Fuzzy logic in measurements

Our main interest in this paper is to translate from “natural language” into “system theoretical language”. This is of course important since a statement in system theory can be analyzed mathematically or computationally. We assume that, in order to obtain a good translation, “system theoretical language” should have great power of expression. Thus we first propose a new frame of system theory, which includes the concepts of “measurement” as well as “state equation”. And we show that a certain statement in usual conversation, i.e., fuzzy modus ponens with the word “very”, can be translated into a statement in the new frame of system theory. Though our result is merely one example of the translation from “natural language” into “system theoretical language”, we believe that our method is fairly general.     

The Dempster–Shafer calculus for statisticians

The Dempster–Shafer (DS) theory of probabilistic reasoning is presented in terms of a semantics whereby every meaningful formal assertion is associated with a triple (p, q, r) where p is the probability “for” the assertion, q is the probability “against” the assertion, and r is the probability of “don’t know”. Arguments are presented for the necessity of “don’t know”. Elements of the calculus are sketched, including the extension of a DS model from a margin to a full state space, and DS combination of independent DS uncertainty assessments on the full space. The methodology is applied to inference and prediction from Poisson counts, including an introduction to the use of join-tree model structure to simplify and shorten computation. The relation of DS theory to statistical significance testing is elaborated, introducing along the way the new concept of “dull” null hypothesis.     

A quantum mechanical approach to a fuzzy theory

Recently, we proposed a general measurement theory for classical and quantum systems (i.e., “objective fuzzy measurement theory”). In this paper, we propose “subjective fuzzy measurement theory”, which is characterized as the statistical method of the objective fuzzy measurement theory. Our proposal of course has a lot of advantages. For example, we can directly see “membership functions” (= “fuzzy sets”) in this theory. Therefore, we can propose the objective and the subjective methods of membership functions. As one of the consequences, we assert the objective (i.e., individualistic) aspect of Zadeh's theory. Also, as a quantum application, we clarify Heisenberg's uncertainty relation.     

Quasilinear conflict-controlled processes with additional restrictions

A class of conflict-controlled processes [1–3] with additional (“phase” type) restrictions on the state of the evader is considered. A similar unrestricted problem was considered in [4]. Unlike [5, 6] the boundary of the “phase” restrictions is not a “death line” for the evader. Sufficient conditions for the solvability of the pursuit and evasion problems are obtained, which complement a range of well-known results [5–10].^‡     

Multi-step quasi-Newton methods for optimization

Quasi-Newton methods update, at each iteration, the existing Hessian approximation (or its inverse) by means of data deriving from the step just completed. We show how “multi-step” methods (employing, in addition, data from previous iterations) may be constructed by means of interpolating polynomials, leading to a generalization of the “secant” (or “quasi-Newton”) equation. The issue of positive-definiteness in the Hessian approximation is addressed and shown to depend on a generalized version of the condition which is required to hold in the original “single-step” methods. The results of extensive numerical experimentation indicate strongly that computational advantages can accrue from such an approach (by comparison with “single-step” methods), particularly as the dimension of the problem increases.     

Levy and set theory

Azriel Levy (1934–) did fundamental work in set theory when it was transmuting into a modern, sophisticated field of mathematics, a formative period of over a decade straddling Cohen’s 1963 founding of forcing. The terms “Levy collapse”, “Levy hierarchy”, and “Levy absoluteness” will live on in set theory, and his technique of relative constructibility and connections established between forcing and definability will continue to be basic to the subject. What follows is a detailed account and analysis of Levy’s work and contributions to set theory.     

Categories of projective spaces

Starting with an abelian category , a natural construction produces a category such that, when is an abelian category of vector spaces, is the corresponding category of projective spaces. The process of forming the category destroys abelianess, but not completely, and the precise measure of what remains of it gives the possibility to reconstruct out from , and allows to characterize categories of the form , for an abelian (projective categories). The characterization is given in terms of the notion of “Puppe exact category” and of an appropriate notion of “weak biproducts”. The proof of the characterization theorem relies on the theory of “additive relations”.     

Planar and axially symmetric configurations which are circumvented with the maximum critical mach number

The structure of planar and axially symmetric configurations which, by satisfying a number of geometrical constraints, are circumvented in a boundless space or in a cylindrical channel by an ideal (non-viscous and non-thermally conducting) gas with a maximal critical Mach number M* is found. The analysis is carried out using the “rectilinearity property” of a sonic line in “subsonic” flows (SF), the “principle of a maximum” for an SF and “comparison theorems” which are either taken from /1/ or serve as a generalization of the corresponding assertions from /1/. Following /1/, configurations are considered which have a plane or axis of symmetry parallel to the velocity V_∞ of the approach stream, while flows in which (including the boundary) the Mach number M 1 are said to be “subsonic”. As usual, by M* we mean a value of M_∞ such that the inequality M1, which is satisfied in the whole stream when M_∞ M*, is violated when M_∞>M*.

The configurations investigated include closed bodies and the leading (trailing) parts of a semi-infinite plate or a circular cylinder in an unbounded flow and in a channel as well as lattices of symmetric profiles. Both in /1/, where the structure of closed planar and axially symmetric bodies was found, as well as in /2/, where such bodies were constructed numerically, the generatrices of all the configurations investigated contain the end planes or the segments replacing them of the maximum permissible slope (in modulus) and the “free” streamlines with M 1. Now, however, unlike in /1, 2/, segments of the horizontals are added to it in the general case. Furthermore, in the case of flows in channels and lattices, the configurations which have been found can be circumvented with the development of finite domains of advancing sonic flow.     

Generic pairs of SU-rank 1 structures

For a supersimple SU-rank 1 theory T we introduce the notion of a generic elementary pair of models of T (generic T-pair). We show that the theory T^* of all generic T-pairs is complete and supersimple. In the strongly minimal case, T^* coincides with the theory of infinite dimensional pairs, which was used in (S. Buechler, Pseudoprojective strongly minimal sets are locally projective, J. Symbolic Logic 56(4) (1991) 1184–1194) to study the geometric properties of T. In our SU-rank 1 setting, we use T^* for the same purpose. In particular, we obtain a characterization of linearity for SU-rank 1 structures by giving several equivalent conditions on T^*, find a “weak” version of local modularity which is equivalent to linearity, show that linearity coincides with 1-basedness, and use the generic pairs to “recover” projective geometries over division rings from non-trivial linear SU-rank 1 structures.     

Gravitational instanton in Hilbert space and the mass of high energy elementary particles

While the theory of relativity was formulated in real spacetime geometry, the exact formulation of quantum mechanics is in a mathematical construction called Hilbert space. For this reason transferring a solution of Einstein’s field equation to a quantum gravity Hilbert space is far of being a trivial problem.

On the other hand ^(∞) spacetime which is assumed to be real is applicable to both, relativity theory and quantum mechanics. Consequently, one may expect that a solution of Einstein’s equation could be interpreted more smoothly at the quantum resolution using the Cantorian ^(∞) theory.

In the present paper we will attempt to implement the above strategy to study the Eguchi–Hanson gravitational instanton solution and its interpretation by ‘t Hooft in the context of quantum gravity Hilbert space as an event and a possible solitonic “extended” particle. Subsequently we do not only reproduce the result of ‘t Hooft but also find the mass of a fundamental “exotic” symplictic-transfinite particle m1.8 MeV as well as the mass M_x and M (Planck) which are believed to determine the GUT and the total unification of all fundamental interactions respectively. This may be seen as a further confirmation to an argument which we put forward in various previous publications in favour of an alternative mass acquisition mechanism based on unification and duality considerations. Thus even in case that we never find the Higgs particle experimentally, the standard model would remain substantially intact as we can appeal to tunnelling and unification arguments to explain the mass. In fact a minority opinion at present is that finding the Higgs particle is not a final conclusive argument since one could ask further how the Higgs particle came to its mass which necessitates a second Higgs field. By contrast the present argument could be viewed as an ultimate theory based on the existence of a “super” force, beyond which nothing else exists.     

Interval orders based on weak orders

One definition of an interval order is as an order isomorphic to that of a family of nontrivial intervals of a linearly ordered set with [a,b] < [c,d] if b c. Fishburn's theorem states that an order is an interval order if and only if it has no four-element restriction isomorphic to the ordered set (shown in Fig. 1) “ ”. We show that an order is isomorphic to a family of nontrivial intervals of a weak order, ordered as above, if and only if it has no restriction to one of the four ordered sets (shown in Fig. 2) “ ”, a six-element crown or a six-element fence.     

On generalized formulation of the equilibrium problem of an elastic strip

A “nonenergetic” formulation of the boundary value problems of statics of an elastic strip based on the principle of admissible displacements, is studied. The formulation makes possible, in particular, the study of problems concerning the strips of infinite energy, while retaining the external form of the “energetic” formulation /1–3/, and produces unique solvability of the problem under weaker restrictions imposed on the external loads. Such a formulation is also possible for other problems of the theory of elasticity.     

A greedy-algorithm characterization of valuated Δ-matroids

We study a variant of the greedy algorithm for weight functions defined on the system of subsets of a given finite set E and show that this algorithm works exactly for “valuated Δ-matroids.” Examples come from valuation theory.     

Trajectories of lattice particles using the new approach to no integrability

We study two systems which lead to a lattice when an integration path is specified in “aesthetic field theory”. One of these cases involves nonsoliton type particles (magnitudes of maxima and minima oscillate in time). The other system is made up of soliton type particles. The two systems are intrinsically three-dimensional. We speak of the third dimension as “time”. In one of our solutions, the particles move on straight line trajectories, insofar as our numerical work indicates. In the other solution, the soliton type particles undergo what appears to be simple harmonic motion in both the x- and y-directions (loop motion). We then study these two systems using the new approach to integrability which involves a superposition principle and is characterized by a unique change function at each point. We still find multi maxima and minima. The systems are not as symmetric as the lattice. The soliton characteristic is preserved by the new method. We investigated the motion of lattice particles. We found evidence of maxima (minima) regions coalescing so that the location of the maxima (minima) became difficult to follow. The concept of location of particles may not even have a well-defined meaning here. We find examples of soliton particles appearing and disappearing. We conclude that the manner of integration in a no integrability theory can transform a system with well-defined trajectories into a system where particles can no longer be followed in time.     

A covariance inequality under a two-part dependence assumption

A covariance inequality is proved under a certain “two-part” dependence assumption. It generalizes and sharpens, with a simpler and more transparent proof, two earlier covariance inequalities used in central limit theory under certain “two-part” strong mixing assumptions.     

Bounded realization of asymptotically attainable elements

Problems of the structure of asymptotically attainable elements (AAE) generated by the action of “control functions” that satisfy generally non-convex constraints of a functional character to a high degree of accuracy are considered. No resource type conditions are assumed, which leads to an “unbounded” formulation of the problem concerned with the asymptotic behaviour of attainability domains and their abstract analogues. Necessary and sufficient conditions for an exhaustive realization of the AAE in the class of integrally bounded approximate solutions are established in terms of the generalized problem in the class of finitely additive vector-valued measures.     

Statistical learning control of uncertain systems: theory and algorithms

It has recently become clear that many control problems are too difficult to admit analytic solutions. New results have also emerged to show that the computational complexity of some “solved” control problems is prohibitive. Many of these control problems can be reduced to decidability problems or to optimization questions. Even though such questions may be too difficult to answer analytically, or may not be answered exactly given a reasonable amount of computational resources, researchers have shown that we can “approximately” answer these questions “most of the time”, and have “high confidence” in the correctness of the answers.     

Universal deformation formulas and breaking symmetry

We show that an algebra with a non-nilpotent Lie group of automorphisms or “symmetries” (e.g., smooth functions on a manifold with such a group of diffeomorphisms) may generally be deformed (in the function case, “quantized”) in such a way that only a proper subgroup of the original group acts. This symmetry breaking is a consequence of the existence of certain “universal deformation formulas” which are elements, independent of the original algebra, in the tensor algebra of the enveloping algebra of the Lie algebra of the group.     

Spherical rarefaction flow in the neighbourhood of a reflection point of a “boundary” characteristic

The structure of the one-dimensional steady spherically symmetric rarefaction flow of an ideal (inviscid and non-heat-conducting) gas in the neighbourhood of a reflection point of a “boundary” C⁻-characteristic is investigated in principal order. The “boundary” C⁻-characteristic separates the gas at rest from the flow due to the outward motion of a piston which confines the gas. In the rt plane, where r is the distance from the centre of symmetry and t is the time, the reflection point, which coincides with the point of arrival on the t axis of the boundary characteristic, coincides with the origin of coordinates. The initial velocity of the piston may be zero (for positive acceleration) or finite. When two symmetrical plane pistons advance, the “derived” derivatives of all the flow parameters on the C⁻-characteristic at the origin of coordinates, which in this case lies on the plane of symmetry, are finite. When a cylindrical and spherical piston advance, the derived derivative of the pressure (velocity) of the gas on the C⁻-characteristic at the origin of coordinates becomes minus (plus)-infinity although without intersecting characteristics of the same family [1–4].     

Generalizing the modeling of fuzzy logic controllers by parameterized aggregation operators

We describe the type of reasoning used in the typical fuzzy logic controller, the Mamdani reasoning method. We point out the basic assumptions in this model. We discuss the S-OWA operators which provide families of parameterized “andlike” and “orlike” operators. We generalize the Mamdani model by introducing these operators. We introduce a method, which we call Direct Fuzzy Reasoning (DFR), which results from one choice of the parameters. We develop some learning algorithms for the new method. We show how the Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) method of reasoning is an example of this DFR method.