Glycerin and CeCl3·7H2O: a new and efficient recyclable medium for the synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes

Glycerin and CeCl₃·7H₂O were successfully used in recyclable catalytic system for the synthesis of several bis(indolyl)methanes in good to excellent yields through the reaction of indoles with aldehydes. The method is applicable to aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes, and the mixture of glycerin and CeCl₃·7H₂O can be reused up to five times without special treatment and with comparable yields.     

The first example of the C-3 alkylation of indoles with cyclopropyl ketones promoted by CeCl3·7H2O/LiI

Indoles undergo smooth alkylation with cyclopropyl ketones in the presence of the CeCl₃·7H₂O/LiI reagent system in refluxing acetonitrile under neutral conditions to produce the corresponding C-3 substituted indole derivatives in good to high yields and with high selectivity. The use of CeCl₃·7H₂O/LiI makes this method simple, convenient, and cost-effective.     

An efficient synthesis of diarylmethanes via InCl3·4H2O-catalyzed dehydration of electron-rich arenes with trioxane

A facile, efficient and environmentally benign procedure for the synthesis of diarylmethanes via the reaction of arenes with trioxane catalyzed by InCl₃·4H₂O was developed. The reactions of aromatic compounds bearing electron-donating group proceeded smoothly affording the corresponding diarylmethanes in good to excellent yields.     

CeCl3·7H2O/AcCl-catalyzed Prins-Ritter reaction sequence: a novel synthesis of 4-amido tetrahydropyran derivatives

Homoallylic alcohols, carbonyl compounds and nitriles undergo a smooth tandem Prins-Ritter type cyclization in the presence of CeCl₃·7H₂O/AcCl at ambient temperature to produce 4-amido tetrahydropyrans in high yields with all cis-selectivity. Spirocyclic 4-amido tetrahydropyrans are obtained in the case of cyclic ketones.     

The use of anhydrous CeCl3 as a catalyst for the synthesis of 3-sulfenyl indoles

Anhydrous CeCl₃ was successfully used as a catalyst for the synthesis of several 3-sulfenyl indoles in good to excellent yields through the reaction of indole with N-(alkylthio) and N-(arylthio)phthalimides in DMF.     

Regio- and stereoselective synthesis of (Z)-2-Arylsulfanyl allylic alcohols using anhydrous CeCl3 as catalyst under solvent free conditions

Anhydrous CeCl₃ was successfully employed as catalyst for the synthesis of (Z)-2-Arylsulfanyl allylic alcohols from propargylic alcohols and thiols under solvent free conditions. The products were obtained in good to excellent yields.     

Sc(OTf)3-catalyzed, solvent-free domino synthesis of functionalized pyrazoles under controlled microwave irradiation

An efficient, rapid, and green synthesis of functionalized pyrazoles has been accomplished under solvent-free conditions by the reaction of phenyl hydrazine, aldehydes and ethyl acetoacetate. This approach exploits the synthetic potential of microwave irradiation and scandium triflate combination and offers many advantages such as excellent product yields, shorter reaction time, easy isolation of products, and environmentally benign reaction conditions.     

An eco-friendly synthesis of 2-aminochromenes and indolyl chromenes catalyzed by InCl3 in aqueous media

A simple and convenient method for the synthesis of new 2-aminochromenes and indolyl chromenes via an indium trichloride catalyzed, three-component reaction in aqueous media is described.     

Thermal transformation of 1D-Pb(en)2Cl2 to 3D-PbCl2via 2D-Pb(en)Cl2 and their substantial modification of the coordination environment on Pb(II)

The solvothermal synthesis and crystal structures of two new lead(II) compounds, bis(ethylenediamine)lead(II) chloride, Pb(en)₂Cl₂1 and mono(ethylenediamine)lead(II) chloride, Pb(en)Cl₂2, are reported. A detailed comparison of the two structures is given. In 1, the Pb(II) center is coordinated by two chlorine atoms and four nitrogen atoms from three en ligands, which act as either chelating or bridging ligands, allowing links to other Pb(II) centers. This creates an infinite linear chain of Pb(en)₂Cl₂. In 2, the Pb(II) center is chelated by one en ligand and is coordinated by six chlorine atoms, including two unusually weak Pb–Cl bonds (>3.5 Å) connected through μ₂- and μ₄-Cl to build a neutral layer of Pb(en)Cl₂ units. Complex 1 contains a hemidirected Pb(II), while complex 2 has a (pseudo-)hemidirected Pb(II). TGA and high-temperature controlled powder-XRD studies show that compound 1 decomposes to compound 2 near 150 °C, and finally to PbCl₂ above 320 °C.     

Hydro(solvo)thermal synthesis and structural characterization of a new organically templated gallophosphate: [H3N(CH2)2NH3]1/2·[Ga5 (PO4)4(OH)4]

A new three-dimensional open-framework gallophosphate: [H₃N(CH₂)₂NH₃]_1/2·[Ga₅ (PO₄)₄(OH)₄] has been prepared by hydro(solvo)thermal synthesis in presence of ethylenediamine (en) as structure-directing agent. Its structure was determined by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis with the following crystal data: monoclinic space group C2/m, a=10.1604(9) Å, b=12.0085(15) Å, c=7.1892(7) Å, β=90.797(6)°, V=877.08(16) Å³, Z=2, R₁=0.0264, wR₂=0.0764. The total numbers of measured reflections and unique reflections were 3508 and 1300, respectively. It is built up from a new secondary building unit (SBU) Ga₄P₄O₂₀(OH)₄, in which Ga atoms exhibit distorted trigonal bipyramidal coordination and P atoms are in tetrahedral coordination. The SBU Ga₄P₄O₂₀(OH)₄ are linked into a layer by bridge oxygen atoms. The GaO₄(OH)₂ octahedra link the layers into a three-dimentional framework. Diprotonated ethylenediamine was found in the channel of the framework. The material was characterized by IR spectroscopy, ¹H NMR spectra, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses and elemental analysis.     

Efficient one-pot synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones from aromatic aldehydes and their one-pot oxidation to quinazolin-4(3H)-ones catalyzed by Bi(NO3)3·5H2O: Investigating the role of the catalyst

An efficient and novel synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones via one-pot, three-component reaction of isatoic anhydride, primary amines and aromatic aldehydes catalyzed by Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O under solvent-free conditions is described. Oxidation of these 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones to their quinazolin-4(3H)-ones was also successfully performed in the presence of Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O. This new method has the advantages of convenient manipulation, short reaction times, excellent yields, very easy work-up, and the use of commercially available, low cost and relatively non-toxic catalyst. The role of Bi(NO₃)₃·5H₂O was also investigated in these transformations.