15个乙烯—乙烯基化合物共聚物的取代基参数

本文应用取代基参数（ＳＣＳ）方法处理了１５个ＥＶ共聚物的＾１３ＣＮＭＲ谱，它们是：（１）乙烯α－烯烃共聚物，即乙烯－丙烯共聚物，乙烯－丁烯－１共聚物，乙烯４－甲基－１－戊烯共聚物，乙烯－己烯－１共聚物和乙烯－辛烯－１共聚物；（２）乙烯－含氧乙烯共聚物，即乙烯－甲基丙烯酸Ｎ，Ｎ－二甲基胺乙酯共聚物，乙烯－丙烯酸甲酯共聚物，乙烯－丙烯酸共聚物，乙烯－乙酸乙烯酯，乙烯－乙烯醇，乙烯－一氧化碳共聚物（ＥＣ     

几种乙烯氟代衍生物的合成与聚合反应

众所周知,乙烯氟代衍生物,如氟乙烯,偏氟乙烯,三氟乙烯和四氟乙烯都可以聚合而生成高     

ZSM-5分子筛催化乙醇脱水制乙烯反应机理

正乙烯是有机化工和石油化工最重要的基础原料。目前,乙烯主要来源于石油裂解。生物质乙醇制乙烯以及高级烃类化合物受到了学术界和工业界的关注~(1–3)。与传统的乙醇脱水制乙烯的氧化铝催化剂相比,沸石分子筛,尤其是ZSM-5或改性ZSM-5,具有更高的乙烯选择性和低温反应活性~(4,5)。乙醇脱水的第一步就是乙烯的生成,随后乙烯的     

乙烯与乙烯工业

乙烯是烯烃同系列中的第一个成员，是产量最大的有机化工产品。本文从乙烯的来源、性质，用途方面展示了乙烯在石油化学工业中的重要地位；我国乙烯工业的根貌。乙烯工业产品对环境的影响及其对策。     

乙烯与乙烯工业

乙烯是烯烃同系列中的第一个成员,是产量最大的有机化工产品。本文从乙烯的来源、性质、用途等方面展示了乙烯在石油化学工业中的重要地位;我国乙烯工业的概貌。乙烯工业产品对环境的影响及其对策。     

ZSM-5上乙醇催化脱水制乙烯的研究进展

乙烯是重要的化工基础原料,以乙烯为原料可以合成一系列重要的乙烯衍生物,如环氧乙烷、聚乙烯、苯乙烯等。随着化工、能源、材料等乙烯衍生物产业的快速发展,乙烯的需求量在不断增加。目前世界上98%以上的乙烯来自于石脑油和天然气等烃类的裂解[1],然而由于石油供应的紧缺     

二氧化碳电催化还原产乙烯:催化剂、反应条件和反应机理

电化学还原二氧化碳为乙烯不仅能缓解温室效应而且能得到高附加值的石油化工产品乙烯。本文综述了近年来电催化还原二氧化碳产乙烯的研究进展,着重介绍了能将二氧化碳还原为乙烯的电催化剂,其中铜基催化剂是高选择性产生乙烯的有效电极材料,对铜催化剂进行掺杂、改性和修饰能够在保持催化剂高选择性产生乙烯的同时提高催化剂的稳定性和活性。本文还涉及了电催化条件下乙烯形成的机理以及反应条件对乙烯选择性的影响,简要介绍了二氧化碳在催化剂表面的三种吸附态和Cu(100)晶面形成乙烯的机理,以及不同电位、温度、压力、电解液组成和pH值对乙烯选择性的影响。最后,总结并展望了二氧化碳电催化还原产乙烯催化剂开发亟待解决的问题和未来的发展方向,期望为新型催化剂的构筑提供有益参考。     

原位红外光谱法研究沸石催化剂上苯与乙烯烷基化反应

采用原位红外光谱技术,于１２０￣２００℃下,对沸石催化剂上苯与乙烯烷基化的反应机理进行了探讨,结果表明,乙烯,苯和乙苯吸附在催化剂的同一类活性中心上,它们之间存在着竞争吸附,乙烯的吸附能力较苯和乙苯强;吸附的乙烯可与吸附的苯或乙苯发生烷基化反应。催化剂上已吸附乙烯时,由于乙烯在强吸附位上吸附较牢,苯和乙苯不易吸附,烷基化反应难以进行,且吸附的乙烯间可发生反应。乙烯与乙苯的反应内烯与异丙苯的反应难于     

实验室快速制备乙烯并检验其性质

利用乙烯利快速制备乙烯并检验其性质,并设计乙烯催熟果实的实验。改进后简化了乙烯的制备方法,实验现象明显,提高了实验的趣味性。微型实验的设计可以让学生进行实验探究。     

松香树脂酸乙烯酯的研究 第二报:松香树脂酸乙烯酯组成与结构的研究

本文研究了国产特级松香树脂酸乙烯酯的组成与各级分的分子结构：结果表明国产特级松香树脂酸乙烯酯的主要成分是枞酸乙烯酯、长叶松酸乙烯酯和去氢枞酸乙烯酯，三者间重量比为11：3：2；其连接在羧基上的乙烯基在核磁共振谱图中呈现为很好的ABX系统。     

Calibration methods for microdialysis sampling in vivo: muscle and adipose tissue

Calibration methods for microdialysis sampling were studied in the muscle and adipose tissue of rats. Both the delivery method and the no-net-flux method were used to determine the extraction efficiency (EE) of acetaminophen and caffeine in both tissues. There was no concentration dependence of the EE either in vitro or in vivo for either acetaminophen or caffeine. The EEs determined by the delivery and no-net-flux methods were not different. However, the EEs of both caffeine and acetaminophen determined in vitro were significantly higher than those determined in the muscle and adipose. This indicates that mass transfer in the tissue is the rate-determining factor for the EE in vivo. The relative difference between the EE in vitro and the EE in the muscle was smaller than the difference between the EE in vitro and the EE in the adipose. In addition, the EE in the muscle decreased more than the EE in the adipose after the animal was euthanized. This indicated that exchange between the extracellular fluid and plasma is the rate-determining step in mass transport relative to microdialysis sampling. This has a more significant effect on the EE in the muscle than the EE in the adipose. Both the delivery and no-net-flux methods can be used to calibrate microdialysis probes in the muscle and adipose.     

Simultaneous liquid chromatographic determination of 39 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor and outdoor air and application to a survey on indoor air pollution in Fuji, Japan

An analytical method was established for the simultaneous determination of 39 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air. The method was applied to a survey of gaseous and particulate PAHs in household indoor air. The survey was performed in 21 houses in the summer of 1999 and in 20 houses in the winter of 1999-2000 in Fuji, Japan. Thirty-eight PAHs were determined in indoor and outdoor air in the summer, and 39 PAHs were determined in indoor and outdoor air in the winter. The concentrations of gaseous PAHs in indoor air tended to be higher than those in outdoor air in the summer and winter. The concentrations of particulate PAHs in indoor air were the same as or lower than those in outdoor air in the summer and winter. PAH profiles, correlations between PAH concentrations, and multiple regression analysis were used to determine the factors affecting the indoor PAH concentrations. These results showed that gaseous PAHs in indoor air were primarily from indoor emission sources, especially during the summer, and that indoor particulate PAH concentrations were significantly influenced by outdoor air pollution.     

The heat of dissolution of uranyl nitrate in aqueous nitrate solutions

Conclusions A model has been suggested to explain the observed relationship between the measured heats of dissolution of uranyl nitrate in aqueous nitrate solutions and the concentration of the salting-out agent. The model describes the change in the structure of water in the solution with change in its concentration. On the one hand, a destruction of the water structure by ions occurs, which is weakened with increase in the distance from the ion, and leads to such irregularity in the distribution of water molecules in the solution that the mean number of molecules of water in unit volume is increased with increase in the distance from the ions. In experiments on the heat of dissolution this increase leads to increased hydration of the uranyl cation and reduction in the endothermicity of the dissolution with increase in the concentration of the solution. On the other hand, an interaction occurs between the ions of the salting-out agent and the water molecules in the solution, leading to the opposite result: There is an increase in the mean number of water molecules of the solution in unit volume in the direction of these ions. In experiments on the heat of dissolution this is revealed in the dehydration of the uranyl cation, and correspondingly in an increase in the endothermicity of the dissolution with increase in the concentration of the solution. The proposed model is in harmony with data on vapor pressure above the solutions (the relationship between the activity coefficient of the water and the concentration of the solution).Translated from Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii. Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 143–150, March–April. 1962     

γ-irradiation of polypropylene in vacuum and in air

Polypropylene films were irradiated with ⁶⁰Co γ-rays in vacuum or in air and stored in air. Just after irradiation, the concentration of carbonyl group of the sample irradiated in air only increased with dose. The concentrations of both samples increased with storage time. The more the absorbed doses, the higher the increasing rates. The increasing rate of the concentration of carbonyl group during irradiation in air was higher than those during storage in air. Just after irradiation, the tensile strengths and the elongations of the both samples somewhat increased with dose at the doses less than 5 Mrad, but decreased at doses more than 13 Mrad. The tensile strength and the elongation of the sample irradiated in air decreased with storage time. Those of the sample irradiated in vacuum also decreased with storage time but the decreasing rates were much smaller than those in the sample irradiated in air. The gel fractions of the samples irradiated in vacuum and annealed in vacuum were somewhat higher than those irradiated in vacuum and not annealed. To elucidate high oxidation rate in the sample irradiated in air during and after irradiation, reaction mechanisms were discussed. To clarify the difference of mechanical properties between the samples irradiated in vacuum and in air, the effect of crosslink was considered, together with the oxidation.     

CLIMATIC CHANGE SINCE LITTLE ICE AGE RECORDED BY DUNDE ICE CAP

The climatic change since the Little Ice Age recorded in the Dunde Ice Cap is presentedin this paper. There have been three cold periods and three warm periods since 1400AD.Among them, the coldest one was in the 17th century. Many evidences verified the three coldand warm variations recorded in the Dundc Ice Cap. But it was found from the comparison between the Dunde Icc Cap climatic record and thewinter temperature record in Shanghai that there was a temporal dfference in climatic changebetween East China and West China. The general trend is that the cooling and warmingprocesses in West China were earlier than that in East China. In the Dunde Ice Cap, it isnow in an anomalous warm period, while it is not as warm as in Dunde Ice Cap recordaccording to the winter temperature in Shanghai. In addition to the possible cause of temporaldifference in climatic change between West China and East China, another possible cause isthat the greenhouse effect of CO_2 may already be recognizable in the Dunde Ice Cap a     

Vibronic interactions and possible electron pairing in the photoinduced excited electronic States in molecular systems: a theoretical study

Electron-phonon interactions in the photoinduced excited electronic states in molecular systems such as phenanthrene-edge-type hydrocarbons are discussed and compared with those in the monoanions and cations. The complete phase patterns difference between the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO) (the atomic orbitals between two neighboring carbon atoms combined in phase (out of phase) in the HOMO are combined out of phase (in phase) in the LUMO) are the main reason that the C-C stretching modes around 1500 cm(-1) afford much larger electron-phonon coupling constants in the excited electronic states than in the charged electronic states. The frequencies of the vibrational modes that play an essential role in the electron-phonon interactions for the excited electronic states are similar to those for the monoanions and cations in phenanthrene-edge-type hydrocarbons. Possible electron pairing and Bose-Einstein condensation in the photoinduced excited electronic states as well as those in the monoanions and cations in molecular systems such as phenanthrene-edge-type hydrocarbons are also discussed.     

Alteration in photosystem II photochemistry of thylakoids isolated from senescing leaves of wheat seedlings

Wheat seedlings, grown for 7 days in the light, were allowed to senesce in the light or dark, and the change in the photosystem II (PS II) photochemistry of chloroplasts isolated from the primary leaves of these seedlings was investigated. The decrease in oxygen evolution and the fast fluorescence results indicated that the impairment of PS II in the leaves of seedlings senescing in the light was different from that in the leaves of seedlings senescing in the dark. Thermoluminescence studies showed a structural modification in the Q_B protein of chloroplasts isolated from leaves senescing in the light and an alteration in the S state transition of chloroplasts isolated from leaves senescing in the dark.     

Weak-to-strong confinement transition of semi-flexible macromolecules in slit and in channel

We compare confinement of stiff macromolecule in channel and in slit. Whereas in the channel a distinct and established transition exists, we elucidate here an ongoing controversy reported from previous experiment and simulation on existence of such transition in the slit. Our extensive molecular simulations in both geometries show only a very weak conformational crossover between moderate and strong confinements in slit in the same range of confinements where the distinct transition in channel is observed. In contrast to situation in channels relatively stable hairpin-like structures are not indicated around this weak transition in the slit. Observed difference from the prediction on behavior in blob regime under moderate confinement is explained by a crossover between dimensionalities in the slit and the extent of ideal conformation statistics to which the stiffer chains are prone. The strong confinement regime of stiff chain in slit characterized here has not been interpreted yet and it differs from the respective saturation-like Odijk regime in the channel.     

POLARIZED TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE SPECTRA OF PHYCOBILISOMES ISOLATED FROM Tolypothrix tenuis EMBEDDED IN POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) FILM

–Time-resolved fluorescence spectra in the ps time range were measured on phycobilisome (PBS) embedded in poly(vinyl alcohol) films. The cyanobacterium Tolypothrix tenuis was used as a source of PBS because the pigment composition and the structure of the PBS are well defined. Isotropic PBS in the unstretched film and PBS uniaxially oriented in the stretched film were investigated. Diameters of PBS hemidiscs were oriented parallel to the film-stretching direction. The time-resolved fluorescence spectra of the unstretched sample and of the two polarized components in the stretched samples showed several differences in the rise and decay. The delay time, estimated from the time span between the maximum laser pulse and maximal intensity of the phycocyanin and allophycocyanin fluorescence, was much longer than that reported in the aqueous media. This suggests occurrence of a higher thermal deactivation of PBS in polymer film than in aqueous media. The excitation energy transfer from excited phycocrythrin to allophycocyanin was more efficient in the unstretched than in the stretched samples, and it was greater in the parallel polarized component of the stretched sample than in the perpendicular component. The present results are in agreement with a previous suggestion which states that there are two independent pathways of excitation energy transfer in PBS and that there is more than one final emitter of fluorescence. The molecules taking part in various pathways of energy transfer differ in their orientation within PBS.     

Grand canonical ensemble molecular dynamics simulation of water solubility in polyamide-6,6

Grand canonical ensemble molecular dynamics simulation is employed to calculate the solubility of water in polyamide-6,6. It is shown that performing two separate simulations, one in the polymeric phase and one in the gaseous phase, is sufficient to find the phase coexistence point. In this method, the chemical potential of water in the polymer phase is expanded as a first-order Taylor series in terms of pressure. Knowing the chemical potential of water in the polymer phase in terms of pressure, another simulation for water in the gaseous phase, in the grand canonical ensemble, is done in which the target chemical potential is set in terms of pressure in the gas phase. The phase coexistence point can easily be calculated from the results of these two independent simulations. Our calculated sorption isotherms and solubility coefficients of water in polyamide-6,6, over a wide range of temperatures and pressures, agree with experimental data.