海中的声场

采用一级小斜率近似方法处理空气声经粗糙海面透射至深海中的声场问题,导出了透射场及其相干分量的表达式。假定海面高度一维变化且频谱满足PM谱,采用小斜率近似方法计算了相应的透射场。对于空气中的线源,小斜率近似与积分方程方法结果一致。当水下测量点距离较远且深度较浅时,平均声强随海面均方根高度增加而增加至一极限值,相干声强则随海面均方根高度增加而一致减小。对于空气中的点源,小斜率近似计算表明,水下平均声强还依赖于测量点相对于声源的方位,而相干声强则与测量点的方位无关。      

由小斜率近似计算空气声经粗糙海面透射至深海中的声场（英文）

The first-order small slope approximation is applied to the problem of the sound transmission from an airborne source into deep ocean through a rough sea surface,and expressions are derived for the transmitted sound field and its coherent component.Numerical calculations are performed.The sea surface is assumed to be random rough with a PiersonMoskowitz spectrum and to have height variations in only one dimension.For the case of the airborne line source,the small slope approximation results are in good agreement with those from integral equations,and show that the mean of sound intensity at observation direction with shallow depression angle increases and approaches a limit as the root-mean-square surface height increases,while the coherent field intensity consistently decreases.For the case of the point source,the small slope approximation results show that the mean of sound intensity depends significantly on the source-receiver bearing angle,but the coherent field intensity is independent of this angle.     

Acoustic scattering from a rough sea surface: the mean field by the integral equation method

The scattering of an acoustic signal incident from below at low angles on a rough sea surface is treated by the integral equation method in the parabolic approximation. Equations are obtained allowing the mean scattered field to be calculated even when the surface causes a large phase modulation in the incident wave. Solutions are found using the method of Laplace transforms and some results are presented for a specific type of rough surface.     

随机起伏冰面三维声散射的Kirchhoff近似数值计算模型

针对随机起伏冰面的声散射问题,建立了随机起伏冰面三维声散射的Kirchhoff近似数值计算模型.利用Delaunay三角剖分方法对随机起伏冰面进行三角面元剖分,然后采用Z-buffer算法进行面元的遮挡消隐,得到处于声波照射亮区的面元,最后采用Gordon面元积分的板块元方法计算得到随机起伏冰面的散射强度.数值计算模型...     

Acoustic scattering from a rough sea surface: the mean field by the integral equation method

Abstract

The scattering of an acoustic signal incident from below at low angles on a rough sea surface is treated by the integral equation method in the parabolic approximation. Equations are obtained allowing the mean scattered field to be calculated even when the surface causes a large phase modulation in the incident wave. Solutions are found using the method of Laplace transforms and some results are presented for a specific type of rough surface.     

Propagation of finite amplitude sound waves radiated from a pulsating sphere

The propagation of weakly non-linear acoustic waves is studied, which are radiated from a harmonically pulsating sphere in an inviscid perfect gas. A representation of the solution is presented for a far field equation of the first order, which is closely related to the solution obtained by the method of renormalization. The applicability of the method to the present problem is proved within the first order approximation. The asymptotic solution in the far field is obtained up to the second order by using the method of renormalization. A uniformly valid solution is, to the second approximation, constructed by matching the near field solution with the far field solution. Also investigated is the effect of dimensionless parameters and the second order correction on the acoustic shock formation distances and the non-linear distortion of waveforms.     

Acoustic scattering by a three-dimensional elastic object near a rough surface

The ensemble-averaged field scattered by a smooth, bounded, elastic object near a penetrable surface with small-scale random roughness is formulated. The formulation consists of combining a perturbative solution for modeling propagation through the rough surface with a transition (T-) matrix solution for scattering by the object near a planar surface. All media bounding the rough surface are assumed to be fluids. By applying the results to a spherical steel shell buried within a rough sediment bottom, it is demonstrated that the ensemble-averaged "incoherent" intensity backscattered by buried objects illuminated with shallow-grazing-angle acoustic sources can be well enhanced at high frequencies over field predictions based on scattering models where all environmental surfaces are planar. However, this intensity must compete with the incoherent intensity scattered back from the interface itself, which can defeat detection attempts. The averaged "coherent" component of the field maintains the strong evanescent spectral decay exhibited by flat interface predictions of shallow-angle measurements but with small deviations. Nevertheless, bistatic calculations of the coherent field suggest useful strategies for improving long-range detection and identification of buried objects.     

由小斜率近似计算粗糙海面对空气声源激发的浅海声场的影响

采用一级小斜率近似方法处理空气声经粗糙海面透射至浅海中的声场问题。假定空气、海水和海底为三层均匀介质,将海水层中声场分解为下行波和上行波,导出了粗糙海面条件下下行波和总声场的小斜率近似表达式。导出的声场表达式可由快速傅里叶变换计算,但会出现混叠问题。为了减轻混叠影响,提出了引入额外介质吸收的计算方法。针对高度一维变化且频谱满足PM谱的起伏海面,采用蒙特卡洛仿真计算了相应的水下声场。结果表明,随着海面起伏均方根高度的增加,水下相干场强度减小而均方声压则略有增大。      

Sound transmission from air into shallow water through rough sea surfaces by small slope approximation

The first-order small slope approximation is applied to the problem of the sound transmission from an airborne source into shallow water through a rough sea surface.By assuming a three-layer homogeneous fluid model and decomposing the sound field in water layer into up-going and down-going waves,the expressions for the down-going wave and thus the total field are derived.The expressions can be calculated by the FFT,but the alias problem will arise.To mitigate the alias effect,additional medium absorption is introduced and afterwards compensated.Monte Carlo calculations are performed.The sea surface is assumed to be random rough with a Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum and to have height variations in only one dimension.The results show that the mean field intensity decreases as the root-mean-square surface height increases,while the mean-square field intensity increases slightly.     

修正反射系数的Kirchhoff近似方法计算高斯起伏冰面三维声散射

针对随机起伏冰面的声散射计算问题,利用修正反射系数的Kirchhoff近似方法计算了高斯起伏冰面的三维声散射。在计算模型中引入了冰面局部统计平均反射系数的概念,将二维高斯起伏冰面的散射分为相干散射和非相干散射,分别得到两类散射成分的散射系数公式,计算了高斯起伏冰面三维声散射的散射强度。分析了散射强度与随机起伏冰面的均方根高度、声波入射角度及频率的关系。通过实验室水池中高斯起伏冰面的散射强度测量实验,对理论模型的计算结果进行了验证。将实验结果分别与采用冰面局部统计平均反射系数的模型计算结果和文献中采用平整冰面镜反射系数的模型计算结果进行了对比,采用冰面局部统计平均反射系数的模型计算结果与实验测量值吻合较好。      

Comment on 'X-ray scattering from a randomly rough surface'

Recently, in this journal, Leskova and Maradudin published a new method for calculating x-ray scattering from a rough surface. In this comment their results will be compared with those obtained by other methods, especially the distorted-wave Born approximation. It is concluded that their results are useful in the limit of small transverse correlation length of the surface roughness. For intermediate values of the correlation length the results of both approximations are equivalent, being valid for small root-mean-square roughness and/or large incident perpendicular wavevector. In the case of large correlation length, neither approximation is correct. It is noted that the new method includes cross-polarization effects.     

Fourth moments of acoustic waves forward scattered by a rough ocean surface

Three types of statistical fourth moments of acoustic waves forward scattered by a randomly rough ocean surface are derived and numerically evaluated. The first one is related to the scintillation index which characterizes intensity fluctuations. The second one is the two-position intensity correlation function which describes the spatial correlation of wave intensity. The third is the fourth-moment two-position coherence function which carries information on the phase fluctuations of the scattered wave. In the range of weak scattering, the ratio of the absolute value of the fourth-moment two-position coherence function over the two-position intensity correlation exactly describes the mean-square fluctuation of the relative phase between the two positions. The acoustic frequency is high so that the Kirchhoff approximation can be used. Two types of spectral functions for surface-height fluctuations are considered: a Gaussian spectrum and the Donelan-Pierson spectrum. The latter is obtained from a model for the fluctuations of the ocean surface height which are controlled by the wind speed at the ocean surface.     

Vortex properties of the acoustic intensity vector in a shallow sea

We study the vortex properties of the field of the acoustic intensity vector as a function of distance and radiation frequency, determined using a combined acoustic system in Peter the Great Bay in the Sea of Japan. We present probability density histograms of the normalized intensity vector curl components at a frequency of 110 Hz for the distance interval between the source and receiver within the limits of 1200–1725 m. The vortex structure of the acoustic intensity vector was observed in the vertical plane at the full distance (4000 m) from the source to the receiver. The discovered vortex structures are of interest both for physical acoustics and for applied problems in underwater acoustics.     

Measurements with an intensity meter of the acoustic power of a small machine in a room

A technique in which two closely spaced pressure microphones, a special purpose circuit, and a sound level meter are employed to measure acoustic intensity in octave bands, is used to estimate the intensity distribution around a small, 1200 electrical watt, machine situated in a room. The total acoustic power estimated therefrom is compared with that obtained by the conventional “direct field” method. The technique, which appears to be accurate over the range 250–400 Hz, produces values of intensity and power which are generally less than the “direct field” values. The difference tends to increase with frequency. A potential for source location application is indicated.     

涌浪条件下的浅海表面声道脉冲声传播*

在冬季,海水表面受到海面强风的影响,普遍存在表面声道。当声源位于表面声道中并且声源频率高于表面声道的截止频率时,声能量几乎被完全限制其中,不与海底作用,十分有利于声传播。但当表面声道上边界为较大涌浪所形成的粗糙界面时,这种优良性能会被破坏。在南海北部陆坡海区的一次冬季实验中,发现表面声道以下水听器接收到的首个脉冲的幅度明显增加,通过研究表明,其原因是：存在较大涌浪时,部分表面声道内传播的声能量,经粗糙海面反射作用后进入下层水体中,使得位于表面声道以下的水听器的第一个到达的脉冲幅度增强。     

Fourth moments of acoustic waves forward scattered by a rough ocean surface

Abstract

Three types of statistical fourth moments of acoustic waves forward scattered by a randomly rough ocean surface are derived and numerically evaluated. The first one is related to the scintillation index which characterizes intensity fluctuations. The second one is the two-position intensity correlation function which describes the spatial correlation of wave intensity. The third is the fourth-moment two-position coherence function which carries information on the phase fluctuations of the scattered wave. In the range of weak scattering, the ratio of the absolute value of the fourth-moment two-position coherence function over the two-position intensity correlation exactly describes the mean-square fluctuation of the relative phase between the two positions. The acoustic frequency is high so that the Kirchhoff approximation can be used. Two types of spectral functions for surface-height fluctuations are considered: a Gaussian spectrum and the Donelan-Pierson spectrum. The latter is obtained from a model for the fluctuations of the ocean surface height which are controlled by the wind speed at the ocean surface.     

粗糙海面对高斯分布激光光束的反射模型推导

研究激光光束海面反射光强的方向分布特性对海上光电对抗等领域的工程实践具有重要意义.本文采用分形方法模拟粗糙海面,并在海面基准坐标系中建立起描述粗糙海面几何特征的数学方程,然后基于蒙特卡罗方法模拟高斯光束,依据几何光学原理在基准坐标系下推导了高斯光束的海面反射模型,采用该模型可以编程计算激光光束海面反射光强的方向分布.将模拟计算结果与实验结果进行了对比分析,结果表明该模型可以较好地反映激光光束海面反射光强的分布趋势,验证了模型的有效性.     

Evolution of the angular power spectrum of scattered radiation from a point source upon propagation in a turbid medium

The propagation of radiation from a point source through a plane layer of an absorbing medium with smooth random permittivity inhomogeneities is considered for the case in which the source and a receiver are spaced by different distances from the layer boundaries. The angular power spectra of the scattered radiation are calculated by the method of statistical modeling for different values of the layer thickness, positions of the source and the receiver relative to the layer, and absorption in the layer. The results for the moments of the angular power distribution obtained earlier in the small-angle approximation are fully confirmed. The transformation of the angular power spectrum upon variation of the source or receiver position with respect to the layer is analyzed for the first time.     

Planar near-field acoustical holography in a moving medium

Near-field acoustical holography (NAH) is a well-established method to study acoustic radiation near a stationary sound source in a homogeneous, stationary medium. However, the current theory of NAH is not applicable to moving sound sources, such as automobiles and trains. In this paper, the inclusion of a moving medium (i.e., moving source and receiver) is introduced in the wave equation and a new set of equations for plannar NAH is developed. Equations are developed for the acoustic pressure, particle velocity, and intensity when mean flow is either parallel or perpendicular to the hologram plane. If the source and the measurement plane are moving at the same speed, the frequency Doppler effect is absent, but a wave number Doppler effect exists. This leads to errors when reconstructing the acoustic field both towards and away from the source using static NAH. To investigate these errors, a point source is studied analytically using planar NAH with flow in one direction. The effect of the medium moving parallel to the hologram plane is noted by a shift of the radiation circle in wave number space (k-space). A k-space Green's function and a k-space filter are developed that include the effects of the moving medium.     

Intensity and space-time characteristics of the sound field in the underwater sound channel of the Black Sea

Experimental data are presented on the intensity and space-time characteristics of the sound field generated by explosions in underwater and surface sound channels of the Black Sea. The fine field structure is studied as a function of distance and positions of the source and the receiver. The discreteness of the field structure governed by the deterministic nature of the waveguide is revealed, and the destruction of this structure under the effect of the instability of the waveguide parameters is demonstrated. The effect of the rough sea surface on the sound field in the surface channel is studied, and the diffraction-caused propagation loss is estimated. The mechanism of the forerunner formation is considered. The experimentally observed sound field features are compared with the calculations. A possibility for solving the inverse problem is indicated, and the main parameters that are used in the ray method of determining the source coordinates in the underwater channel (i.e., the method earlier proposed by the author on the basis of the intrinsic structure of the sound field) are pointed out.