Pupil apodization for increasing data storage density

We introduce a technique for increasing density in optical data storage systems. This technique is based on the use of a superresolving filter at the pupil of a confocal readout system. The main characteristic of this confocal readout system is that the light beam traverses twice through the pupil filter. We describe how to analyze the system performance for general filters, but we focus the study on filters with no focus displacement. Although the storage density attainable depends on the filter characteristics, we show that the storage density can be easily duplicated.     

Reflection confocal microscope readout system for three-dimensional photochromic optical data storage

We propose to use a reflection confocal microscope (RCM) as a readout system for digital data stored in a three-dimensional (3D) photochromic optical memory. We describe the merits and the difficulties for 3D optical memory that are associated with the use of such a RCM.It is shown by means of 3D Fourier space analysis that successful reading of 3D data can be obtained by selection of the appropriate parameter for the RCM.The system parameters include the numerical aperture of the objective lens and the wavelength of the light used for analysis (reading). Experimental results of multilayer recording and reflection confocal reading in photochromic-molecule-doped poly(methyl methacrylate) are presented. Good-contrast images are obtained.     

High-resolution optical storage by use of minute spheres

We have developed a new optical storage system that uses minute spheres arranged upon a surface-relief grating. By using dye-doped minute spheres as recording bits we can limit a sensitive region within a sphere's diameter. Using a reflection-type confocal optical system, we read out shape signals from minute spheres at high resolution. The shape signals from minute spheres are utilized as clock signals in recording and readout.     

Optical Storage Media with Dye-Doped Minute Spheres on Polymer Films

We have fabricated a new optical storage media using minute spheres arranged on a surface relief grating (SRG). Using minute spheres as recording bits, we can limit recordable regions by sphere size, and can realize high resolution reproduction in the plane direction. Surface relief structures were made on a polymer thin film on which we performed diffusion arrangement and adsorptive fixation of minute spheres. The stability of the arranged spheres was confirmed for heating and washing. Furthermore, we used a dipping method for a more simple arrangement of minute spheres on a large area of the substrate and made a monolayer sample of the spheres. We were able to realize a highly sensitive reconstruction of the medium using a confocal optical system as a record and readout system.     

Ultrahigh-sensitivity infrared detection system using an InGaAs p-i-n photodiode with low dielectric polarization noise

We developed a highly sensitive infrared photodetection system using an InGaAs p-i-n photodiode. The temperature and data sampling rate dependences of the readout noise were measured to determine the optimum temperature for low-noise detection. The optimum temperature for sampling rates below 100 Hz was 100 K, and the readout noise at 1 Hz was 2.5 e. The readout noise at 1 MHz and 140 K was 49.4 e. The light detection limit of the system was 8.2×10(-19) W at a wavelength of 1.3 μm. The spectral noise densities of a readout circuit were measured in order to determine the origin of noise.     

Holographic read-only memory

We describe the three-dimensional holographic optical disc system for application as read-only memory. Several systems design issues are discussed including imaging optics, storage density, readout rate, and the alignment servo system. We demonstrate 40 bits/m² surface density and pixel-matched holographic data readout from a 12 cm disc spinning at 600 RPM.     

Crosstalk-free operation of multielement superconducting nanowire single-photon detector array integrated with single-flux-quantum circuit in a 0.1 W Gifford-McMahon cryocooler

We demonstrate the successful operation of a multielement superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SSPD) array integrated with a single-flux-quantum (SFQ) readout circuit in a compact 0.1 W Gifford-McMahon cryocooler. A time-resolved readout technique, where output signals from each element enter the SFQ readout circuit with finite time intervals, revealed crosstalk-free operation of the four-element SSPD array connected with the SFQ readout circuit. The timing jitter and the system detection efficiency were measured to be 50 ps and 11.4%, respectively, which were comparable to the performance of practical single-pixel SSPD systems.     

集成式光读出FPA红外成像系统设计

本文对读出原理、像差要求、图谱质量进行深入研究,进而对读出技术进行深度整合与简化,实现光读出FPA红外成像系统小型化、轻量化、集成化。首先,从FPA的热-机械效应出发,介绍了光读出FPA红外成像系统的工作原理;然后,针对通常采用的光读出FPA红外成像系统体积大、重量大、结构复杂缺陷,提出了高集成度的新型光读出系统;接着,在分析讨论读出光路像差容限、特点的基础上,对以异形棱镜为核心元件的光读出系统进行了具体的光学仿真设计;最后,设计了集光、机、电、软技术的集成式光读出FPA红外成像系统。对系统样机测试结果表明:在确保成像性能的前提下,光读出FPA红外成像系统的体积减小到175 mm×83 mm×105 mm。以异形棱镜为核心元件的光读出技术,在满足成像精度和灵敏度的前提下,可减小读出系统的复杂程度,有效降低了光读出FPA红外成像系统的体积和重量,从而促进光读出FPA成像系统的工业化应用。     

Ultralow-noise near-infrared detection system with a Si p-i-n photodiode

Noises associated with materials and devices in the readout circuits for a Si p-i-n photodiode have been measured. The dielectric polarization noise of the materials and devices near the gate circuit of the junction field-effect transistor used for the preamplifier determined the photodetection limits of photodiodes with a diameter smaller than several millimeters. We fabricated an ultralow-noise photodetection system, minimizing the polarization noise as much as possible. The readout noises of the system were 10 and 18 electrons in a correlated double sample for 0.1- and 1-mm-diameter Si p-i-n photodiodes at 77 K, respectively.     

Andreev level qubit

We investigate the dynamics of a two-level Andreev bound state system in a transmissive quantum point contact embedded in an rf SQUID. Coherent coupling of the Andreev levels to the circulating supercurrent allows manipulation and readout of the level states. The two-level Hamiltonian for the Andreev levels is derived, and the effect of interaction with the quantum fluctuations of the induced flux is studied. We also consider an inductive coupling of qubits and discuss the relevant SQUID parameters for qubit operation and readout.     

Polarization storage by two-photon-induced anisotropy in bisazobenzene copolymer film

A copolymer containing bisazobenzene chromophores, poly[(methylmethacrylate)-co-4-{(2-methacryloyloxyethyl)oxy}-4′-(4-nitro-phenylazo)azobenzene)] (poly(MMA-co-M2BAN)), was synthesized and used for two-photon-induced polarization storage. Based on two-photon-induced optical anisotropy resulting from photoselective isomerization of bisazochromophores, the data have been recorded by linearly polarized Ti:Sapphire laser (wavelength: 800 nm, pulse duration: 80 fs, and repetition rate: 80 MHz) and read by reflection confocal laser scanning microscope. The recorded bits are dark dots when the polarization of the reading beam is parallel to the recording beam, but the recorded bits become bright dots when the polarization of the reading beam is perpendicular to the recording beam. Two letters can be encoded in the same region of a given layer by separating the two polarization directions of recording beams at an angle of 45°. The relationships between the readout intensity of the recorded bits and the recording power under two different readout modes were investigated and the results showed that there are two opposite change trends for parallel readout and perpendicular readout, respectively, and the readout threshold value is around 12 mW.     

Hardware for multi-superconducting qubit control and readout

We have developed an electronic hardware system for the control and readout of multi-superconducting qubit devices. The hardware system is based on the design ideas of good scalability, high synchronization and low latency. The system, housed inside a VPX-6U chassis, includes multiple arbitrary-waveform generator (AWG) channels, analog-digital-converter (ADC) channels as well as direct current source channels. The system can be used for the control and readout of up to twelve superconducting transmon qubits in one chassis, and control and readout of more and more qubit can be carried out by interconnecting the chassis. By using field programmable gate array (FPGA) processors, the system incorporates three features that are specifically useful for superconducting qubit research. Firstly, qubit signals can be processed using the on-board FPGA after being acquired by ADCs, significantly reducing data processing time and data amount for storage and transmission. Secondly, different output modes, such as direct output and sequential output modes, of AWG can be implemented with pre-encoded FPGA. Thirdly, with data acquisition ADCs and control AWGs jointly controlled by the same FPGA, the feedback latency can be reduced, and in our test a 178.4 ns latency time is realized. This is very useful for future quantum feedback experiments. Finally, we demonstrate the functionality of the system by applying the system to the control and readout of a 10 qubit superconducting quantum processor.     

基于电子信号处理的四频激光陀螺信号读出研究

针对当前四频差动激光陀螺(DLG)读出系统结构复杂、易受温度影响等问题,对现有读出系统进行了改进,设计了使用电子信号处理代替光学信号处理来分离左、右旋陀螺信号的新型读出系统。通过对一个DLG同时使用新旧两套不同的读出系统进行测试,得到了相同的测试结果,表明电子信号处理和光学信号处理在分离左、右旋陀螺信号方面是等效的。在此基础上,首先使用模数转换器对DLG的光电转换信号进行采样,然后进行了数字信号处理,并研制出了全数字化读出系统。新型读出系统不使用四分之一波片和偏振片等光学元件,具有温度稳定性好、结构简单、全数字化等优点,有利于四频陀螺性能的提高和批量生产。     

Nonvolatile photorefractive spectral holography

We demonstrate nonvolatile storage of femtosecond pulses in a photorefractive LiNbO(3) crystal with recording and readout of spectral holograms at wavelengths of 460 and 920 nm, respectively. No degradation was observed after 24 h of continuous readout. We also show that we can realize the time-lens effect with our system by appropriately setting the ratio of the recording and the reconstruction wavelengths and the spectral resolution of the recording and the reconstruction processes.     

多通道热释电IRFPA图像拼接采集系统

为了实现分辨率高的大规模热释电IRFPA探测器,设计了多路通道并行输出的读出电路。针对多路输出的热释电IRFPA探测器,依据热释电探测的时序要求,设计了图像拼接采集系统。利用外部驱动信号控制采集卡的触发及采样时钟,由斩波器同步信号判断热释电探测器的亮场及暗场信号。构造PC-DAQ虚拟仪器系统对多通道输出的热释电型IRFPA进行多路并行图像采集,并对每路图像信号进行亮、暗场判断后进行差分处理,通过软件拼接处理成一副完整的图像,最终在软件平台上显示。对实验室研制的160列120行双通道读出及320列120行四通道读出的热释电读出电路进行了图像采集实验,对于同样阵列大小的单通道读出探测器,双通道结构读出速度提高了1倍,四通道结构读出速度提高了3倍。通过采集成像实验验证了系统的可行性。     

Microtags with 150-nm line gratings fabricated by use of extreme-ultraviolet lithography

The microtag concept is an anticounterfeiting and security measure. Microtags are computer-generated holograms (CGH's) consisting of 150-nm lines arranged to form 300-nm-period gratings. The microtags that we describe were designed for readout at 442nm . The smallest microtag measures 56micromx80 microm when viewed at normal incidence. The CGH design process uses a modified iterative Fourier-transform algorithm to create either phase-only or phase-and-amplitude microtags. We also report on a simple and compact readout system for recording the diffraction pattern formed by a microtag. The measured diffraction patterns agree very well with predictions.     

Waveform digitizing for LaBr_3/NaI phoswich detector

The detection efficiency of phoswich detector starts to decrease when Compton scattering becomes significant. Events with energy deposit in both scintillators, if not rejected, are not useful for spectral analysis as the full energy of the incident photon cannot be reconstructed with conventional readout. We show that once the system response is carefully calibrated, the full energy of those double deposit events can be reconstructed using a waveform digitizer as the readout. Our experiment suggests that the efficiency of a photopeak at 662 keV can be increased by a factor of 2 using our LaBr₃/NaI phoswich detector.     

Sapphire test-masses for measuring the standard quantum limit and achieving quantum non-demolition

 In this paper we show that the available technology is sufficient to measure the Standard Quantum Limit (SQL) of a low loss acoustic oscillator, with a readout based on a microwave parametric transducer. The experiment makes use of the low electrical and acoustical losses in monocrystalline sapphire and new low-noise microwave technology. The crystal acts as an electrical vibration sensor and an acoustic oscillator in one monolithic structure. We analyze two new types of such structures: (1) The sapphire bar dielectric transducer and (2) the slotted sapphire dielectric transducer. We show that with a 40–60 dB double-cavity phase-noise suppression system the SQL may be measured using the sapphire bar. For the slotted structure, the phase noise requirements are less stringent because of its smaller resonant frequency and mass. We show that the SQL of this structure may be measured with a standard parametric readout. The principle of operation is demonstrated by some simple room-temperature experiments with all results verified using finite-element analysis. Given that we can expect to measure the SQL with one of these schemes, we analyze the properties of a microwave displacement measurement system based upon a high-Q parametric transducer and a double-frequency oscillator. Such a readout system represents a practical implementation of a black action evasion (BAE) displacement sensor allowing the discrimination between the quadratures of the mechanical oscillator. We determine the set of conditions which allows the enhanced sensitivity with respect to the desired quadrature and suppressed sensitivity to the unwanted quadrature. We find that tuning of the BAE system at the particular quadrature of interest can be performed by varying the phase relationship between the microwave carriers available from the double-frequency oscillator. We establish the importance of having the frequency and the phase-control servos to maintain the optimal tuning of the micro-wave BAE readout system, as both the mechanical oscillator and the double-frequency pump oscillator are always subject to various sources of environmental interference. Received: 28 March 1996/Revised version: 12 June 1996     

Improved Superconducting Qubit State Readout by Path Interference

High fidelity single shot qubit state readout is essential for many quantum information processing protocols. In superconducting quantum circuit, the qubit state is usually determined by detecting the dispersive frequency shift of a microwave cavity from either transmission or reflection. We demonstrate the use of constructive interference between the transmitted and reflected signal to optimize the qubit state readout, with which we find a better resolved state discrimination and an improved qubit readout fidelity. As a simple and convenient approach, our scheme can be combined with other qubit readout methods based on the discrimination of cavity photon states to further improve the qubit state readout.     

LiF∶F2晶体中实现三维光数据存储的实验研究

基于LiF∶F2晶体在近红外飞秒脉冲激光作用下产生F2色心向F+3色心的转变,以及两种色心荧光光谱的不同,实现了荧光反射共焦读出和多光子写入的三维光数据存储的原理性实验.钛宝石再生放大器输出的脉冲宽度100 fs、中心波长800 nm、重复频率1 kHz的超短脉冲激光束,用数值孔径0.68的显微物镜聚焦到LiF：F2晶体内部,通过移动晶体实现了三维逐位式数据写入；用405 nm的连续蓝光激发存储位,通过探测F+3色心产生的540 nm荧光,实现了对信息位进行快速非破坏性的反射共焦读出.与多光子三维存储的透射共焦散射读出和相衬读出相比,格式与现存光盘技术兼容,结构简单；更重要的是,存储信息位是依靠荧光光谱的变化,折射率变化很小,可以有效增加读出层数.