Prevention of thermal bending of multilayered beams and plates

A method is described to prevent bending in multilayered beams and plates of different isotropic materials with uniform and nonuniform temperature distribution through the thickness. The method involved the addition of an extra layer to the multilayered beams or plates. With the proper selection of the thermoelastic properties, the added layer would eliminate the curvature produced prior to this addition. A complete analysis for the determination of the various thermoelastic parameters of the extra layer was made. In addition, to ensure that the multilayered beams and plates actually remained straight, a thermoelastic analysis was performed for the solution of thermal stresses and strains in the laminate. The results gave assurance to the straightness of the laminate since the calculated strains have the same value throughout the thickness. The solutions are valid for any given uniform temperature change and for any given nonlinear temperature distribution through the thickness of the multilayered beams and plates. Several numerical examples are presented that illustrate the application of the method for various temperature distributions. A simple experiment was conducted that showed the validity of the analytical method. A brass strip was added to a bimetalic strip made of aluminum and steel at room temperature. The thickness of the brass strip was calculated from the theory to prevent bending. The trimetal strip was placed in a furnace and, as expected, it remained straight for varying temperatures.     

Thermoelastic stress analysis of multilayered films in a micro-thermoelectric cooling device

This paper presents an analytical solution for the thermoelastic stress in a typical in-plane’s thin-film micro-thermoelectric cooling device under different operating conditions. The distributions of the permissible temperature fields in multilayered thin-films are analytically obtained, and the characteristics, including maximum temperature difference and maximum refrigerating output of the thermoelectric device, are discussed for two operating conditions. Analytical expressions of the thermoelastic stresses in the layered thermoelectric thin-films induced by the temperature difference are formulated based on the theory of multilayer system. The results demonstrate that, the geometric dimension is a significant factor which remarkably affects the thermoelastic stresses. The stress distributions in layers of semiconductor thermoelements, insulating and supporting membrane show distinctly different features. The present work may profitably guide the optimization design of high-efficiency micro-thermoelectric cooling devices.     

Wave propagation in magneto-electro-elastic multilayered plates

An analytical treatment is presented for the propagation of harmonic waves in magneto-electro-elastic multilayered plates, where the general anisotropic and three-phase coupled constitutive equations are used. The state-vector approach is employed to derive the propagator matrix which connects the field variables at the upper interface to those at the lower interface of each layer. The global propagator matrix is obtained by propagating the solution in each layer from the bottom of the layered plate to the top using the continuity conditions of the field variables across the interfaces. From the global propagator matrix, we finally obtain the dispersion relation by imposing the traction-free boundary condition on the top and bottom surfaces of the layered plate. Dispersion curves, modal shapes, and natural frequencies are presented for layered plates made of orthotropic elastic (graphite–epoxy), transversely isotropic PZT-5A, piezoelectric BaTiO₃ and magnetostrictive CoFe₂O₄ materials. While the numerical results show clearly the influence of different stacking sequences as well as material properties on the field response, the general methodology presented in the paper could be useful to the analysis and design of layered composites made of smart piezoelectric and piezomagnetic materials.     

Effect of negative permeability on elastic wave propagation in magnetoelastic multilayered composites

With the advent of left-handed magnetic materials, it is desirable to develop high-performance wave devices based on their novel properties of wave propagation. This letter reports the special properties of elastic wave propagation in magnetoelastic multilayered composites with negative permeability as comparecd to those in counterpart structures with positlve permeability. These novel properties of elastic waves are discerned from the diversified dispersion curves, which represent the propagation and attenuation characteristics of elastic waves. To compute these dispersion curves, the method of reverberation-ray matrix is extended for the analysis of elastic waves in magnctoelastic multilayered composites. Although only the results of a single piezomagnetic and a binary magnetoelastic layers with mechanically free and magnetically short surfaces as well as pelrfect interface are illustrated in the numerical examples, the analysis is applicable lo magnetoelastic multilayered structures with other kinds of boundaries/interfaces.     

Effect of rotation in generalized thermoelastic solid under the influence of gravity with an overlying infinite thermoelastic fluid

The present problem is concerned with the study of deformation of a rotating generalized thermoelastic solid with an overlying infinite thermoelastic fluid due to different forces acting along the interface under the influence of gravity.The components of displacement,force stress,and temperature distribution are first obtained in Laplace and Fourier domains by applying integral transforms,and then obtained in the physical domain by applying a numerical inversion method.Some particular cases are also discussed in the context of the problem.The results are also presented graphically to show the effect of rotation and gravity in the medium.     

A new approach for developing dynamic theories for structural elements : Part 2: Application to thermoelastic layered composites

In this study a continuum theory is proposed which predicts the dynamic behavior of thermoelastic layered composites consisting of two alternating layers. In constructing the theory, it is noted that the governing equations for a single layer, derived in Part I, hold in each phase of the layered composite. The theory is completed by supplementing these equations with continuity conditions and using a smoothing operation. The derivation of the continuity conditions is based on the assumption that the layers are perfectly bonded at interfaces. To assess the theory, spectra from the exact and the derived theory are compared for waves propagating in various directions of the composite. The match between the two is excellent. For waves propagating normal to layering the theory predicts both the banded and periodic structure of the spectra. The region of validity of the theory on the wave number-frequency plane can be enlargened by increasing the orders of the theory and the continuity conditions.     

Dynamic investigation of a functionally graded layered structure with a crack crossing the interface

The dynamic response of a functionally graded layered structure with a crack crossing the interface is analyzed. The in-plane impact loading condition is considered. By using the Laplace and Fourier integral transforms, singular integral equation method and residue theory, the present problem is reduced to a singular integral equation in the Laplace transform domain. The influences of Young’s modulus ratio, thickness ratio, and crack length and location on the dynamic stress intensity factors (DSIFs) are investigated. Particularly, the DSIFs corresponding to different crack locations are shown in the case when the crack center moves from one layer to another layer through the interface. The peak and static values and overshoot characteristics of the DSIFs are analyzed. It is found that these values typically exhibit kinking behavior when the crack tips arrive at the interface. This study is different from previous other investigations in the following respects: (1) the dynamic response of a crack crossing the interface of a functionally graded structure is studied analytically, which has hardly been done in the past and (2) the present model can be reduced to some important problems, such as a functionally graded coating-substrate structure with a crack in the graded coating or homogeneous substrate or one intersecting the interface.     

一种用于层状结构模型的先进计算方法

提出一种针对层状结构模型的先进计算方法。研究的层状结构通常为水平层状板或者层状半空间,结构由横观各向同性（TI）材料组成,材料对称轴指向分层方向。本文方法可以考虑材料的多场耦合特性,即热弹性、多孔弹性和磁电弹性耦合。基于最近提出的傅立叶-贝塞尔级数（FBS）向量函数系和双变量/位置（DVP）方法,建立了本文的先进计算方法。DVP能够无条件稳定地将层矩阵从一层传播到下一层。FBS向量函数系具有以下特点,（1）反映了具有明确类型的广义变形/波,（2）将展开系数预先计算为Love数,然后将其用于涉及问题的模拟。层状地球中的断层（或位错）作用、土-结构相互作用以及近地表地球剖面中的瞬态波等三个典型算例,证明了提出方法的准确性和有效性。     

Dynamic Green’s Functions for an Anisotropic Multilayered Poroelastic Half-Space

The dynamic responses of an anisotropic multilayered poroelastic half-space to a point load or a fluid source are studied based on Stroh formalism and Fourier transforms. Taking the boundary conditions and the continuity of the materials into consideration, the three-dimensional Green’s functions of generalized concentrated forces (force and fluid source) applied at the free surface, interface and in the interior of a layer are derived in the Fourier transformed domain, respectively. The actual solutions in the frequency domain can further be acquired by inverting the Fourier transform. Finally, numerical examples are carried out to verify the presented theory and discuss the Green’s fields due to three cases of a concentrated force or a fluid source applied at three different locations for an anisotropic multilayered poroelastic half-space.

     

Generalized solutions of transient thermal shock problem with bounded boundaries

In this work, the generalized thermoelastic solutions with bounded boundaries for the transient shock problem are proposed by an asymptotic method. The governing equations are taken in the context of the generalized thermoelasticity with one relaxation time (L–S theory). The general solutions for any set of boundary conditions are obtained in the physical domain by the Laplace transform techniques. The corresponding asymptotic solutions for a thin plate with finite thickness, subjected to different sudden temperature rises in its two boundaries, are obtained by means of the limit theorem of Laplace transform. In the context of these asymptotic solutions, two specific problems with different boundary conditions have been conducted. The distributions of displacement, temperature and stresses, as well as the propagations, intersections and reflections of two elastic waves, named as thermoelastic wave and thermal wave separately, are obtained and plotted. These results are agreed with the results obtained in the existing literatures.     

Three-dimensional coupled numerical model of creeping flow of viscous fluid

A three-dimensional coupled numerical model is developed to describe creeping flow in a computational domain that consists of a thick viscous layer overlaid with a thin multilayered viscous sheet. The density of the sheet is assumed to be lower than that of the layer. The model couples the Stokes equations describing the flow in the layer and the Reynolds equations describing the flow in the sheet. We investigate the long-time behavior of the flow in the sheet by using an asymptotic method and derive an ordinary differential equation for the sheet boundary displacements and the velocities at the interface between the sheet and the layer. The Stokes and Reynolds equations are coupled by applying the resulting equation as an internal boundary condition. Numerical implementation is based on a modified finite element method combined with the projection gradient method. The computational domain is discretized into rectangular hexahedra. Piecewise square basis functions are used. The model proposed enables different-type hydrodynamic equations to be coupled without any iterative improvements. As a result, the computational costs are reduced significantly in comparison with available coupled models. Numerical experiments confirm that the three-dimensional coupled model developed is of good accuracy.     

Stress analysis of a layered elastic solid in contact with a rough surface exhibiting fractal behavior

A contact stress analysis is presented for a layered elastic half-space in contact with a rough surface exhibiting self-affine (fractal) behavior. Relationships for the mean contact pressure versus representative strain and the real half-contact width versus elastic properties of the layer and the substrate, asperity radius, layer thickness, and truncated half-contact width were derived from finite element simulations of a layered medium compressed elastically by a rigid cylindrical asperity. These relationships were incorporated in a numerical algorithm that was used to obtain the contact pressure distributions and stresses generated by the asperity contacts formed at the interface of the layered medium and the fractal surface. Analytical solutions illustrate the significance of the elastic material properties, layer thickness, and surface topography (roughness) on global parameters such as normal load and real contact area. Results for the contact pressure distribution and the surface and subsurface stresses provide insight into the initiation of yielding and the tendency for cracking in the layered medium. It is shown that cracking at the surface and the layer/substrate interface is more likely to occur in the case of a stiff layer, whereas surface cracking is more prominent for a relatively compliant layer.     

初应力对压电层状结构声表面波传播性能的影响

研究了压电层状结构中初应力对广义Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ波传播相速度和机电耦合性能的影响,通过求解含初应力的运动微分方程,对自由界面电学开路和短路两种情况得到了相应的相速度方程。给出了具体的数值算例,所得结果对于提高和改善声表面波器件性能有参考意义。     

Propagation of plane waves in thermoelastic cubic crystal material with two relaxation times

A problem concerned with the reflection and refraction of thermoelastic plane waves at an imperfect interface between two generalized thermally conducting cubic crystal solid half-spaces of different elastic and thermal properties with two relaxation times has been investigated. The generalized thermoelastic theory with two relaxation times developed by Green and Lindsay has been used to study the problem. The expressions for the reflection and refraction coefficients which are the ratios of the amplitudes of reflected and refracted waves to the amplitude of incident waves are obtained for an imperfect boundary and deduced for normal stiffness, transverse stiffness, thermal contact conductance, slip and welded boundaries. Amplitude ratios of different reflected and refracted waves for different boundaries with angle of emergence have been compared graphically for different incident waves. It is observed that the amplitude ratios of reflected and refracted waves are affected by the stiffness and thermal properties of the media.     

Dynamic stress intensity factors for two parallel interface cracks between a nonhomogeneous bonding layer and two dissimilar elastic half-planes subject to an impact load

Some composite materials are constructed of two dissimilar half-planes bonded by a nonhomogeneous elastic layer. In the present study, a crack is situated at the interface between the upper half-plane and the bonding layer of such a material, and another crack is located at the interface between the lower half-plane and the bonding layer. The material properties of the bonding layer vary continuously from those of the lower half-plane to those of the upper half-plane. Incoming shock stress waves impinge upon the two interface cracks normal to their surfaces. Fourier transformations were used to reduce the boundary conditions for the cracks to two pairs of dual integral equations in the Laplace domain. To solve these equations, the differences in the crack surface displacements were expanded in a series of functions that are zero-valued outside the cracks. The unknown coefficients in the series were solved using the Schmidt method so as to satisfy the conditions inside the cracks. The stress intensity factors were defined in the Laplace domain and were inverted numerically to physical space. Dynamic stress intensity factors were calculated numerically for selected crack configurations.     

层状弹性半空间轴对称动力问题的奇异解

本文利用Laplace-Hankel联合变换及传播矩阵技术导出了任意层数的层状弹性半空间轴对称动力问题时域奇异解的一般解析表达式,并给出了奇异解数值化实施的计算方法。文末的实例计算表明了本文给出解答的正确性以及数值化实施的可靠性,从而为进一步用边界元法直接解决由于层状介质而引起的非匀质动力问题开拓了一条潜在的途径。     

Wave propagation at interface of heat conducting micropolar solid and fluid media

The present investigation is concerned with the wave propagation at an interface of a micropolar generalized thermoelastic solid half space and a heat conducting micropolar fluid half space. Reflection and transmission phenomena of plane waves are investigated, which impinge obliquely at the plane interface between a micropolar generalized thermoelastic solid half space and a heat conducting micropolar fluid half space.The incident wave is assumed to be striking at the interface after propagating through the micropolar generalized thermoelastic solid. The amplitude ratios of various reflected and transmitted waves are obtained in a closed form. It is found that they are a function of the angle of incidence and frequency and are affected by the elastic properties of the media. Micropolarity and thermal relaxation effects are shown on the amplitude ratios for a specific model. The results of some earlier literatures are also deduced from the present investigation.     

Propagation of Love waves in a functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM) layered composite system

In this theoretical study, we investigate the propagation of Love waves in a layered structure consisting of two different homogenous piezoelectric materials, an upper layer and a substrate. A functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM) buffer layer is in between the upper layer and the substrate. We employ the power series technique to solve the governing differential equations with variable coefficients. The influence of the gradient coefficients of FGPM and the layer thicknesses on the dispersion relations, the electro-mechanical coupling factor, and the stress distributions of Love waves in this structure are investigated. We demonstrate that the low gradient coefficient raises the significant variation of the phase velocity within a certain range of ratios of upper layer thickness to equivalent thickness. The electro-mechanical coupling factor can be increased when the equivalent thickness equals one or two wavelengths, and the discontinuity of the interlaminar stress can be eliminated by the FGPM buffer layer. The theoretical results set guidelines not only for the design of high-performance surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices using the FGPM buffer layer, but also for the measurement of material properties in such FGPM layered structures using Love waves.     

Theory of generalized rays for SH-waves in dipping layers

The theory of generalized rays is applied to analyze transient waves in a layered half-space with non-parallel interfaces. The propagation, transmission, reflection, and refraction of SH waves which are generated by a line source in the surface layer of a three-layer model are considered, each of the two overlaying layers having a different dipping angle.Generalized ray integrals for multi-reflected rays in the top layer and for rays that are transmitted into the lower layer and then refracted back into the top layer are formulated by using three rotated coordinate systems, one for each interface, and are expressed in terms of local wave slowness along each interface. Through a series of transformations of the local slownesses, all ray integrals are expressible in a common slowness variable. The arrival time of each ray undergoing multiple reflections and transmissions is then determined from the stationary value of the phase function with common slowness of the ray integral. Inverse Laplace transform of these ray integrals are completed by Cagniard's method.     

Transient thermoelastic waves in an anisotropic hollow cylinder due to localized heating

This paper presents a theoretical study of transient ultrasonic guided waves generated by concentrated heating of the outer surface of an infinite anisotropic hollow circular cylinder. Generalized thermoelastic theory proposed by Lord and Shulman is adopted to model the dynamic thermoelastic behavior of the cylinder. The concentrated heat source model used is to represent heating due to a pulsed laser beam, which is focused on the outer surface of the cylinder. A semi-analytical finite element (SAFE) method is employed to evaluate guided wave modes in the cylinder. Using integral transform techniques, the modal wave forms are obtained in frequency and wave number domains. Time histories of the propagating modes are then calculated by applying inverse Fourier transformation in the time domain. Numerical results showing the dispersion curves for the group velocities of the propagating modes and transient radial displacements are presented. For this purpose it is assumed that the cylinder is made of transversely isotropic silicon nitride (Si₃N₄). Attention is focused on the propagation characteristics of longitudinal and flexural modes separately.