三种高中化学新教材（必修）的习题分析和教学建议

本文对人教版、苏教版、山东科技版三种高中化学教材(化学1、化学2)的各章节习题的类型做了归纳和对比,从习题形式、习题与课标的关联、习题功能等方面进行分析,表明了作者对高中化学新课标和新教材习题教学的几点建议。     

人教版高中化学新教材习题系统的分析及教学建议

新课标教材习题系统应包括课文习题与课后习题。高中化学新教材（人教版）习题系统与课文内容相互融合,体现科学探究,题型多样化,问题情境化,语言人性化。在化学教学中应转变观念,重视教材习题系统的教学功能;注重习题的情境性;加强习题的联系,重视变式训练。     

挖掘新教材习题教学潜在价值的方法研究

在高中新课程实施过程中,习题教学是一个薄弱环节.而鲁科版高中化学新教材为提高习题教学质量提供了丰富的素材,有待于我们去发掘应用,充分发挥其应有的教学功能.     

高中化学新教材习题与课程标准一致性研究*——以“常见无机物及其应用”内容为例

结合本国国情,对SEC一致性分析模式进行本土化改造,构建基于化学学科能力的一致性分析框架,并从内容主题和认知水平等2个维度分析课程标准与3个版本高中化学新教材习题在“常见无机物及其应用”主题的一致性程度。研究结果显示:3个版本高中化学新教材习题与课程标准在内容主题和认知水平维度上均存在统计学意义上的显著一致性。在一致性研究的基础上,分析不同版本教材习题在内容主题和认知水平上的分布重点,并提出教材习题编写建议和使用策略。     

关注学习进阶彰显学科核心素养——鲁科版高中化学新教材《化学反应原理》编写思路及使用建议

基于2017年版高中化学课程标准的要求,分析了化学反应原理模块学科核心素养发展内涵及其进阶.从内容结构组织、活动性栏目设计、情境素材选取与使用、微项目设置和习题评价系统设计等方面,阐述了鲁科版高中化学反应原理新教材编写思路,并提出新教材的使用建议.     

新课标《化学1》教科书的特点及其施教策略

本文针对山东科学技术出版社出版的《化学》实施过程中的难点问题——插图、小栏目、习题、实验4个方面,提出了相应策略,并探讨了用好新教材的教学新理念、新思路。     

新教材新知识教学习题设计研究

本文对新教材增加的部分知识设计了一些有利于提高学生学习能力和思维品质的习题,既可作为同步教学兴趣课使用,也可作为高考复习教学和命题方向预测参考。     

初三化学“家庭小实验”刍议

通读新编的九年制义务教育初中化学教材,给人以面目一新的感觉。就“家庭小实验”而言,在老教材中是以作业形式安排在课后习题之中的,而在新教材中则把它单项列出,且实验个数由原来的5个增加到现在的13个,涉及内容较广,联系生活实际,生动有趣,成为新教材的一大特色。     

有机分子的拓扑结构及其应用

通过研究新教材课后习题，借助拓扑学基本原理，建立了有机分子拓扑结构，分析了有机分子不饱和度的内涵，阐明了计算各类有机分子不饱和度的原理，介绍了书写有机分子结构和有机反应方程式的技巧，为学习和理解有机化学提供了新的思路和视角。     

运用文本分析法对比研究新旧人教版教材“反应热”内容

从课标、概念组织结构、教学资料对新旧人教版选修“反应热”内容进行对比分析,研究发现:(1)新课标在内容上更加强调“反应热”概念的学科理解,渗透变化观与守恒观等基本观念,突出学习素材的重要性;(2)新教材在内容组织上厘清了“反应热”“焓变”“能量转化”等核心概念之间的关系,重视对“反应热”内容的结构化认识;(3)新教材在图片、实验、习题增强了情境性与科学性。建议教师在教学中增进对“反应热”的学科理解,运用概念构图策略促进学生知识结构化,创设真实情境提高学生的问题解决能力,培养化学学科核心素养。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。