Activation of hydrocarbons in the oxidative dimerization of methane over alkaline earth metals

Oxidative dimerization of methane over alkaline earth metal oxides and phosphates has been studied. The ratedetermining step is heterolytic C–H bond dissociation of methane on surface basic sites of the catalysts.

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Reaction modes of oxidative dimerization of epoxycyclohexenols

Of the 16 possible modes of the oxidation-6π-electrocylization-Diels-Alder reaction cascade for an epoxyquinone, and eight for a 2-alkenyl-3-hydroxymethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, only the endo-anti(epoxide)-anti(Me)-hetero and endo-anti(Me)-hetero are respectively observed, while both the endo-anti(epoxide)-anti(Me)-hetero and exo-anti(epoxide)-anti(Me)-homo reaction modes occur with epoxy-4-hydroxycyclohexenones owing to a hydrogen-bonding interaction.     

The oxidative coupling of methane

Summary The oxidative coupling of methane to C₂ hydrocarbons was studied over a Bi₂O₃–P₂O₅–K₂O catalyst. Catalysts containing Bi and P are known to be active and selective catalysts for the oxidative dimerization of propylene to 1,5-hexadiene. This catalyst system was found to also be active and selective for the oxidative coupling of methane. The experimental results are interpreted in terms of a dual-site, redox model. Methane activation to form CH₃. is proposed to occur on Bi sites. The Bi site is subsequently reoxidized by bulk oxide ions and P becomes the oxygen inlet site. Adsorbed surface oxygen species reduce the selectivity to C₂ hydrocarbons.     

Catalytic oxidative coupling of methane

The catalytic oxidative coupling of methane was studied over alkali, alkaline-earth and rare-earth metal oxides at 973 K under atmospheric pressure in a continuous flow fixed bed reactor. The catalysts used were prepared by impregnation method. Four alkaline-earth metal oxides were used as support. The temperature dependence of the catalytic properties and the phase composition of the catalysts were also detected.

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Enzyme-mediated oxidative dimerization reactions of cyano-resveratrol analogues

The synthesis and oxidative coupling reactions of two cyano-resveratrol analogues were studied. An 8-5-coupled dihydrobenzofuran-type dimer and an 8-8-coupled diastereoisomeric indane mixture were prepared. The cyano groups of the resveratrol analogues had almost no influence on the regio- or stereoselectivity of the coupling reactions of the two precursors.     

Synthesis of tetracyanoethylene by oxidative dimerization of malononitrile

Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry - A simple laboratory procedure has been proposed for the synthesis of tetracyanoethylene in up to 54% yield by oxidative dimerization of malononitrile in the...     

Synthesis of parvistemin A via biomimetic oxidative dimerization

The first synthesis of the naturally occurring benzoquinone dimer parvistemin A is reported. The key step is the late stage iron(III) mediated dimerization of a 1,2,4-trihydroxyarene to give the natural product in good yield, a phenol oxidative coupling that is believed to be biomimetic. The route proceeds in seven steps from an inexpensive commercially available acetophenone in 14% overall yield.     

Selective oxidative para C-C dimerization of 2,6-dimethylphenol

Mechanistic investigations on the oxidative coupling of 2,6-dimethylphenol have led to the development of a selective and efficient procedure to prepare 3,5,3',5'-tetramethyl-biphenyl-4,4'-diol, via a C-C coupling, mediated by a hypervalent form of iodine, i.e. (diacetoxyiodo)benzene and for which a mechanism is proposed.     

Heterogeneous methane oxidative coupling using perovskites

Catalytic oxidative coupling of methane over perovskite CaTiO₃ prepared by modified ceramic method has been studied. The C₂ yield was 13% at 830 °C and promotion with Na₄P₂O₇ did not improve considerably the catalyst peformance. Regarding reactor test and mechanism studies it is believed that charge deficient, oxygen O^– generated by transforming oxygen adsorbed on surface defects and dissolved into bulk vacancies is responsible for activating methane (active site). Adsorbed oxygen generates the oxidizing sites for actived methane. Strict conditions are required for generation and regeneration of the activating sites in lattice.     

Contribution to the evaluation of density of methane adsorbed on activated carbon

The adsorption isotherms of N(2) at -196 degrees C, CO(2) at 0 degrees C, and CH(4) at 25 degrees C on 35 activated carbons with a wide range of micropore volumes and pore size distributions have been compared to evaluate the density of adsorbed methane. Results indicate that methane is adsorbed in the micropores of the activated carbon with a density that is a function of the carbon porosity because methane is packed more compactly in narrow than in wide micropores. An experimental procedure is proposed to evaluate the density in both types of micropores as a function of pressure. Its application to these porous carbons indicates that density of adsorbed methane increases rapidly with pressure on narrow micropores, the increase becoming slower above 1.5 MPa. The value reached at 3 MPa is 0.21 g/cm(3), near that estimated as the limiting value, 0.23 g/cm(3). Density in wide micropores is low, 0.09 g/cm(3) at 3 MPa, but it continuously increases with pressure.     

The role of oxygen as an electron acceptor in dimerization of some styrene derivatives

Irradiation of the CT bands of p-methoxy- and p-methylstyrene with oxygen induced the dimerization of the olefins through their cation radicals generated by electron transfer on CT excitation.     

The Willgerodt-Kindler reaction on lupenone: unusual oxidative dimerization

In continuation of our interest in chemical modification of triterpenoids, the Willgerodt-Kindler reaction of a lupane type triterpenoid lupenone provided a novel dimerized product 2. Formation of 2 is associated with an unusual oxidative dimerization of lupenone under Willgerodt-Kindler reaction conditions. The structure 2 was confirmed by extensive analysis of spectroscopic data including ES-MS and 2D-NMR.     

Efficient oxidative dimerization of 1-naphthols to 2,2-binaphthyls with dioxygen mediated by semiconductors

A novel and efficient oxidative dimerization of 1-naphthols 1 with dioxygen in the presence of several semiconductors including SnO₂, ZrO₂, and activated charcoal as catalytic mediators took place selectively to give the corresponding 2,2^′-binaphthols 2 or 2,2^′-binaphthyl-1,1^′-quinones 3 in excellent yields without light irradiation. Among these semiconductors, the catalytic activity of SnO₂ could be fully restored by appropriate reactivation treatment after oxidation. The products 2 and 3 should be useful as synthetic intermediates for natural binaphthyls.     

Kinetic simulation of the oxidative condensation of methane

The kinetics of the oxidative condensation of methane (OCM) over a mixed-oxide lithium-manganese-tungsten-silicate catalyst has been simulated, and systems of stoichiometric chemical equations possible under the OCM conditions have thereby been discriminated. A phenomenological kinetic model has been developed to fit the observed rates of formation and disappearance of the compounds involved in OCM.     

Effect of an oxidant on the nature of bulk defects in Li/CaO and its catalytic activity in the oxidative dimerization of methane

The nature of bulk defects formed in Li/CaO during the oxidative dimerization of methane with O₂ and N₂O as oxidants is studied with the use of ESR. Changing the oxidant from oxygen to nitrogen oxide results in changes in the nature of the bulk defects and the catalytic behavior of Li/CaO.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 3, pp. 599–601, March, 1993.     

Spectroscopy and rectification of three donor-sigma-acceptor compounds, consisting of a one-electron donor (pyrene or ferrocene), a one-electron acceptor (perylenebisimide), and a C19 swallowtail

We report spectroscopic characterization and unimolecular rectification (asymmetric electrical conduction) measurements of three donor-sigma-acceptor (D-sigma-A) compounds N-(10-nonadecyl)-N-(1-pyrenylmethyl)perylene-3,4,9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (1), N-(10-nonadecyl)-N-(4-[1-pyrenyl]butyl)perylene-3,4,9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (2), and N-(10-nonadecyl)-N-(2-ferrocenylethyl)perylene-3,4,9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (3). These molecules were arranged as one-molecule thick Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers between Au electrodes. In such an "Au | D-sigma-A | Au" sandwich, molecule 1 is a unimolecular rectifier, with rather small rectification ratios (between 2 and 3 at +/-1 V) that decrease upon cycling. Molecule 2 does not rectify. Molecule 3 rectifies, with a rectification ratio of between 14 and 28 at +/-1 V; the through-film rectification and currents persist, even with scans of +/-2 V, for up to 40 cycles of measurement. Qualitative arguments, based on a two-level rectification mechanism, are consistent with the current asymmetries observed in the monolayers of 1 and 3.