海产品油脂中无机砷提取方法的优化研究

目前海产品中测定无机砷的主要方法是原子荧光光谱法,而无机砷的提取是至关重要的一步。本文在GB 5009.11-2014的基础上,综合了水浴和超声波振荡两种提取方法,选择6mol·L~(-1)的盐酸作为浸提液,建立了盐酸浸提-水浴超声提取法,进一步优化了试样的提取方法,以满足海产品中无机砷含量准确测定的需要。试验结果发现,水浴超声提取法是一种新的适用于海洋性动物油脂的无机砷检测的预处理方法,样品的加标回收率和精密度均要高于水浴振荡法。海产品油脂中无机砷的最佳提取条件为:60℃水浴下超声提取1h。     

液相色谱-原子荧光光谱法测定海参中的无机砷

建立了液相色谱-原子荧光光谱法测定海参中无机砷的方法。结果表明,AsⅢ和AsⅤ溶液在0~100 ng/m L浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.999,检出限分别为0.03 mg/kg和0.04 mg/kg,相对标准偏差均小于5%,回收率在88.0%~98.4%之间,各项技术指标均符合标准要求,适用于海参中无机砷的测定。     

液相原子荧光测定裙带菜中无机砷含量的不确定度评定

采用液相原子荧光测定裙带菜中无机砷含量,评定了测定过程的不确定度。通过对重复性实验引入的不确定度、标准物质和配制过程引入的不确定度、标准曲线拟合引入的不确定度、试样的称量质量引入的不确定度、仪器引入的不确定度以及定容体积引入的不确定度的计算,结果表明标准曲线的拟合是影响不确定度的主要因素,其次是重复实验和五价砷标样配制过程引入的不确定度。对某裙带菜待测样品,无机砷含量为0.080 5 mg/kg时,扩展不确定度为0.006 7 mg/kg。     

原子荧光光谱法测定中药材中砷

试样用硝酸加压消解(测总砷),或用盐酸(1+1)溶液在60℃浸取(测无机砷)。以硫脲溶液作为预还原剂,以硼氢化钾溶液作为还原剂,利用原子荧光光谱法测定中药材中砷的含量。分析中采用载气及屏蔽气的流量依次为400mL·min-1及900mL·min-1。砷(Ⅲ)的荧光强度与其质量浓度在80.0μg·L-1以内呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s/k)为31ng·L-1。应用此法对中药材样品进行分析,样品中总砷测定值在139～372ng·g-1之间,加标回收率在89.0%～93.3%之间;无机砷测定值在41～103ng·g-1之间,加标回收率在86.0%～92.0%之间。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定REACH法规涉及产品中铅、铬、钴、砷、锡、铝、锆、钼和硼

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法对REACH法规涉及产品中铅、铬、钴、砷、锡、铝、锆、钼和硼的含量进行测定。0.2g样品经微波消解处理,聚合物材质试样以8mL硝酸和2mL过氧化氢为消解试剂;无机非金属材质试样以6mL硝酸、2mL过氧化氢和2mL氢氟酸为消解试剂。各元素的方法检出限均低于15mg·kg-1。方法的加标回收率在82.4%～108%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=7)在3%～6%之间。     

HPLC-AFS法分析海藻类产品中的As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)

建立了分析海藻类产品中2种无机砷价态的高效液相色谱-原子荧光光谱（HPLC-AFS）联用的分析方法. 样品经稀硝酸热浸提后离心,取上清液过C₁₈小柱及0.22 μm滤膜,进样分析. 结果表明:2种无机砷在5.0~100.0 μg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r均大于0.999,As（Ⅲ）的最低定量限为0.01 mg/kg,As（Ⅴ）的最低定量限为0.02 mg/kg,As（Ⅲ）和As（Ⅴ）的样品加标回收率为86.2%~106.5%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为3.47%~6.14%. 方法可满足海藻类产品中2种价态无机砷的含量分析要求.     

动物性食品中无机砷的测定

用原子荧光法测定了动物性食品中的无机砷。结果表明,与国标法测定结果对比,检测结果准确可靠,能缩短水浴时间,试样通过轻度震摇,浸提更充分。该法对于动物源性食品的无机砷的测定更简便、快速、准确,适合动物源性食品的质量控制。     

稀酸微波消解-原子荧光光谱法测定大米中总砷

为降低消解过程中硝酸使用量,满足重金属元素前处理“绿色”、“环保”的要求,本研究建立了测定大米中总砷含量的稀酸微波消解-原子荧光光谱法。通过单因素实验考察了硝酸浓度、过氧化氢体积、样品称取量和稀硝酸体积用量等对大米总砷测定的影响,得到最佳消解条件,最后应用建立的方法对市售20批大米进行测定。结果表明：最佳消解液组成为20%硝酸5 mL + 过氧化氢2.5 mL,总砷在0~20 μg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数R2在0.998以上,检出限为0.0022 mg/kg,加标回收率变化范围为96.6%~102.8%,相对标准偏差（relative standard deviation, RSD）为3.6%。采用建立的方法对大米成分标准物质和实际样品测定,并与浓硝酸微波消解法及GB 5009.11-2014《食品中总砷及无机砷的测定》中干灰化法比较,结果一致（P > 0.05）。20批市售大米总砷含量范围为0.026~0.247 mg/kg,其中糙米平均含量高于精白米。该方法操作简便,重现性好,灵敏度、精密度、准确度高,适合在基层实验室推广应用。     

AB-DTPA浸提-原子荧光法测定土壤中有效砷和有效硒

硒和砷是土壤中重要元素,目前关于提取测定有效硒和有效砷的报道还比较缺乏。本文采用原子荧光光谱法,以AB-DTPA为浸提剂,建立了一种准确测定本地区土壤中有效硒和有效砷的分析方法。通过考察浸提剂加入量,即土液比（m/v）;浸提时的振荡时间和振荡频率的影响,确立了适用于本地区土壤有效硒和有效砷提取分析的有效方法,结果表明：随着浸提剂的不断加入,所测土壤中有效硒和有效砷含量逐渐增大,当土壤称样量和浸提剂使用体积比为1:5时,所测土壤有效硒和有效砷含量最高,继续加入浸提剂后形成稀释效应导致测量结果偏低,故将土液比（m/v）定位1:5;当振荡时间不断增大时,所测所测土壤中有效硒和有效砷含量逐渐增大,振荡时间在30min时,浸提效果最佳,继续增加振荡时间到50min时对浸提效果影响不大,故将30min确立为最佳振荡时间;随着振荡频率的增大,有效硒和有效砷提取量逐渐增加,振荡频率在90-130r/min之间时,浸提效果最好,继续增大振荡频率,所测土壤中有效硒和有效砷含量变化不大。通过上述条件探索,选取五种土壤标准物质（GBW07441,GBW07442,GBW07443,GBW07444,GBW07445）进行验证,结果表明五种不同的土壤标准物质中有效硒和有效砷含量测定值准确,测定误差在-2.84~1.03mg/Kg,相对标准偏差为5.32%~8.85%,精密度和准确度均满足国家相关标准要求。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定北虫草中总硒和无机硒

北虫草试样经硝酸-高氯酸(5+1)混合酸消解,用原子荧光光谱法测定总硒的含量;北虫草试样用盐酸浸提,用原子荧光光谱法测定无机硒的含量。使用溶于5g.L-1氢氧化钾溶液中的20g.L-1硼氢化钾溶液使与溶液中硒离子反应生成氢化物。分析中采用载气及屏蔽气的流量依次为500mL.min-1及1 000mL.min-1。荧光强度与硒的质量浓度在100μg·L-1以内呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s/k)为0.2μg·L-1。应用此法测定北虫草中硒的含量,总砷测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)在3.4%～3.9%之间,无机硒的平均回收率为103%。     

A method for rapid determination of arsenic species in vegetables using microwave‐assisted extraction followed by detection with HPLC hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry

Driven by the significant need for characterization of the chemical speciation of arsenic in food, this work developed a method for rapid determination of four common arsenic species, namely, arsenite, arsenate, monomethyl arsenic acid, and dimethyl arsenic acid, in vegetables using microwave‐assisted extraction, followed by detection with high‐performance liquid chromatography hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry. Initial screening results showed that microwave‐assisted extraction using 1% HNO₃ exhibited the highest overall efficiencies for all arsenic species without causing significant degradation of the organic ones. With the aid of response surface methodology, the optimum conditions established for extraction of arsenic species from vegetables were: 500 mg of freeze‐dried vegetable sample, extracted by closed vessel microwave‐assisted extraction using 10 mL of 2% v/v HNO₃ at 90°C for 17 min. Application of the method in the analysis of 24 market vegetable samples indicates that the extraction efficiencies for total arsenic species were in the range of 91.4–106%. Arsenite and arsenate were found to be the predominant arsenic species in the vegetables, which suggests that vegetable consumption could be an important route of inorganic arsenic exposure for the population with a heavy vegetable diet in arsenic polluted regions.     

Solidification of floating organic droplet microextraction for determination of seven insecticides in fruit juice,vegetables and agricultural runoff using gas chromatography with flame ionization and mass spectrometry detection

Liquid microextraction employing solidification of the floating organic droplet, with vortexing and heating to optimize extraction efficiency, was developed for the determination of seven insecticides in fruit juice, vegetables, and agricultural runoff water. The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography with both flame ionization and mass spectrometry detection for the determination of chlorpyrifos, prothiofos, profenofos, ethion, λ‐cyhalothrin, permethrin, and cypermethrin, respectively. Using 20 μL of 1‐undecanol in 10 mL of aqueous solution containing 1% w/v sodium chloride provided preconcentration factor of 500. The enrichment factor of the analytes was in the range of 355 to 509 with extraction recovery >71%. The linearity ranges were 4–200 μg/kg for gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and 1–100 μg/kg for gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, with limits of detection ranging from 0.04 to 1.2 μg/kg, which are lower than the international maximum residue limits for vegetables and fruit juice. Intra‐day and inter‐day precisions are less than 5.4 and 7.0% relative standard deviation, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of the seven insecticides in samples of vegetables, fruit juice and agricultural runoff, with recoveries ranging from 61.7 to 120.8%. The extraction method is simple, efficient and environmentally friendly.     

Determination of fluquinconazole, pyrimethanil, and clofentezine residues in fruits by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

A simple method was developed for the determination of fluquinconazole, pyrimethanil, and clofentezine in whole fruit; peel; and pulp of mango, apple, and papaya. These compounds were extracted from fruit samples with a mixture of ethyl acetate-n-hexane (1 + 1, v/v). An aliquot (2 mL) of the extract was evaporated to near dryness under a stream of nitrogen, and the residue was dissolved with 2 mL methanol. The analysis was performed by means of liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection at 254 nm using a gradient solvent system. The method was validated with fortified fruit samples at concentration levels of 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, and 0.50 mg/kg. Average recoveries (4-8 replicates) ranged from 80 to 95% with relative standard deviations between 3.5 and 12.7%. Detection limits ranged from 0.03 to 0.05 mg/kg for fruit pulp and 0.03 mg/kg for whole fruit. The quantitation limits ranged from 0.05 to 0.10 mg/kg for fruit pulp and 0.05 mg/kg for whole fruit. The analytical method was applied to fruit samples obtained from local markets.     

Determination of inorganic arsenic in marine food samples by hydrochloric acid distillation and flow-injection hydride-generation atomic absorption spectrometry.

A simple, rapid, and reliable method was developed for determination of inorganic As in biological samples such as fish fillet. Inorganic AS was distilled from the sample as AsCl3 with HCl. The separated inorganic AS was determined by flow-injection hydride-generation atomic absorption spectrometry after prereduction with KI and HCl. The influences of various concentrations of KI, ascorbic acid, and HCl in the prereduction stage; NaBH4 as the reductant; and HCl as the carrier solution on analytical results were studied. Digestion was performed in a Kjeldahl digestion system for 75 min with 4 mL nitric acid and 1 mL sulfuric acid at 380 degrees C. The concentrations of inorganic As in samples were less than 0.1 mg/kg dry weight for fish fillet and somewhat higher for crustaceans and bivalve molluscs. The total and inorganic As contents of various marine biological samples and certified reference materials were determined.     

水为载流-原子荧光光谱法同时测定土壤中痕量砷、汞

改变原子荧光光谱法以稀酸为载流的进样方式,以水为载流在新型双道原子荧光光谱仪上同时测定了土壤中的痕量砷(As)、汞(Hg)。方法采用王水水浴加热溶解样品,用50 g/L硫脲-抗坏血酸混合溶液预先将砷还原为+3价,保持10%(体积分数)以上盐酸浓度,不转移直接定容静置后测定。优化了仪器工作条件,详细考察了以水为载流测定的可行性,选择了同时测定As、Hg所需的硼氢化钾浓度和盐酸浓度。方法节省了酸试剂用量,操作快速,单个样品测定仅需20s左右。方法检出限As为0.005 mg/kg,Hg为0.0008 mg/kg,相对标准偏差(RSD%,n=7)在1.0%～7.4%,经土壤国家标准物质和实际样品验证,适合土壤中痕量As、Hg的同时快速测定。     

水载流-原子荧光光谱法同时测定土壤中痕量砷、汞

改变原子荧光光谱法以稀酸为载流的进样方式,以水为载流在新型双道原子荧光光谱仪上同时测定了土壤中的痕量砷(As)、汞(Hg).采用王水水浴加热溶解样品,用50 g/L硫脲-抗坏血酸混合溶液预先将砷还原为As(Ⅲ),保持10％(体积分数)以上盐酸浓度,不转移直接定容静置后测定.优化了仪器工作条件,详细考察了以水为载流测定的...     

水果蔬菜中多种杀菌剂的基质固相分散液相色谱测定方法研究

采用基质固相分散(MSPD)代替液液分配和固相萃取,从蔬菜水果中提取、净化10种常用杀菌剂农药残留,用C18硅胶交联剂作为固相吸附剂,乙酸乙酯作为洗脱液,用HPLC/PDA和LC-MS进行分析检测。10种杀菌剂在0.5~5 mg/kg含量的添加回收率在65%~110%之间,相对标准偏差小于10%,使用HPLC、PDA和LC-MS的检出限分别在0.02~0.2 mg/kg和0.002~0.01 mg/kg之间。该方法节省溶剂,提取和净化一步完成,适用于新鲜水果和蔬菜中10种杀菌剂的残留分析。     

HPLC-HG-ICP-MS: a sensitive and selective method for inorganic arsenic in seafood

The addition of an online post-column hydride generation (HG) step to the commonly used high-performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) setup for arsenic speciation proved to significantly improve the detection limits for the determination of inorganic arsenic (iAs) as arsenate in seafood samples, where the limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be 0.0004 and 0.0014?mg?kg(-1), respectively with HG. HG as an additional step further added to the selectivity of the determination of the iAs species and increased the detection and quantification of low levels of iAs (<0.002?mg?kg(-1)) in samples with complicated matrices.     

高效液相色谱法同时测定蔬菜水果中的12种农药残留

建立了同时测定蔬菜水果中12种农药残留的反相高效液相色谱分析方法。将样品捣碎,用乙酸乙酯超声提取,经Florisil固相萃取柱净化、正己烷-二氯甲烷(体积比为1∶1)洗脱、氮气吹干、甲醇溶解并定容后,采用高效液相色谱柱分离、紫外检测,以外标法定量。结果表明：12种农药标准曲线的线性相关系数范围为0.9985~0.9999;检测限为0.14~2.65 ng;在水果中的平均加标回收率为62.2%~118.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.56%~11.8%;在蔬菜中的平均加标回收率为52.1%~124.6%,RSD为0.89%~18.4%。用所建立的方法成功地测定了白菜、莲白、黄瓜、苹果、梨等40份样品中的农药残留。方法具有快速、简便、准确、灵敏、重现性较好的特点,适合于蔬菜水果样品中多种微量农药残留的测定。     

Determination of Inorganic and Total Arsenic in Wines by Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

A method is described for the determination of inorganic arsenic species and total arsenic in wines by means of hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS). Simple ethanol evaporation is the only pretreatment procedure proposed for wine samples prior to direct measurement of inorganic arsenic (AsIII) and As(V) species by HGAAS. The total arsenic content is determined after microwave digestion of the wine samples. The optimal parameters for the microwave digestion procedure and the next HGAAS measurement of arsenic are established. The detection limits achieved are 0.1µgL^–1 for inorganic and total arsenic determination. The relative standard deviation for both procedures and for ten independent determinations varied between 8 and 15% for arsenic species in the range of 1–30µgL^–1. The accuracy of the procedure for total arsenic determination was proved by comparative analysis using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry.