Recent advances in radical-mediated fluorination through C–H and C–C bond cleavage

The C–H and C–C bonds are abundant in organic compounds, yet generally inert in chemical transformations. Therefore, direct functionalization of inert chemical bonds remains challenging. The fluorine-containing compounds are of special interest for their uses in medicinal chemistry. Direct fluorination of C–H and C–C bonds undoubtedly represents one of the most ideal and attractive approaches to incorporate fluorine atom into complex molecules. Herein, we summarize the recent advances in radical-mediated C–H and C–C bond fluorination. Three types of transformations are discussed: (1) direct C–H abstraction/fluorination of alkanes; (2) decarboxylative fluorination of alkyl carboxylic acids; (3) ring-opening fluorination.     

Scission of C–O and C–C linkages in lignin over RuRe alloy catalyst

The performance of lignin depolymerization is basically determined by the interunit C–O and C–C bonds.Numerous C–O bond cleavage strategies have been developed, while the cleavage of C–C bond between the primary aromatic units remains a challenging task due to the high dissociation energy of C–C bond.Herein, a multifunctional Ru Re alloy catalyst was designed, which exhibited exceptional catalytic activity for the cleavage of both C–O and C–C linkages in a broad range of lignin model compounds(β...     

Cu(I) metal organic framework catalyzed C–C and C–N coupling reactions

DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) based Cu(I) metal organic framework (here after represented as Cu(I)-MOF) catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction of iodobenzene and phenylacetylene was conducted smoothly to afford diphenylacetylene in excellent yield under N₂ atmosphere. For comparative study, piperidine based Cu(I) clusters were also investigated. Among these catalysts, Cu(I)-MOF exhibited higher activity with good selectivity for the C–C cross-coupled product. Cu(I) catalysts investigated in this study exhibited similar activity in the C–C homo-coupling reaction of phenylacetylene in O₂ atmosphere. Application of these catalysts was extended in the C–N coupling reactions between phenylboronic acid and aromatic/aliphatic/heterocyclic amines. Cu(I)-MOF can be readily recovered from the reaction mixture and reused for several cycles without loss in the catalytic activity.     

Activation of propane C–H and C–C bonds by a diplatinum cluster: potential energy surfaces and reaction mechanisms

The activation mechanism of C₃H₈ catalyzed by the homonuclear bimetallic Pt₂ cluster has been detailedly explored on the singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces at BPW91/aug-cc-pvtz, Lanl2tz level. The C–H bond cleavage channel (dehydrogenation and the release of propylene) is kinetically predominant, whereas the C–C bond cleavage channel (demethanation and the release of ethane) should be ruled out. Furthermore, the release of propylene channel is kinetically favorable, while the dehydrogenation channel is thermodynamically preferable. Besides, both the C–H cleavage intermediate (Pt₂H₂C₃H₆b) and the C–C cleavage intermediates (CH₃HPt₂CHCH₃ and CH₃PtPtHC₂H₄) are thermodynamically preferred. The C–H cleavage intermediate (Pt₂H₂C₃H₆b) is kinetically favored, while the C–C cleavage intermediates (CH₃HPt₂CHCH₃ and CH₃PtPtHC₂H₄) are kinetically hindered. The homonuclear bimetallic Pt₂ cluster toward propane exhibits higher reactivity than the Pt atom, which is in good agreement with the experimental observation.     

C–H...O and C–H...N interactions in RNA structures

Small molecule studies indicate that C–H...X interactions (X: O,N) constitute weak H-bonds. We have performed a comprehensive analysis of their occurrence and geometry in RNA structures. Here, we report on statistical properties of the total set of interactions identified and discuss selected motifs. The distance/angle distribution of all interactions exhibits an excluded region where the allowed C–H...X angle range increases with an increasing H...X distance. The preferred short C–H...X interactions in RNA are backbone-backbone contacts between neighbour nucleotides. Distance/angle distributions generated for various interaction types can be used for error recognition and modelling. The axial C2′(H)...O4′ and C5′(H)...O2′ interactions connect two backbone segments and form a seven-membered ring that is specific for RNA. An AA base pair with one standard H-bond and one C–H...N interaction has been identified in various structures. Despite the occurrence of short C–H...X contacts their free energy contribution to RNA stability remains to be assessed. Received: 17 May 1998 / Accepted: 4 August 1998 / Published online: 2 November 1998     

Cobalt-catalyzed direct C–C bond formation between tetrahydrofuran and alkynes

We aimed to describe an efficient CoCl₂-catalyzed direct C–C bond formation of tetrahydrofuran (THF) with various alkynes in the presence of tert-butyl hydroperoxide and catalytic amount of acid to obtain vinyl-substituted THFs. Mono- and di-substituted alkynes were suitable for this transformation.     

Facile and efficient protocols for C–C and C–N bond formation reactions using a superparamagnetic palladium complex as reusable catalyst

Research on Chemical Intermediates - Facile and efficient protocols for some multicomponent coupling reactions such as the Suzuki reaction and synthesis of polyhydroquinoline and...     

Stereoselective synthesis of C3–C17 and C18–C34 subunits of bullatanocin utilizing α-chloro sulfide intermediates

A convergent synthesis of bullatanocin is envisaged by the union of C18–C34, C3–C17 and the butenolide subunits. The synthesis of the C3–C17 and C18–C34 subunits is disclosed that takes advantage of the chirality of tartaric acid for 1,2-asymmetric induction, chloro sulfides for carbon chain elongation and [2,3] sigmatropic shift for the preparation of 1,4-diol moiety via efficient 1,3-chirality transfer. The THF ring is elaborated by intramolecular displacement.     

Hydrocarbons as proton donors in C–H⋯N and C–H⋯S hydrogen bonds

C–H?N and C–H?S hydrogen bonds were analyzed in complexes where acetylene, ethylene, methane and their derivatives are proton donors while ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are proton acceptors. Ab initio calculations were performed to analyze those interactions; MP2 method was applied and the following basis sets were used: 6-311++G(d,p), aug-cc-pVDZ and aug-cc-pVTZ. The results showed that hydrogen bonds for complexes with ammonia are systematically stronger than such interactions in complexes with hydrogen sulfide. If the fluorine substituted hydrocarbons are considered then F-substituents enhance the strength of hydrogen bonding. For a few complexes, mainly those where carbon atom in proton donating C–H bond possesses sp³ hybridization, the blue-shifting hydrogen bonds were detected. Additionally, Quantum Theory of ‘Atoms in Molecules’ and Natural Bond Orbitals method were applied to analyze H-bond interactions.     

Reactivity and Use of Sulfur–Oxygen Reducing Agents with C–S Bonds

The use of the reducing agents belonging to the group of hydroxy- and aminoalkanesulfinates (rongalite, thiourea dioxide, and their analogs) in chemistry and chemical technology is considered. The latest data on the mechanisms and kinetic models of homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions involving these compounds, the mechanism of catalysis of the redox reactions by cobalt dioximines, and the effect of the solid reagent prehistory and of atmospheric oxygen on the reducing properties of hydroxyalkanesulfinates are discussed.     

Palladium supported on zinc ferrite: an efficient catalyst for ligand free C–C and C–O cross coupling reactions

An efficient superparamagnetic Pd–ZnFe₂O₄ solid catalyst has been synthesized by loading Pd(0) species on zinc ferrite nanoparticles. Sonogashira cross couplings between terminal alkynes and aryl halides were achieved in the absence of any Cu co-catalyst. A Heck–Matsuda coupling reaction of structurally different aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborate substrates was preceded at 40 °C in water. Cyanation of aryl halides was successfully done using K₄[Fe(CN)₆] as the cyanide source over Pd–ZnFe₂O₄. The catalyst was also employed for Ullmann type cross coupling reactions. Excellent yield of the products, reusability, and uncomplicated work-up make this catalyst efficient for C–C and C–O coupling reactions. Good yield of products, easy separation, and negligible leaching of Pd from the catalyst surface confirm the true heterogeneity in these catalytic reactions.     

DABCO-catalyzed C–C bond formation reaction between electron-deficient alkynes and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds

An excellent catalyst DABCO has been found to catalyze C–C bond formation reaction between activated methylenes and alkynes. The transformation has provided a facile route for the synthesis of 2H-pyran-2-ones or unsaturated alkenoic acid ester derivatives and explored the new possibilities of N-catalysts for Michael addition of nucleophiles with alkynoates.     

An in situ generated CuI/metformin complex as a novel and efficient catalyst for C–N and C–O cross-coupling reactions

An in situ generated complex of copper(I) and a biguanide, namely metformin, was found to be a highly efficient homogeneous catalyst in N/O-arylation reactions. The O-arylation of substituted phenols with various aryl iodides and bromides was also achieved using this copper catalyst to afford diaryl ethers in good to excellent yields in DMF. This heterogeneous copper catalyst also promotes the N-arylation of imidazole with a variety of aryl halides (Cl, Br, I) in acetonitrile.     

Microwave frequency effects on dielectric properties of some common solvents and on microwave-assisted syntheses: 2-Allylphenol and the C12–C2–C12 Gemini surfactant

Microwave radiation emitted at a frequency of 915 MHz and 5.8 GHz from a newly fabricated single-mode resonance microwave apparatus is herein proposed for use in microwave-assisted organic syntheses. The usefulness of 5.8-GHz microwaves is demonstrated by the solvent-free synthesis of 2-allylphenol through a Claisen rearrangement process, and by the synthesis of the C₁₂–C₂–C₁₂ Gemini surfactant in ethanol solvent undertaken to verify the usefulness of the 915-MHz frequency. These two model reactions have shown the advantage of these two microwave frequencies in that the observed efficiencies were greater than when employing the more commonly used 2.45-GHz microwaves. Dielectric parameters (dissipation factor: tan δ, dielectric constant: ε′, and dielectric loss: ε′′) have also been assessed for water and 22 common organic solvents typically used in organic syntheses, together with the temperature dependence of the dielectric parameters. Temperature–time profiles have been determined and rates of increase of temperature computed. The 5.8-GHz microwaves were effective in heating non-polar solvents, while the 915-MHz microwave frequency was most suitable for heating the alcohols.     

Preparation of onion-like Pd–Bi–Au/C trimetallic catalyst and their application

This paper describes the preparation of dispersed onion-like Pd–Bi–Au/C catalyst with average diameter of 13 nm obtained by consecutive chemical reduction of precursor gold, bismuth and palladium salts in aqueous solution and immobilization on active carbon. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy experiments were performed to analyze the structure and to characterize the Pd–Bi–Au/C catalyst. The onion-like morphology is composed of high content of gold inner core, a Bi-rich intermediate layer and a Pd-rich external layer. The catalytic activity of the catalyst was subsequently investigated and they were found to be efficient catalysts for the aerobic liquid phase oxidation. The results showed that the catalytic activity of Pd–Bi–Au/C was higher than that of Pd–Au/C bimetallic catalyst, indicating that bismuth plays an important role in synergistic effect between gold and palladium.     

Catalytic borylation of o-xylene and heteroarenes via C–H activation

Iridium and rhodium complexes catalyze the borylation of xylene and different heteroarenes using pinacolborane via C–H activation. Various five-membered heterocycles such as thiophene, pyrrole, thionaphthene, and indole derivatives yield the borylated products in moderate to good yields. In general, the reactions proceed with high selectivity to give borylation ortho to the heteroatom.     

Ni-mediated C–N activation of amides and derived catalytic transformations

Amide, as a ubiquitous functional group, is essential in various aspects of chemistry and biology. Although the history of studying amide is rich and fruitful, the synthetic application of amide is very limited due to the inertness of amide C–N bond. Recently,significant advances have been achieved towards the nickel-mediated C–N activation of amides. This approach allows a facile generation of acyl-nickel intermediates, and a number of unique transformations have been designed and realized based on the amide C–N bond activation. Focused on the catalytic transformation, this review summarizes and categorizes the recent advances on the synthetic applications of Ni-mediated C–N bond activation of amides.     

Microstructure and tribological properties of 3D needle-punched C/C–SiC brake composites

Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C–SiC) show excellent tribological properties and are promising candidates for advanced friction materials. A pressure infiltration/carbonization combined with liquid silicon infiltration was developed for fabricating C/C–SiC composites. The carbon fabric preform was fabricated with the three-dimensional needling method. In the pressure infiltration process, the carbon fibre reinforced plastic was prepared by infiltration of the fabric preform with the furan resin. Then the carbon fibre reinforced plastic was carbonized which was pyrolysed to form a porous carbon/carbon composites. Finally, the porous carbon/carbon was infiltrated with molten silicon to obtain C/C–SiC composites. The composites exhibit excellent friction behavior, including a good stability of brake, and the average dynamic μ is 0.38 and static μ is 0.50, in combination with the linear wear rate of about 5.6 μm cycle^?1. Moreover, the friction surface was covered with friction film which is about 10 μm in thickness. These results show that the C/C–SiC brake composites are promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems.     

Magnetic nanoparticle-supported eosin Y ammonium salt: An efficient heterogeneous catalyst for visible light oxidative C–C and C–P bond formation

A highly efficient visible light mediated C–C and C–P coupling reactions of sp³ C–H bonds adjacent to the nitrogen atom in tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives with pronucleophiles such as nitroalkanes, malononitrile, dimethyl malonate and H-phosphonate diesters were achieved by using a magnetic nanoparticle-supported eosin Y bis-benzyltriethylammonium salt (MNPs-Eosin Y) as catalyst and air as the sole oxidant, affording the corresponding products in good to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. Notably, the supported eosin Y catalyst can easily be separated from the reaction mixture by an external permanent magnet and can be recycled at least eight times without a significant loss of activity.     

Functionalized 2-Substituted Allyl Bromides in the Barbier Allylation of (R)-2,3-O-Isopropylideneglyceraldehyde. Synthesis of the C8–C17, C8–C18, and C5–C17 Building Blocks of Laulimalides and Their Synthetic Analogs

Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry - Several new 2-substituted allyl bromides were synthesized through cyclopropanol intermediates and were then involved in the Barbier allylation of...