中能核反应中反应平面的确定

介绍并分析了中高能核反应过程中与反应平面相关的可观测量 ,以及确定核反应平面的各种方法 .这些方法包括裂变碎片方位角测量、类弹碎片测量、动量流球形张量、横向动量的方向性、方位角关联和Fourier谐波分析等 . Observables that related to the nuclear reaction plane in intermediate and relativistic energy heavy ion reactions are discussed. Reaction plane determination for intermediate and relativistic energy heavy ion reactions is presented. The methods include fission fragments measurement, projectile-like fragments measurement, kinetic flow-tensor, transverse momentum directivity, azimuthal correlation, Fourier series and etc.     

中能核反应中的集体流

介绍了中高能核反应过程中与集体流相关的可观测量,以及利用这些可观测量分析研究集体流、确定集体流参量的方法.除此而外,还介绍了通过测量分析集体流研究核态方程、介质中核子-核子碰撞截面及中高能核反应动力学发射过程. Observables that related to the flows in intermediate and relativistic energy heavy ion collisions are discussed .The flow parameters which describe directe flow, squeeze out and elliptic flow, as well as probing the equation of state, in medium n n cross section and the dynamical emission are reviewed.     

Impact parameter and beam energy dependence for azimuthal asymmetry of direct photons and free protons in intermediate energy heavy-ion collisions

Hard photon emitted from energetic heavy ion collisions is of very interesting since it does not experience the late-stage nuclear interaction, therefore it is useful to explore the early-stage information of matter phase. In this work, we have calculated the impact parameter and beam energy dependence for azimuthal asymmetry, characterized by directed transverse flow parameter F and elliptic asymmetry coeffcient v2, of direct photons and the corresponding free protons in intermediate energy heavy-ion collisions. It is further shown the anti-correlated azimuthal asymmetry between direct photons and free protons.     

Impact parameter and beam energy dependence for azimuthal asymmetry of direct photons and free protons in intermediate energy heavy-ion collisions

Hard photon emitted from energetic heavy ion collisions is of very interesting since it does not experience the late-stage nuclear interaction, therefore it is useful to explore the early-stage information of matter phase. In this work, we have calculated the impact parameter and beam energy dependence for azimuthal asymmetry, characterized by directed transverse flow parameter F and elliptic asymmetry coefficient v₂, of direct photons and the corresponding free protons in intermediate energy heavy-ion collisions. It is further shown the anti-correlated azimuthal asymmetry between direct photons and free protons.     

Large transverse momentum dilepton and photon production by photoproduction processes

We calculate the production of large transverse momentum dileptons and photons by using direct and resolved photoproduction processes in relativistic heavy ion collisions. Considering the central collisions of heavy nuclei at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energies, we find that the photoproduction processes modify the dilepton and photon production in the large transverse momentum region.     

核物质热力学性质的同位旋和动量相关性

利用3个具有不同的同位旋和动量相关性的热力学模型研究了非对称核物质的热力学性质, 它们是重离子碰撞中同位旋弥散数据约束下的、 同位旋和动量相关的MDI模型, 完全动量无关的MID模型, 以及同位旋标量动量相关的extended MDYI(eMDYI)模型。 主要研究了同位旋非对称热核物质的对称能和系统力、 化学不稳定性以及液气相变的温度效应。 MDI模型对称能的温度效应来源于动能和势能两部分贡献, 而MID和eMDYI模型只有势能部分对对称能的温度效应有贡献。 研究结果还表明, 力学不稳定性区域、 化学不稳定性区域和液气共存区都依赖于模型的同位旋和动量相关性, 以及对称能的密度依赖关系。In this article, three models with different isospin and momentum dependence are used to study the thermodynamical properties of asymmetric nuclear matter. They are isospin and momentum dependent MDI interaction constrained by the isospin diffusion data of heavy ion collision, the momentum independent MID interaction and the isoscalar momentum dependent eMDYI interaction. Temperature effects of symmetry energy, mechanical and chemical instability and liquid gas phase transition are analyzed. It is found that for MDI model the temperature effects of the symmetry energy attribute from both the kinetic and potential energy, while only potential part contributes to the decreasing of the symmetry energy for MID and eMDYI models. We also find that the mechanical instability, chemical instability and liquid gas phase transition are all sensitive to the isospin and momentum dependence and the density dependence of the symmetry energy.     

Two-pion interferometry at small relative momentum for pion sources with transverse and longitudinal expansions in relativistic heavy ion collisions

A two-pion correlation function at small relative momentum for pion sources with transverse and longitudinal expansions in relativistic heavy ion collisions is obtained using two-pion interferometry at small relative momentum, and the relations between the real and apparent parameters of the pion source are given. The relations can be used to extract both the temperature and the transverse and longitudinal expansion velocities of pion sources and to verify the correctness of relativistic transformation T′=T\sqrt {1-v^2} of temperature in relativistic statistical mechanics and thermodynamics.     

Azimuthal correlations between directed and elliptic flow in heavy ion collisions

A method for investigating the azimuthal correlations between directed and elliptic flow in heavy ion collisions is described. The transverse anisotropy of particle emission at AGS energies is investigated within the RQMD model. It is found that the azimuthal correlations between directed and elliptic flow are sensitive to the incident energy and impact parameter. The fluctuations in the     

高动量分布对核反应中原子核的阻止本领的影响

利用同位旋相关的量子分子动力学模型研究了中能重离子碰撞过程中,具有不同中质比的中等质量核碰撞系统的高动量分布对原子核的阻止本领的影响,以及这种影响随入射能量的演化。研究结果表明:对于76Kr+76Kr,88Kr+88Kr碰撞系统,当入射能量较小时高动量分布对原子核的阻止本领影响很小;但当反应能量较大的时候,高动量分布对原子核的阻止本领影响较大,且这种影响随着入射能量和碰撞核质量的增大而增大。对于Ca同位素链的反应系统,高动量分布增大了反应系统的原子核的阻止本领。因此,高动量分布对中等质量核碰撞系统的原子核的阻止本领有重要影响,且与入射能量和碰撞核质量密切相关。Based on the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics model, the effect of high momentum distribution on nuclear stopping in medium mass nuclear collision system is studied with different neutron-proton ratio in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions, and the evolution of this effect with the incident energy. The results show that when the incident energy is small, the high momentum distribution has little effect on the nuclear stopping. However, when the reaction energy is large, the high momentum distribution has a great influence on the nuclear stopping and the influence increases with the increase of incident energy and the mass of collision nucleus. For the Ca isotopes reaction system, high momentum distribution increases the nuclear stopping of the reaction system. Therefore, high momentum distribution has an important influence on nuclear stopping in medium mass nuclear collision system, and closely related to the incident energy and the mass of collision nucleus.     

Emission of Neutral Pions with High Transverse Momenta in A-A and p-p Collisions at Energies Available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

Invariant neutral pion （π^0） yields in Au-Au and Cu-Cu collisions and invariant π^0 cross sections in p-p collisions are studied in the framework of a two-cylinder model. The considered distributions of neutral pions at the maximum energy of the relativistic heavy ion eollider （RFIIC） have a tail part in the region of high transverse momentum. A two-component distribution based upon the two-cylinder model is used to describe the experimental data of the PHENIX collaboration.     

Parton coalescence and the antiproton/pion anomaly at RHIC

Coalescence of minijet partons with partons from the quark-gluon plasma formed in relativistic heavy ion collisions is suggested as the mechanism for production of hadrons with intermediate transverse momentum. The resulting enhanced antiproton and pion yields at intermediate transverse momenta give a plausible explanation for the observed large antiproton to pion ratio. With further increasing momentum, the ratio is predicted to decrease and approach the small value given by independent fragmentations of minijet partons after their energy loss in the quark-gluon plasma.     

核–核碰撞中喷注淬火导致的双强子产生压低

通过考虑喷注淬火效应,分析了相对论性高能重离子碰撞中双强子的产生.结果表明,喷注淬火压低了大不变质量谱和大横动量的双强子的产生.与质子–质子碰撞的情形类似,核–核的擦边碰撞(碰撞参数很大)产生的强子有很强的背靠背的关联.在核–核对心碰撞(碰撞参数很小)中,由于喷注穿过强作用物质导致的喷注淬火介质效应,产生的强子的背靠背的关联几乎消失.     

Hadronization in heavy-ion collisions: recombination and fragmentation of partons

We argue that the emission of hadrons with transverse momentum up to about 5 GeV/c in central relativistic heavy ion collisions is dominated by recombination, rather than fragmentation of partons. This mechanism provides a natural explanation for the observed constant baryon-to-meson ratio of about one and the apparent lack of a nuclear suppression of the baryon yield in this momentum range. Fragmentation becomes dominant at higher transverse momentum, but the transition point is delayed by the energy loss of fast partons in dense matter.     

Strong compression effects in fast nuclear collisions

The importance of the impact parameter for compression effects and the reaction mechanism in high energy heavy ion collisions (HEHIC) are investigated within three-dimensional nuclear fluid dynamics. For central collisions of a small projectile (Ne) with a heavy target (U) a Mach shock wave is formed resulting in the sidewards emission of matter with azimuthally symmetric fragment distribution. At intermediate impact parameters the Highly-Inelastic Bounce-Off (HIBO) appears, where the large compression potential leads to the sidewards deflection of the projectile, which then explodes. A large collective transverse momentum transfer to the target leads to azimuthally asymmetric (180° correlated) fragment distributions. The deflection angles, energy losses, mean associated multiplicities as well as the maximum compression and thermal excitation of the system are calculated as a function of the impact parameter. A characteristic deflection function is obtained which may be used to determine the impact parameter in HEHI collisions experimentally. The influence of the nuclear equation of state is discussed. The strongly differing results of central reactions and those at intermediate impact parameter seem to have been observed in preliminary data of the GSI-Marburg-LBL collaboration. This is viewed as further indication for the occurrence of strong compression phenomena in nucleus-nucleus collisions of high energy.     

Finite-size behaviour of a critical related observable

Accounting for the influence of system size in relativistic heavy ion collisions, the finite-size form of a critical related observable is suggested. The fixed-point and straight line methods are proposed in exploring the QCD critical point and phase boundary in relativistic heavy ion collisions. As an application, the finitesize behaviour of the ratios of higher net-proton cumulants, dynamical electric charge fluctuations, and transverse momentum correlations in Au + Au collisions at RHIC are examined.     

Spatial and angular distribution of the heavy ion charge under channeling in crystals

A kinetic theory of passage of multiply charged heavy ions through crystals is developed that allows for diffusion in the transverse momentum space and ion-crystal charge exchange. The theory provides an adequate explanation for the observed angular distributions of heavy ions passing through oriented crystals, makes it possible to calculate the partial angular distributions of different charge states, and treats the discovered effects of “cooling” and “heating” of channeled ion beams in physical terms. The angular and spatial distribution of channeled ions with different energies is calculated. Whether a channeled beam of multiply charged heavy ions will be cooled or heated is related to the dependence of the electron capture and loss probabilities on the impact parameter when the ions interact with atomic chains. This interaction governs the run of the angular and spatial distribution of the channeled ion charge.     

强作用介质诱导的光子辐射和双轻子产生

考察了相对论性高能重离子碰撞中产生的硬部分子喷注穿过强作用介质时,喷注与介质中的部分子多次散射诱导的光子辐射与双轻子产生,得到了对应于opacity展开第一阶的光子横动量谱,辐射光子导致的喷注的能量损失以及双轻子的不变质量谱,结果表明,光子的产生率随横动量的增加而降低,双轻子的产生率随其不变质量的增加而减小,辐射光子导致的能量损失线性依赖强作用介质靶的厚度。     

Temperature and excitation energy of hot nuclei in the reaction of 40Ar+197Au at 25 MeV/nucleon

The coincidence measurements between heavy fission fragments and light charged particles with Z ⩽ 2 were carried out for the ⁴⁰Ar+¹⁹⁷Au reaction at 25 MeV/nucleon, to study the properties of hot nuclei in heavy ion induced reactions. The linear momentum transfers (LMTs) were deduced from the folding angle and the time-of-flight difference between two fission fragments of heavy residues. The relationship of the nuclear temperature (slope parameter of the energy spectrum) and the excitation energy was determined independently from the measurement of the kinetic energy spectra in the frames of the emitting sources and from the LMT analysis. Both the temperature and the excitation energy increase with decreasing impact parameter, which suggests that a plateau temperature of 5.5 MeV is reached at an excitation energy of 3.1 MeV/nucleon. The result was also compared with various statistical models that explain the plateau by the multifragmentation process, where the excitation energy is assumed to be stored in compression and expansion effects.