放射金属组学：以α核素靶向治疗药物为例

金属组学是综合研究生命体内(特别是细胞内)自由或络合的全部金属和类金属的含量、分布、形态、结构及功能的一门学科。作为金属组学的一个分支,放射金属组学重点研究放射性核素的制备和应用,特别是其在环境和生物体内的含量、分布、化学种态及功能等。靶向α治疗(Targeted alpha therapy, TAT)是一种利用发射α粒子的放射性核素与肿瘤选择性载体分子结合实现靶向癌细胞,进而对肿瘤组织造成杀伤作用的一种医疗方法,是放射金属组学在癌症治疗领域的重要应用方向。α粒子凭借高线性能量传递、短组织射程和较强的相对生物学效应,在放射性免疫和肿瘤治疗方面有着广阔的应用前景。以TAT药物为例,就常用α核素、TAT药物螯合剂及其标记的靶向载体、几种重要α放射性核素靶向治疗进展予以综述,并分析TAT药物研发的挑战和发展前景,从而展示放射金属组学在核医学领域特别是癌症治疗领域的研究进展。随着更多α核素的制备和更多靶向标记方法的建立,TAT药物有望用于多种疾病,这也需要新的放射金属组学方法的建立和应用。因此,放射金属组学在核医学领域具有良好应用前景。     

加速器生产医用同位素211At及单抗标记

²¹¹At, 半衰期7.2 h, 发射的α粒子具有很高的线性传能密度, 是一种理想的靶向α治疗核素. 利用中国科学院近代物理研究所强流超导直线加速器提供的α束流辐照Bi靶生产²¹¹At, 系统考察了加速器生产²¹¹At的整个流程, 包括加速器辐照、干蒸馏分离、质量分析以及单抗标记. 研究结果表明, 干蒸馏分离²¹¹At的总收率最高达78.53%, 获得的固体²¹¹At产品具有极高的比活度、核纯度以及化学纯度, 其中杂质元素Bi、Cu、Zn、Al含量均低于100 ng/GBq, 且入射粒子能量低于28.2 MeV时, N(²¹⁰At)/N(²¹¹At)值低于10^–5, 研究也实现了²¹¹At在尼妥珠单抗上的标记, 标记率高达94.86%. 基于以上研究我们确立了一套简单、高效的分离方法, 为后续我国²¹¹At的生产和应用奠定了良好基础.     

氯化稀土中放射性核素的鉴别和测定

独居石是稀土、钍和铀的共生矿物,含有钍系、铀镭系和锕铀系等三个放射系的几十种核素,其中寿命较长的放射性核素有:~(234)U、~(235)U,~(238)U、~(231)Pa、~(228)Th、~(?)Th、~(232)Th、~(227)Ac、~(226)Ra、~(228)Ra、~(210)Pb、~(21(?))Po等。从独居石中提取稀土元素,不可避免地夹带一些放射性元素。稀土产品中带有放射性杂质,使用时易引起环境污染,这是人们十分关心的问题。锕和稀土同是ⅢB族元素,化学性质相似,很难分离。因此,通常认为氯化稀土中放射性杂质是:~(22(?))Ac     

水溶性IR-780聚合物用于线粒体靶向的光动力治疗※

11-氯-1,1'-二正丙基-3,3,3',3'-四甲基-10,12-三亚甲基吲哚三碳花青碘盐(IR-780)被具有较强组织穿透能力的近红外光照射后, 能快速高效地产生活性氧, 导致细胞死亡, 可用于光动力治疗. 但是IR-780的水溶性差, 这极大限制了其生物医学应用. 基于此我们设计合成了可高效靶向线粒体的水溶性IR-780聚合物Poly-IR, Poly-IR在水中自组装成为纳米粒子. Poly-IR纳米粒子受近红外光激活后, 在肿瘤细胞内外均能快速高效地产生活性氧, 并且该纳米粒子能够在线粒体中富集, 受近红外光的激发后产生的活性氧能够破坏线粒体, 导致线粒体膜电位降低. 细胞毒性、活死细胞染色及凋亡实验结果也进一步证明, 该纳米粒子在近红外光照下能够有效地抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖. 本体系为靶向线粒体的光动力治疗肿瘤领域拓展了思路.     

离子吸附型稀土矿稀土提取过程中天然放射性核素分布调查分析

离子吸附型稀土矿中含有天然放射性核素U、Ra-226和Th-232。我国每年生产该类稀土精矿6万t左右,产生大量的废渣、废水,若不加以重视,含放射性核素的冶炼废料可能对环境造成污染,存在危害工人健康的隐患。本文针对该类矿物稀土提取过程天然放射性核素分布进行了初步的调查分析。不同离子吸附型稀土矿矿山中放射性核素的含量不同,不但和原岩性质有关、还与其成矿环境有关。在该类矿物的提取过程中,放射性核素大部分残留在浸出尾矿中,而浸出母液中的少量天然放射性核素经过除杂、沉淀、焙烧工艺后在除杂渣和稀土精矿中得到富集,但其放射性比活度在105Bq·kg~(-1)内。而稀土提取过程中浸出母液、除杂母液、沉淀母液等液体样品中天然放射性核素含量都低于0.3 mg·L~(-1)。本文对稀土提取过程中天然放射性核素分布的初步调查分析,为探讨南方离子吸附型稀土矿放射性核素的迁移富集、分布规律以及放射性污染防治工作提供了基础。     

211At标记蛋白质或多肽的方法研究

α核素211At具有良好的辐射生物学性质,以对肿瘤细胞具有高亲和性的单克隆抗体或多肽类配体为载体则是实现211At肿瘤靶向治疗的最理想方式之一。本文介绍了211At标记蛋白质或多肽的方法的现状与进展,对存在的一些问题及今后的发展方向进行了讨论。     

锕系元素分离研究:不对称双酰胺荚醚的萃取化学及应用

PUREX乏燃料后处理流程排放出的高放废液,集中了乏燃料中95%以上的放射性,其中半衰期长、毒性大的次锕系核素是需要在地质处置库中将高放废液与生物圈隔离10万年以上的因素之一。为了更安全可靠地解决高放废液问题,国际上提出了"分离-嬗变"技术,即利用化学方法,将次锕系元素和长寿命裂变产物元素从高放废液中分离出来,根据分离出来元素的性质,对其加以利用或使其嬗变。分离-嬗变技术中的关键是对高放废液中不同类别元素的有效分离。双酰胺荚醚类萃取剂对高放废液中三价锕系、镧系元素展现出了优异的萃取性能,尤其是不对称双酰胺荚醚,在保持相应的对称性双酰胺荚醚良好的萃取性能的同时,在缓解或避免萃取过程中第三相形成方面也有较大优势。本文就不对称酰胺荚醚的历史沿革、合成方法、萃取性能、配位机理、流程工艺以及三相形成等几个方面进行了综述,就多种不对称双酰胺荚醚萃取剂对锕系、镧系及其他主要裂片元素的萃取分配比、分离系数、三相形成临界参数等进行了比较,对该类萃取剂后续的结构设计、配位机理研究及流程应用等方向提供了参考性建议。     

人造岩石固wx 包容锕系核素废物

研究了富钙钛锆石型和富烧绿石型两种人造岩石固化体包容锕系核素的配方设计和固化产品的鉴定评价,包括物理性能、抗浸出性能和耐辐照性能。采用了X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜/能谱分析(SEM/EDS)和透射电镜/能谱分析(TEM/EDS)研究了矿相组合、元素分布和矿相化学组成等。研究表明,富钙钛锆石和富烧绿石型人造岩石都能很好地固化包容锕系核素废物。     

人造岩石固wx 包容锕系核素废物

研究了富钙钛锆石型和富烧绿石型两种人造岩石固化体包容锕系核素的配方设计和固化产品的鉴定评价,包括物理性能、抗浸出性能和耐辐照性能。采用了X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜/能谱分析(SEM/EDS)和透射电镜/能谱分析(TEM/EDS)研究了矿相组合、元素分布和矿相化学组成等。研究表明,富钙钛锆石和富烧绿石型人造岩石都能很好地固化包容锕系核素废物。     

放射性核素迁移研究的现状与进展

本文介绍了放射性核素迁移研究的方法、影响核素迁移的一些因素及一些重要核素迁移研究的现状与进展,对存在的一些问题及今后的发展方向进行了讨论。     

多环芳二酐型聚酯亚胺膜的透气性能

多环芳二酐型聚酯亚胺膜的透气性能李悦生，丁孟贤，徐纪平（浙江大学高分子科学与工程研究所，杭州，３１００２７）（中国科学院长春应用化学研究所）关键词聚醚酰亚胺，聚酯酰亚胺，膜，透气性通常的聚酰亚胺加工性能较差，在芳环二酐的苯环间引入醚键等柔性基团后，其...     

微量元素与疾病诊断治疗的研究现状及展望

对国内外微量元素与疾病的关系及其诊断治疗的研究现状及研究动向进行了综述，包括：微量元素与地方病、癌肿、心血管病、糖尿病、眼病、神经系统病等。参考文献72篇。     

Determination and study on residue and dissipation of benazolin-ethyl and quizalofop-p-ethyl in rape and soil

A QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method for the determination of benazolin-ethyl and quizalofop-p-ethyl in rape and soil by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry has been developed in this study. The residue and dissipation of benazolin-ethyl and quizalofop-p-ethyl in rape and soil were determined with the developed method. The half-lives of benazolin-ethyl in rape straw and soil were 3.7–5.1 days and 14.3–26.3 days, respectively. The half-lives of quizalofop-p-ethyl in rape straw and soil were 5.0-6.1 days and 0.3–9.7 days, respectively. The residue of benazolin-ethyl and quizalofop-p-ethyl in rapeseed and soil were below the detection limit (i.e., 0.5?mg?kg^?1, the maximum residue level of European Union for quizalofop-p-ethyl).     

Synthesis and Optical and Redox Properties of Symmetric and Asymmetric BODIPYs

Herein, we present the synthetic route and the photophysical, electrochemical as well as laser properties of novel red‐emitting boron‐dipyrromethenes (BODIPYs) bearing arylethyne moieties. Such functionality is added along the main axis of the chromophore leading to single‐ and double‐substituted derivatives. The relationship between the dye structure and the lasing properties is studied in detail with the help of the photophysical and electrochemical properties as well as quantum mechanical simulations. The asymmetric substitution of the parent dye induces inhomogeneities in the charge distribution, which leads to an overall loss of the fluorescence capacity, mainly in polar media. Such non‐radiative deactivation processes can be softened by decreasing the electron‐donor ability of the substituent or even avoided by symmetrical substitution. Thus, grafting of the arylethyne moieties at the longitudinal axis of the indacene core results in an effective strategy to develop red‐edge BODIPYs with highly efficient and photostable laser emission.     

Ti-V基储氢合金及其氢化物的物相结构与组分优化设计

Ti-V基储氢合金在室温、常压下即可表现出良好的储氢特性,且质量储氢容量明显高于传统AB₅型储氢合金,从而在氢气的精制和回收、运输和储存及热泵等方面有较早的应用。 此外,在混合气体分离、核反应堆中处理氢的同位素、镍氢电池及燃料电池负极材料等方面也得到了广泛的研究与关注。 基于目前Ti-V基储氢合金的研究现状,概述了该类合金的优势、限制性因素(包括成因)及改性手段。 此外,为了进一步理解Ti-V基合金储氢机理、构建合金组分与储氢特性之间的对应关系,本工作重点围绕Ti-V基储氢合金及其氢化物的结构、组分优化设计展开综述,并对其未来研究方向做出展望。     

钒与糖代谢及糖尿病

微量元素钒作为生物体内必需元素，经证实有很重要的生理学功能，与机体糖代谢有十分密切的关系，且能降低糖尿病动物模型的高血糖，极有可能被开发为治疗糖尿病的药物。     

Conformations and steric and stacking interactions of trisubstituted ureas and thioureas with alkyl and phenyl groups

The monomeric ν(N—H) vibrations of various trisubstituted ureas of the R₂UPh type and -thioureas of the R₂TUPh type have been studied. The trans—out isomerism in the former and the trans—out—cis isomerism in the latter are discussed from the point of view of steric effect. The monomeric ν(N—H) vibrations of RPhUPh and RPhTUPh are also examined. The single band appearing in the spectrum of both ureas is characteristic of the cis form; this suggests the existence of phenyl—phenyl interaction (the stacking interaction proposed by Galabov et al. [10]). Behavior of ν(N—H) vibrations at several concentrations is shown to be clearly different in the three forms (trans, out and cis). The presence of the cis form is confirmed by solvent effect experiments.     

Synthesis of Tyrosol and Hydroxytyrosol Glycofuranosides and Their Biochemical and Biological Activities in Cell-Free and Cellular Assays

Tyrosol (T) and hydroxytyrosol (HOT) and their glycosides are promising candidates for applications in functional food products or in complementary therapy. A series of phenylethanoid glycofuranosides (PEGFs) were synthesized to compare some of their biochemical and biological activities with T and HOT. The optimization of glycosylation promoted by environmentally benign basic zinc carbonate was performed to prepare HOT α-L-arabino-, β-D-apio-, and β-D-ribofuranosides. T and HOT β-D-fructofuranosides, prepared by enzymatic transfructosylation of T and HOT, were also included in the comparative study. The antioxidant capacity and DNA-protective potential of T, HOT, and PEGFs on plasmid DNA were determined using cell-free assays. The DNA-damaging potential of the studied compounds for human hepatoma HepG2 cells and their DNA-protective potential on HepG2 cells against hydrogen peroxide were evaluated using the comet assay. Experiments revealed a spectrum of different activities of the studied compounds. HOT and HOT β-D-fructofuranoside appear to be the best-performing scavengers and protectants of plasmid DNA and HepG2 cells. T and T β-D-fructofuranoside display almost zero or low scavenging/antioxidant activity and protective effects on plasmid DNA or HepG2 cells. The results imply that especially HOT β-D-fructofuranoside and β-D-apiofuranoside could be considered as prospective molecules for the subsequent design of supplements with potential in food and health protection.     

Ferrocene and ferrocenium modified clays and their styrene and EVA composites

In this work, ferrocene- and ferrocenium-containing salts were employed to modify montmorillonite. X-ray measurements show an increase in the interlayer spacing upon clay modification, which means that the larger and more organophilic cations were inserted into the gallery space of montmorillonite. Attempts to prepare nanocomposites of polystyrene and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers lead to immiscible systems; the morphology of these systems was elucidated with TEM, XRD and cone calorimetry. The thermal stability of the composites is greater than that of the virgin polymer.