The nuclear magnetic moment of 71As and 72As

Nuclear magnetic resonance of oriented ⁷¹As and ⁷²As nuclei has been observed in an iron host lattice at low temperatures. The resonance frequencies are v_l = 174.96(10) MHz and 282.00(11) MHz respectively for zero external field. Using B_h.f.(FeAs) = 342.9(3) kG the g-factors of the two isotopes are derived as $\text{g(}{}^{71}\text{As}\text{) = (+)0.6694(7)}\text{and}\text{g(}{}^{72}\text{As) = (?)1.0789(11)}$. Combining nuclear orientation data with these results the spin of ⁷¹As has been confirmed as $\text{I =}\text{5}\text{2}$. The magnetic moments of the $\text{5}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{?}}$ and 2^? states in the As isotopes are discussed in the framework of the shell model with configuration mixing.     

Mass excesses of 79As, 81As,and 80Ge

Accurate mass measurements for the nuclides ⁷⁹As, ⁸¹As, and ⁸⁰Ge have been measured. Good agreement has been found for ⁷⁹As and ⁸¹As with the Garvey-Kelson transverse mass relation and with several mass model predictions. The agreement for ⁸⁰Ge is not as satisfactory and presents a challenge for understanding mass values far off the line of stability.     

The nuclear structure of 225Ra

The level structure of ²²⁵Ra has been studied using the (d, t) reaction with both unpolarised and polarised deuterons and the β^? decay of ²²⁵Fr. Cross sections and excitation energies have been measured for 41 levels below 1800 keV in the (d, t) reaction, and levels up to 724 keV have been established from the β^? decay measurements. The level structure is interpreted in terms of the Nilsson model.     

Level structure of 75Se by the 75As(p,nγ)75Se reaction

Excitation functions of γ-rays from the ⁷⁵As(p, n)⁷⁵Se reaction were measured with 2.0 to 3.6 MeV protons to establish the level scheme of ⁷⁵Se up to about 1.5 MeV excitation energy. Internal conversion electrons following the same reaction were measured at 4.5 and 5.0 MeV proton energy. Using theoretical predictions of the statistical compound nucleus model together with deduced internal conversion coefficients, unique spin assignments were obtained for the $\text{112.5(}\text{7}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{), 427.9(}\text{5}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{?}}\text{)}$ and $\text{663.9(}\text{5}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{?}}\text{)}\text{keV}$ levels. Probable spins were proposed to the $\text{286.6 (}\text{3}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{?}}$ for one of the doublet and $\text{5}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{?}}$ or $\text{7}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{?}}$ for the other), 579.4 $\text{(}\text{1}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{?}}$ or $\text{3}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{?}}$, $\text{585.8(}\text{9}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{?}}$ or $\text{11}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{?}}$ and $\text{747.6 (}\text{5}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{?}}$ or $\text{7}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{?}}\text{)}\text{keV}$ levels. Alow-lying $\text{9}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ level was tentatively assigned at 133.2 keV energy. It was found that a low-lying $\text{1}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{?}}$ level which appears systematically in other odd Se nuclei is absent in ⁷⁵Se.     

Levels of 188os populated in the 189Os(d,t)188Os reaction and in the decay of 41h 188Ir

The 0 level structure of ¹⁸⁸Os has been investigated by the ¹⁸⁹Os(d, t)¹⁸⁸Os reaction using a broad range magnetic spectrograph, and the properties of the ¹⁸⁸Os levels populated in the decay of ¹⁸⁸Ir have been re-examined. The (d, t) results yield new information about the location of two-neutron excitations in ¹⁸⁸Os involving the $\text{3}\text{2}$[512] orbital. Since the ¹⁸⁸Os ground state contains admixtures of both $\text{K =}\text{3}\text{2}\text{and}\text{K =}\text{1}\text{2}$ character, cross-section formulae for single-neutron transfer from a target state which is not pure in K are considered, and it is found that rather small $\text{K =}\text{1}\text{2}$ admixtures in the ¹⁸⁹Os ground state give rise to striking interference effects, which are manifested in the experimental (d, t) cross sections into the members of the ¹⁸⁸Os ground state band. The consequences of the mixed character of the target state on the (d, t) population of members of the K^π = 2⁺ γ-vibration and of higher-lying two-quasiparticle bands are also discussed.     

Measurements of 12C(π+, πN)11C and 19F(π+, πN)18F cross sections near the 32, 32 resonance

Reaction cross sections for ¹²C(π⁺, πN)¹¹C at 134, 161, 177, and 200 MeV and for ¹⁹F(π⁺,πN) at 161, 177, and 200 MeV were measured by activation methods.     

Energy levels of 71Ge from 71Ga(p,nγ)71Ge

Energy levels of ⁷¹Ge were populated by the ⁷¹Ga(p, n) reaction at proton energies between 1.72 and 2.96 MeV and their decay studied by both γ-γ and γ-n coincidences. Spins were determined within the framework of the statistical theory from angular distributions of de-excitation γ-rays and from excitation strengths of levels derived from γ-ray intensities and branching. A level and decay scheme for ⁷¹Ge up to an excitation of 1.3 MeV is presented.     

Half-life of the ground state of 53Co

The half-life of ⁵³Co(g.s.) was measured by observing its positron emission following the ³⁹K.( ¹⁶O, 2n) reaction induced by a chopped ¹⁶O beam. The contributions to the half-life of positrons from competing reaction products were considered. The final spin distribution and the isomeric ratio values for ${}^{\mathrm{53m}}\text{Co}{}^{53}\text{Co(}\text{g.s.}\text{)}$ and ${}^{\mathrm{53m}}\text{Fe}{}^{53}\text{Fe(}\text{g.s.}\text{)}$ were calculated by the spindependent nuclear evaporation model and found to be different, the former much smaller than the latter. The ${}^{\mathrm{53m}}\text{Fe}{}^{53}\text{Fe(}\text{g.s.}\text{)}$ isomeric ratios were measured for ³⁹K.+ ¹⁶O as well as for ⁴⁰C + ¹⁶O reactions and were found to be in agreement with the above theoretical prediction. On the basis of the smallness of the calculated ${}^{\mathrm{53m}}\text{Co}{}^{53}\text{Co(}\text{g.s.}\text{)}$ ratio, the half-life of ⁵³Co(g.s.) was determined to be $\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext><mtext>\; =\; 262\; \pm \; 25\; </mtext><mtext>ms</mtext>}}$.     

Gamma transitions between low-lying levels in 119Sn

We have carried out measurements on the decay of ¹¹⁹In isomers and the ¹¹⁸Sn(n, γ) reaction to supplement Coulomb excitation measurements on ¹¹⁹Sn. In addition to the 311.39 keV isomeric transition in ¹¹⁹In, we observed 13 γ-rays in ¹¹⁹Sn from the decay of the 2 min and 18 min ¹¹⁹In isomers. These γ-rays have been incorporated into a level scheme of ¹¹⁹Sn with levels at 0, 23.867, 89.54, 787.01, 920.5, 921.4, 1089.5, 1187.76, 1249.67, 1304.44 and 1354 keV. Conclusive evidence for the existence of a 920.5–921.4 keV, $\text{3}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{-}\text{5}\text{2}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ level doublet was obtained from capture γ-ray measurements of resonance energy neutrons.     

Investigation of the level schemes of 73,75,77As via the (3He,d) reaction

The reactions ^{72, 74, 76}Ge(³He, d) were investigated at E_lab = 23 MeV with a multigap and a Q3D magnetic spectrograph. Some 30 new levels up to $\text{E}{}^1\text{≈ 4}\text{MeV}$ have been found. The level schemes of the odd As isotopes ^{73, 75, 77}As up to $\text{E}{}^1\text{≈ 4}\text{MeV}$ seem to be rather independent of the neutron number. The good agreement of the low-lying level structure with the Coriolis-coupling model including a pairing force was verified and the vacancies of low-lying shell model states were extracted and compared with the simple pairing theory.     

Study of 74As by the 73Ge(3He,d) reaction

The energy levels of ⁷⁴As have been studied using the ⁷³Ge(³He, d)⁷⁴As reaction at an incident energy of 17 MeV. The overall energy resolution was 30 keV. Twenty-five levels in ⁷⁴As were identified up to 2.2 MeV excitation energy and angular distributions were measured in the interval $\text{3}\text{3}\text{4}\text{°}$ to $\text{86}\text{1}\text{4}\text{°}$. Spectroscopic strengths and l_p values have been extracted for many of the transitions by means of a distorted-wave analysis of the differential cross sections. A comparison with the ⁷⁵As(p, d) data suggests the presence of several unresolved doublets in ⁷⁴As.     

Energy levels of92Nb from 92Zr(p,nγ)92Nb

The energy levels of⁹²Nb were studied by means of the⁹²Zr(p, nγ) reaction. The deexcitation γ-rays were observed with a high-resolution Ge(Li) detector in the proton energy range 3.00–4.80 MeV in steps of about 25 keV. Many new excited states of ⁹²Nb were populated by this reaction. Excitation energies up to 1.77 MeV were determined with high precision, and a level scheme of ⁹²Nb is proposed. From a Hauser-Feshbach analysis, the γ-decay scheme and other information, the spin-parities of many levels were assigned.     

An investigation of 73As energy levels by means of (p,n) and (p,nγ) reactions

The energy levels of ⁷³As were studied by means of the ⁷³Ge(p, n)⁷³As reaction at proton energies between 2.1 and 3.3 MeV. Neutron energies were measured by time of flight, and γ-ray energies with Ge(Li) detectors. The γ-decay of levels was studied by means of γ-n coincidences. Angular distributions were measured for the strongest de-excitation γ-rays, and relative excitation strengths of levels were derived from the neutron spectra. These are compared with predictions of the statistical theory to derive spins for a number of levels. A level and decay scheme for ⁷³As up to 1.98 MeV excitation is presented.     

(6Li,d) reactions on 24Mg and 26Mg at 73 MeV

The ^{24, 26}Mg(⁶Li, d)^{28, 30}Si reactions have been studied at 73 MeV bombarding energy. The angular distributions were analyzed with exact finite-range distorted wave Born approximation calculations assuming a direct α-cluster transfer. Extracted spectroscopic strengths leading to low-lying levels of ²⁸Si and relative spectroscopic strengths between transitions to ²⁸Si and ³⁰Si ground states are consistent with those previously obtained by several α-transfer reactions. Many strongly populated levels have been observed at E_x ? 10 MeV for ²⁸Si. A marked similarity was found between the deuteron spectrum and the ²⁴Mg(α, α)²⁴Mg excitation function in this excitation energy region. A brief comparison of the present α-transfer results with previous two-nucleon transfer data leading to ^28,30Si is also presented.     

Mass and excited levels of the neutron-rich nuclei 73Zn and 74Zn studied with the 76Ge(14C, 17O) and (14C, 16O) reactions

The ⁷⁶Ge(¹⁴C, ^{16, 17}O)^{74, 73}Zn reactions have been studied at 72 MeV bombarding energy. The mass excesses of ⁷³Zn and ⁷⁴Zn were determined to be ?65.41 ± 0.04 and ?65.62 ± 0.04 MeV, respectively. In addition, previously unknown excited levels were identified in both nuclei. The structure of ⁷³Zn is discussed in terms of HFB calculations.     

The level structure of 184Os from 184Ir decay and 185Re(p, 2nγ) in-beam spectroscopy

Levels of ¹⁸⁴Os populated in the decay of 3.1 h ¹⁸⁴Ir and in the ¹⁸⁵Re(p, 2nγ) reaction have been investigated. The measurements included γ-ray singles, β⁺ ray endpoint, conversion coefficient, β⁺-γ coincidence and detailed γ-γ coincidence determinations. The results have established an extensive ¹⁸⁴Os level scheme, which includes well developed ground state, γ-vibrational and K = 3 octupole bands and which accommodates all the intense transitions observed in both the radioactivity and in-beam γ-ray measurements. Deviations of the level energies in the K^π = 0⁺and K^π = 2⁺ bands and of the interband reduced transition probabilities from the predictions of the strong-coupling model are discussed in terms of the rotationvibration interaction, and the systematics of the octupole vibrational excitations in even-mass W and Os nuclei are reviewed. It is concluded that the ¹⁸⁴Ir ground state configuration has a spin of 5, and that it contains large admixtures of K = 0 or K = 1 character.     

The reaction 26Mg(d, τ)25Na and the structure of 25Na

The nuclear structure of the nucleus ²⁵Na has been studied with the (d, τ) proton pick-up reaction on ²⁶Mg at a bombarding energy of 29 MeV with an energy resolution of 25 to 30 keV FWHM. Excited states in ²⁵Na have been measured up to excitation energies of 8 MeV. The experimental angular distributions show good agreement with the predictions from the standard distorted-wave Born-approximation theory (code DWUCK; non-local and finite range). However, the agreement is improved considerably if the procedure of Kunz, Rost and Johnson is applied which accounts approximately for strong couplings to inelastic channels in the initial and final (strongly deformed) nuclei. The influence of this treatment on the evaluation of spectroscopic factors has been investigated and was found to be particularly pronounced for l = 0 transitions. The measured spectroscopic factors are compared to those from other experimental work and from shell-model and Nilsson-model calculations.     

The GT matrix elements in the decay of the mirror nuclei 47Cr, 51Fe and 55Ni

Three new mirror nuclei, ⁴⁷Cr, ⁵¹Fe and ⁵⁵Ni, have been identified in (³He, 2n) reactions. The measured half-lives were as follows: ${}^{47}\text{Cr}\text{, 452 ± 18}\text{ms}\text{;}{}^{55}\text{Fe}\text{, 245 ± 7}\text{ms}\text{;}{}^{55}\text{Ni}\text{, 189 ± 5}\text{ms}$. Known mass data were utilized to deduce log $\text{?t}$ values and Gamow-Teller matrix elements for the three mirror β-decays. The experimental GT matrix elements are compared to the results of shell-model calculations.     

Search for intermediate structure in 36Ar via the 24Mg(12C, α)32S reaction

The ²⁴Mg(¹²C,α)³²S reaction was investigated in the energy range E_c.m. = 11.9–19.4 MeV by measuring excitation functions of the α₀ and α₁ groups. Angular distributions (θ_c.m. = 12–97°) were also measured at a number of energies. The excitation functions were subjected to a statistical analysis by means of evaluating correlation and deviation functions; no statistically significant anomalies were found. The α₀ angular distributions display fairly high angular-momentum selectivity as pairs of Legendre polynomials provide acceptable fits to most of them: however, only one, at E_c.m. = 18.1 MeV, is strongly dominated by a single partial wave, l = 11. Excitation functions as well as angular distributions of both α₀ and α₁ cross sections were found to be in good qualitative agreement with Hauser-Feshbach calculations throughout the energy range studied. Thus, the analysis of the data shows that intermediate resonant structures, if present, are weak and interfere strongly with the statistical compound-nucleus background, which effectively prevents their clear observation and identification in the present study.     

Intermediate structure of the giant dipole resonance in 54Fe and 56Fe

The cross sections for the (γ, n) reaction on ⁵⁴Fe and ⁵⁶Fe for the high-energy component of the neutron spectrum have been investigated using a neutron spectrometer and a synchrotron with a photon energy range from 5 to 26.3 MeV. Neutron energy spectra have been measured. It is shown that the intermediate structure in the (γ, n) reaction cross section is due to high-energy neutrons and correlates with the structure in the neutron spectrum.