高效率窄带隙聚合物太阳能电池材料

太阳能电池能够将太阳能直接转化为电能,是利用太阳能资源的一种非常有效的手段。聚合物太阳能电池因成本低、重量轻、制备方便和可制成柔性器件的优点,已经成为该领域的研究热点之一。基于窄带隙共轭聚合物给体/富勒烯受体复合材料体系制得的太阳能电池的最高转换效率已经达到8.3%,而寻找性能更优异的聚合物给体材料是进一步提高光伏性能的关键因素。本文综述了近几年关于高效率窄带隙聚合物太阳能电池给体材料的研究进展,着重介绍了苯并噻二唑类共聚物、稠环噻吩类共聚物和吡嗪类共聚物等窄带隙聚合物给体材料体系及相应光伏器件的性能,分析了各种材料的优点和不足,并对今后这一领域的发展做了展望。     

基于苯并二噻吩的D-A型窄带隙共轭聚合物在太阳能电池中的应用

近年来为获得有机聚合物太阳能电池更高的能量转换效率,越来越多的活性层材料被设计合成出来,尤其是给体材料。其中,基于给体单元苯并二噻吩(BDT)的D-A型窄带隙共轭聚合物更是多次刷新了有机聚合物太阳能电池效率的最高记录,目前达10.6%。本文探讨了基于苯并二噻吩的D-A型窄带隙共轭聚合物材料结构及其应用在太阳能电池中的性能参数关系,从提高开路电压、短路电流和填充因子三个方面总结出了提高基于BDT共轭聚合物太阳能电池能量转换效率的方法。     

1,4-二酮吡咯并吡咯在聚合物太阳能电池的应用

1,4-二酮吡咯并吡咯(DPP)由于具有优异的共平面性和强烈的拉电子能力,从而被引入D-A型窄带隙共轭聚合物中调控聚合物材料的能隙和能级结构,拓宽在可见光区域的响应范围。近年来,DPP类聚合物太阳能电池材料的研究受到广泛关注,目前基于DPP的聚合物太阳能电池效率高已达9.64%。本文探讨了以DPP作为受体单元而噻吩衍生物、芴、咔唑和苯并二噻吩等作为给体单元制成的D-A型窄带隙共轭聚合物太阳能电池的研究进展,并探讨了聚合物材料结构与太阳能电池性能之间的内在构效关系。     

非富勒烯聚合物太阳电池研究进展

综述了以p-型共轭聚合物为给体、n-型有机半导体为受体的非富勒烯聚合物太阳电池光伏材料最新研究进展,包括n-型共轭聚合物和可溶液加工小分子n-型有机半导体(n-OS)受体光伏材料,以及与之匹配的p-型共轭聚合物给体光伏材料.介绍的n-型共轭聚合物受体光伏材料包括基于苝酰亚胺(BDI)、萘酰亚胺(NDI)以及新型硼氮键连受体单元的D-A共聚物受体光伏材料,目前基于聚合物给体(J51)和聚合物受体(N2200)的全聚合物太阳电池的能量转换效率最高达到8.26%.n-OS小分子受体光伏材料包括基于BDI和NDI单元的有机分子、基于稠环中心给体单元的A-D-A型窄带隙有机小分子受体材料等.给体光伏材料包括基于齐聚噻吩和苯并二噻吩(BDT)给体单元的D-A共聚物,重点介绍与窄带隙A-D-A结构小分子受体吸收互补的、基于噻吩取代BDT单元的中间带隙二维共轭聚合物给体光伏材料.使用中间带隙的p-型共轭聚合物为给体、窄带隙A-D-A结构有机小分子为受体的非富勒烯聚合物太阳电池能量转换效率已经突破12%,展示了光明的前景.最后对非富勒烯聚合物太阳电池将来的发展进行了展望.     

聚合物太阳电池光伏材料

聚合物太阳电池由共轭聚合物给体和可溶性富勒烯衍生物受体的共混膜夹在ITO透光电极和金属电极之间所组成,具有结构简单、成本低、重量轻和可制成柔性器件等突出优点,近年来受到广泛关注。聚合物太阳电池中的给体和受体光伏材料是决定器件性能的关键。本文综述了共轭聚合物给体和富勒烯受体光伏材料的最新研究进展,对共轭聚合物受体材料和给体-受体双缆型共轭聚合物光伏材料的研究进展也进行了简要介绍。在共轭聚合物给体材料中对聚噻吩衍生物以及含有苯并噻二唑的窄带隙D-A共聚物进行了重点介绍。     

全共轭聚噻吩类和聚硒吩类嵌段共聚物的凝聚态结构调控

嵌段共聚物可发生微相分离形成丰富的介观尺度上的相结构,而共轭聚合物是一类具有特殊的力学、导电性能或光电功能的半刚性链高分子.全共轭嵌段共聚物因其兼具两者的特性而备受瞩目.本文着重介绍了近年来课题组在基于全共轭聚(3-烷基噻吩)和聚(3-烷基硒吩)嵌段共聚物体系的研究进展,通过改变体系的分子结构包括主侧链结构、侧链的烷基长度及取代基团等以及对体系在溶液状态及薄膜状态进行后处理包括改变溶剂、热处理、溶剂蒸气处理等来调控体系的微相分离行为和结晶行为,实现对材料凝聚态结构的调控.在此基础上,以有机场效应晶体管和聚合物太阳能电池器件作为最终体现聚噻吩或聚硒吩类体系凝聚态结构与性能关系的平台,将获得的调控体系凝聚态结构的有效策略用于实现其半导体材料物理性能的提升.     

聚合物太阳能光伏技术研究进展

聚合物太阳电池因其结构简单、成本低、重量轻和可制成柔性器件等突出优点,近年来受到广泛关注,成为发展绿色可再生能源的重要方向。聚合物太阳电池中的给体和受体光伏材料是决定器件性能的关键,本文综述了共轭聚合物给体和富勒烯受体光伏材料的最新研究进展,并在共轭聚合物给体材料中对聚噻吩衍生物以及窄带隙D-A共聚物进行了重点介绍。同时讨论了薄膜优化和器件稳定性,最后从提高电池效率的几个方面展望了聚合物太阳电池的发展方向。     

基于二维共轭结构的苯并二噻吩类聚合物光伏材料

为了不断提高聚合物太阳能电池的光电转化效率,研究人员设计并合成了种类众多的给/受体单元来制备共轭聚合物材料.其中,基于苯并[1.2-b:4,5-b′]二噻吩(BDT)单元的聚合物材料在有机太阳能电池器件中取得了十分突出的光电转化效率,显示了巨大的应用前景.相比于柔性侧基(如烷氧基或烷基)取代的BDT单元而言,基于二维共轭结构BDT的共轭聚合物通常有更好的热稳定性,更宽的吸收光谱,较低的HOMO能级以及更高的空穴迁移率,因而表现出更加优异的光伏性能,最近报道的由二维共轭BDT单元共聚物制备的聚合物太阳能电池可以获得10%以上的光电转化效率.本文首先简要介绍了二维共轭结构BDT单元的合成方法,然后总结了近年来基于二维共轭结构BDT单元的共轭聚合物及其在太阳能电池中的应用.     

基于噻咯的聚合物给体光伏材料

聚合物太阳能电池由于具有结构简单、成本低、重量轻和可制成柔性器件等突出优点,近几年受到了越来越多的关注。但是,与传统的无机硅系太阳能电池相比,较低的能量转换效率一直是制约其发展的瓶颈。近年来大量的研究显示,噻咯结构单元被引入给-受体(D-A)型共轭聚合物光伏材料中,能有效地改善相应聚合物的结晶性能,并调节其能级结构(HOMO/LUMO),从而显著改善聚合物的光伏性能。本文综述了含有噻咯环的低能隙共轭聚合物给体光伏材料的研究进展,重点介绍了含有二噻吩并噻咯单元的窄带隙D-A共轭聚合物的最新研究,并进一步提出了给体材料的研究方向以及有待解决的问题。     

聚合物太阳能电池材料的研究进展

有机光伏技术为太阳能的有效利用提供了一条重要途径。有机太阳能电池因制造成本低廉、材料质量轻、加工性能好、易于携带等优势而备受关注。提高有机太阳能电池的光电转换效率是目前乃至未来的研究重点。设计和合成适合的窄带隙的共轭聚合物是提高有机太阳能电池光电转化效率的核心。综述了近年来基于窄带隙的共轭聚合物的太阳能电池材料的设计、制备和器件性能研究进展,探讨了目前存在的亟待解决的关键基础问题和未来发展方向。     

Synthesis and photovoltaic properties of conjugated side chains polymers with different electron‐withdrawing and donating end groups

A series of novel low band gap polymers containing conjugated side chains with 4,7‐dithien‐5‐yl‐2,1,3‐benzodiathiazole and different electron‐withdrawing end groups of aldehyde ( PT‐DTBTCHO ), 2‐ethylhexyl cyanoacetate ( PT‐DTBTCN ), 1,3‐diethyl‐2‐thiobarbituric acid ( PT‐DTBTDT ), and electron‐donating end group of 2‐methylthiophene ( PT‐DTBTMT ) have been designed and synthesized. All polymers exhibit good solubility in common organic solvents, film‐forming ability, and thermal stability. These conjugated polymers show the broad ultraviolet‐visible absorption and the narrow optical band gaps in the range of 1.65–1.90 eV. Through changing the end group of conjugated side chains, the photophysical properties and energy levels of the polymers were tuned effectively. Bulk heterojunction solar cells based on the blend of these polymers and (6,6)‐phenyl‐C₆₁‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC₆₁BM) reached the best power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.72%. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012     

Soluble narrow band gap and blue propylenedioxythiophene-cyanovinylene polymers as multifunctional materials for photovoltaic and electrochromic applications

A family of soluble narrow band gap donor-acceptor conjugated polymers based on dioxythiophenes and cyanovinylenes is reported. The polymers were synthesized using Knoevenagel polycondensation or Yamamoto coupling polymerizations to yield polymers with molecular weights on the order of 10 000-20 000 g/mol, which possess solubility in common organic solvents. Thin film optical measurements revealed narrow band gaps of 1.5-1.8 eV, which gives the polymers a strong overlap of the solar spectrum. The energetic positions of the band edges were determined by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry and demonstrate that the polymers are both air stable and show a strong propensity for photoinduced charge transfer to fullerene acceptors. Such measurements also suggest that the polymers can be both p- and n-type doped, which is supported by spectroelectrochemical results. These polymers have been investigated as electron donors in photovoltaic devices in combination with PCBM ([6,6]-phenyl C(61)-butyric acid methyl ester) as an electron acceptor based on the near ideal band structures designed into the polymers. Efficiencies as high as 0.2% (AM1.5) with short circuit current densities as high as 1.2-1.3 mA/cm(2) have been observed in polymer/PCBM (1:4 by weight) devices and external quantum efficiencies of more than 10% have been observed at wavelengths longer than 600 nm. The electrochromic properties of the narrow band gap polymers are also of interest as the polymers show three accessible color states changing from an absorptive blue or purple in the neutral state to a transmissive sky-blue or gray in the oxidized and reduced forms. The wide electrochemical range of electrochromic activity coupled with the strong observed changes in transmissivity between oxidation states makes these materials potentially interesting for application to electrochromic displays.     

Conjugated polymers with benzothiadiazole,benzoxadiazole, and benzotriazole moieties as promising semiconductor materials for organic solar cells

Organic solar cells are being intensively developed in many laboratories around the world. This work has resulted in a rapid increase in the efficiency of organic solar cells; record figures of 10–12% were achieved in 2011–2013. This review focuses on one of the most promising groups of conjugated polymers: those containing electron-deficient units based on benzothiadiazole, benzoxadiazole, and benzotriazole in the backbone. Particular attention is paid to the optoelectronic characteristics (the HOMO energy and band gap) and the photovoltaic characteristics of conjugated copolymers containing various structural units in their molecular structures.     

Bandgap engineering of indenofluorene‐based conjugated copolymers with pendant donor‐π‐acceptor chromophores for photovoltaic applications

Three narrow‐band‐gap conjugated copolymers based on indenofluorene and triphenylamine with pendant donor‐π‐acceptor chromophores were successfully synthesized by post‐functionalization approach. All the polymers have good solubility in common solvents and excellent thermal stability. The photophysical properties, energy levels and band gaps of the polymers were well manipulated by introducing different acceptor groups onto the end of their conjugated side chains. By using different acceptor groups, the band gaps of the polymers were narrowed from 1.86 to 1.53 eV by lowering their lowest unoccupied molecular orbital levels, whereas their relatively deep highest occupied molecular orbital levels of approximately ?5.35 eV were maintained. Bulk‐heterojunction solar cells with these polymers as electron donors and (6,6)‐phenyl‐C₇₁‐butyric acid methyl ester as acceptor showed power conversion efficiencies as high as 3.1% and high open circuit voltages more than 0.88 eV. The relationships between the performance and film morphology, energy levels, charge mobilities were discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011     

Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐Porphyrin Based Conjugated Polymers for Ambipolar Field‐Effect Transistors

Porphyrin‐based molecules have been widely used in dye‐sensitized solar cells and bulk heterojunction solar cells, but their application in field‐effect transistors (FETs) is limited. In this work, two conjugated polymers based on diketopyrrolopyrrole and porphyrin units were developed for FETs. The polymers exhibit extra‐low band gap with energy levels close to −4.0 eV and −5.0 eV due to the strong electron‐donating and withdrawing ability of porphyrin and diketopyrrolopyrrole. With additionally high crystalline properties, ambipolar charge carrier transports with a hole mobility of 0.1 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ in FETs were realized in these polymers, representing the highest performance in solution‐processed FETs based on porphyrin unit.     

An isoindigo-based low band gap polymer for efficient polymer solar cells with high photo-voltage

A new low band gap polymer (E(g) = 1.6 eV) with alternating thiophene and isoindigo units was synthesized and characterized. A PCE of 3.0% and high open-circuit voltage of 0.89 V were realized in polymer solar cells, which demonstrated the promise of isoindigo as an electron deficient unit in the design of donor-acceptor conjugated polymers for polymer solar cells.     

Narrow bandgap semiconducting polymers for solar cells with near-infrared photo response and low energy loss

The alternating diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-Quinoxaline (Qx) based conjugated polymers are synthesized and investigated as electron donors for polymer solar cells (PSCs). Through the substitution of phenyl in Qx unit at para (p) and meta (m) positions with methoxy group, the resultant DPP-pMQx and DPP-mMQx polymers possess narrow optical band gap (1.32 and 1.26 eV) with relatively low-lying highest occupied molecular orbitals. The obtained photovoltaic devices indicate that the combination of DPP with weak acceptor Qx is helpful to develop narrow bandgap polymers with near-infrared photo response and low energy loss (0.58 eV for DPP-mMQx) in PSC devices.     

Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐based Conjugated Polymers Bearing Branched Oligo(Ethylene Glycol) Side Chains for Photovoltaic Devices

Conjugated polymers are essential for solution‐processable organic opto‐electronic devices. In contrast to the great efforts on developing new conjugated polymer backbones, research on developing side chains is rare. Herein, we report branched oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) as side chains of conjugated polymers. Compared with typical alkyl side chains, branched OEG side chains endowed the resulting conjugated polymers with a smaller π‐π stacking distance, higher hole mobility, smaller optical band gap, higher dielectric constant, and larger surface energy. Moreover, the conjugated polymers with branched OEG side chains exhibited outstanding photovoltaic performance in polymer solar cells. A power conversion efficiency of 5.37 % with near‐infrared photoresponse was demonstrated and the device performance could be insensitive to the active layer thickness.     

Role of balanced charge carrier transport in low band gap polymer:Fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells

Lowering of the optical band gap of conjugated polymers in bulk heterojunction solar cells not only leads to an increased absorption but also to an increase of the optimal active layer thickness due to interference effects at longer wavelengths. The increased carrier densities due to the enhanced absorption and thicker active layers make low band gap solar cells more sensitive to formation of space charges and recombination. By systematically red shifting the optical parameters of poly[2‐methoxy‐5‐(3′,7′‐dimethyloctyloxy)‐p‐phenylenevinylene] and 6,6‐phenyl C₆₁‐butyric acid methyl ester, we simulate the effect of a reduced band gap on the solar cell efficiencies. We show that especially the fill factor of low band gap cells is very sensitive to the balance of the charge transport. For a low band gap cell with an active layer thickness of 250 nm, the fill factor of 50% for balanced transport is reduced to less than 40% by an imbalance of only one order of magnitude. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011     

Synthesis and properties of 3,4-dioxythiophene and 1,4-dialkoxybenzene based copolymers via direct C?H arylation: Dopant-free hole transport material for perovskite solar cells

Direct C H arylation coupling reaction has gained significant importance in synthesis of conjugated polymers for organic electronic applications. We report here a facile and straightforward method called “direct C H arylation” reaction to synthesize conjugated 3,4-dioxythiophene and 1,4-dialkoxybenzene based copolymers as hole transport material (HTM) for perovskite solar cells. Two electron-rich conjugated polymers P1-2 were synthesized, in which 1,4-dibromo-2,5-bis(dodecyloxy)benzene and 3,4-dialkoxy-thiophene units were used for polymerization. The resulting polymers were characterized and exhibited high solubility in organic solvents. Electrochemical and optical characterizations were carried out by cyclic voltammetry and UV–Vis–NIR absorption spectroscopy and found that these polymers show higher-lying HOMO energy levels with wide band gap. Density functional theory calculation was performed on these polymers ( P1-2 ) and correlated with our experimental results. Finally, perovskite solar cells were fabricated by solution-processable deposition of P1-2 as dopant-free HTM with device geometry ITO/SnO₂/Perovskite/HTM( P1 / P2 )/Ag and achieved a maximum power conversion efficiency of 5.28%. This study provides information on designing and simple preparation by direct C H arylation reaction of higher-lying HOMO energy level polymer as HTM for perovskite solar cells.