不同权力结构对制造商双渠道供应链的影响研究

在一个制造商和一个零售商组成的供应链中, 制造商拥有线下传统渠道及线上直销双渠道。首先根据消费者剩余理论, 构建了制造商双渠道需求函数;接着分别构建了两类Stackelberg博弈及Nash博弈三种权力结构下制造商和零售商的利润模型并对模型进行了求解;最后分析了三种不同权力结构对制造商双渠道供应链的影响。研究发现:制造商线上直销渠道价格不受三种博弈权力结构的影响;线下传统渠道零售价格、需求, 线上直销渠道需求及制造商双渠道供应链总利润不受两类Stackelberg博弈权力结构的影响;线下传统渠道零售价格及线上直销渠道需求在Nash博弈权力结构下最小, 而线下传统渠道需求及供应链总利润在Nash博弈权力结构下最大;制造商批发价格、利润及零售商利润对三种博弈权力结构较敏感, 随供应链成员自身博弈权力地位的下降而逐渐降低。     

政府补贴下供应链合作减排与低碳宣传的动态协调策略

基于微分博弈理论,研究由制造商和零售商构成的低碳供应链长期纵向合作减排、低碳宣传以及政府补贴问题。考虑到需求受减排量和零售商低碳宣传努力的双重影响下,构建了Stackelberg微分博弈模型。当政府对各决策下供应链成员提供相同补贴时,设计的利润共享契约实现了供应链利润的合理分配。设计的减排成本分担契约使得供应链利润得到Pareto改进,比较并分析三种模式下政府补贴率和供应链的均衡策略,并探讨了政府和供应链成员的交互影响。最后,对模型结果进行比较分析和算例分析,验证了结论的合理性。     

碳限额与交易机制下受资金约束的供应链优化

在碳限额与交易机制下,研究零售商受资金约束的供应链优化问题。构建了制造商占优的两级供应链Stackelberg博弈模型,通过引入减排成本分担机制,分别给出了分散决策和集中决策的最优解。通过收益共享契约,实现了供应链协调和供应链成员利润的帕累托改善。通过算例分析了不同减排成本分担系数、碳交易价格对供应链利润和订购量、碳减排决策的影响,为供应链各成员开展减排合作提供了理论依据。研究结果表明,供应链成员的合作不仅可以提高供应链总绩效,而且有利于为消费者提供更多、更绿色的产品;碳价格的提高,促使供应链更加努力减排,从而提高了供应链总利润。     

零售商主导的模糊供应链博弈——考虑销售努力的情形

以包含一个制造商与一个零售商的两级供应链为研究对象,考虑零售商居于主导地位并付出销售努力时供应链各成员的决策。结合经济环境的不确定性,将市场需求函数和制造商的制造成本、零售商的经营成本视为模糊变量;运用斯塔克尔伯格模型刻画零售商和制造商之间的博弈过程,并引入期望值模型、机会约束模型来解决最优决策问题;通过一个数值算例证明了供应链博弈模型的有效性。研究表明,在均衡结果中,考虑到零售商所承担的销售努力成本,其总体期望值利润相比于制造商而言偏低,但单位产品边际利润较高。原因在于,零售商的主导地位使其不仅通过销售努力提高产品销量,提高了供应链的整体利润,同时也能够采用压低批发价格的方式,使自身在供应链中获取更多收益。     

基于消费者偏好的低碳双渠道供应链定价与减排策略

在考虑消费者渠道偏好和低碳偏好的基础上,使用以制造商为主的Stackelberg博弈模型,研究了单一传统零售渠道、网上直销双渠道和网上分销双渠道中各成员的最优定价决策与减排策略,以及两种双渠道的利润分享协调策略。研究发现:当制造商引入网上直销和分销渠道后,能够有效增加制造商的最优单位减排量;在开通新的渠道后,传统零售商的利润总是会降低,而当消费者对网上销售渠道的偏好处于某一范围内时,制造商的利润会增加。本文通过设计利润分享机制来协调制造商和传统零售商的利润问题,使得供应链成员的利润实现Pareto改进。     

基于差价补偿策略的斯塔克尔伯格博弈协调优化

以智能产品为研究对象,建立了差价补偿策略下制造商与销售商的博弈模型,分别通过纳什均衡博弈和斯塔克尔伯格博弈协调优化对制造商和销售商的决策行为进行探讨,得到了Nash均衡下制造商与销售商之间交易策略,讨论了斯塔克尔伯格博弈下制造商的最优订购、最优补偿系数和销售商的订购量之间关系,提出了求解在给定补偿系数下斯塔克尔伯格博弈协调优化的近似最优批发价与最优订购量的算法。通过数值实验表明,制造商占优势地位时,差价补偿策略能实现整体供应链的协调优化,提高销售商的订购量以及制造商和销售商的利润,说明差价补偿策略可以有效地改善零供关系。     

碳交易规制下信息不对称供应链的减排和低碳推广博弈研究

论文在碳交易规制下,研究单一制造商和双零售商组成的供应链减排与低碳推广决策以及零售商对制造商的成本信息分享问题,分析了零售商对制造商分享成本信息的条件,及不同情形下的制造商减排和零售商低碳推广策略。研究发现:零售商的最优低碳推广水平只与自身相关参数有关,零售商只有在自身低碳推广效率足够高时才会与制造商分享信息;制造商最优减排量随消费者低碳意识、碳交易价格、零售商低碳推广效率及其不确定性增大而提高,随零售商之间竞争程度提高而降低;无论零售商是否对制造商分享成本信息,供应链成员的最优利润随零售商之间竞争程度提高而增加,随消费者低碳意识、碳交易价格提高而提高;零售商低碳推广效率的不确定性越大则制造商的最优利润越低,零售商的最优利润越高;仅一家零售商分享成本信息时,制造商无法通过转移支付使另一家零售商与其分享信息。     

Lead-time hedging and coordination between manufacturing and sales departments using Nash and Stackelberg games

In a firm, potential conflict exists between manufacturing and sales departments. Salespersons prefer to order from manufacturing departments in advance so that they can secure products in the amount they need to satisfy customers in time. This time in advance strategy is defined as “lead-time hedging.” While this hedging strategy is good for the sales department to guarantee the right quantity at the right time for customers, it adds additional costs and pressure to the manufacturing department. One scheme to resolve this conflict is to introduce a fair “internal price,” charged by the manufacturing department to the sales department. In this paper, two models involving a fair internal price are introduced. In one model, a Nash game is played to reach an optimal strategy for both parties. In the other model, a Stackelberg game is played in which the manufacturing department serves as the leader. We show that these two models can successfully reduce lead-time hedging determined by the salesperson and can increase the firm’s overall profit, as compared to the traditional model without considering the internal price. More insights have also been analyzed that include the comparisons of the manufacturer’s and the salesperson’s profits among the traditional model, the Nash game model, the Stackelberg game model, and the centralized global optimization model.     

碳转移与消费者低碳偏好双重影响下供应链异质性产品定价与协调研究

准确提炼碳转移和消费者低碳偏好对供应链异质性产品定价影响机理,不但有助于优化供应链企业间碳排放转移行为,而且也有助于协调供应链主体的定价行为。本文通过构建供应商主导的Stackelberg博弈模型,并将供应链企业间碳排放转移和消费者低偏好纳入到该模型中,分别在分散和集中情景下分析了碳转移和消费者低碳偏好对供应链异质性产品销售价和批发价的影响;针对分散情景下供应链整体利润损失,采用Shapley值协调供应链。研究表明：供应链企业间碳排放转移会正向影响普通产品批发价,但针对低碳产品而言,批发价会先短暂下降后上升;供应链企业间碳排放转移的存在会使得供应链产品销售价先下降后上升,其中普通产品销售价变化幅度更大;消费者低碳偏好对供应链产品定价的影响与碳转移量有关,其中低碳产品定价对消费者低碳偏好的敏感度高于普通产品;碳转移量和消费者低碳偏好达到一定值时,低碳产品会对普通产品产生市场挤兑效应。     

低碳供应链纵向减排合作下的政府补贴策略

为了研究低碳供应链减排合作的政府补贴问题,分别构建了在纳什博弈、斯塔克尔伯格博弈和供应链集中决策三种不同的博弈关系下,政府对制造商和零售商合作减排投入进行补贴的博弈模型。分析了企业的最优减排成本投入和政府的最优补贴率,并进一步讨论了政府补贴行为和企业选择减排合作行为之间的互动博弈。研究显示:政府提供的减排补贴和企业的收益随着供应链上下游合作的紧密程度不同而不同,在纳什博弈下最高,在集中决策下最低,斯塔克尔伯格博弈下介于两者之间。比较了力量不对等供应链中企业分别处于领导者和跟随者时获得的政府补贴的差异。同时在政府补贴行为和供应链企业合作行为的交互博弈中,政府的最优策略是不对任何一方实行减排补贴。     

碳交易机制下考虑竞争和信息非对称的供应链协调研究

本文在碳交易机制下,考虑制造商之间存在竞争且减排成本系数为低碳制造商私有信息的情况,分别构建信息完全对称和信息非对称情形下的供应链模型,对低碳制造商减排率和产品销售价格进行决策。通过引入由批发价和成本共担组成的联合契约,促使低碳制造商传递真实的减排成本信息,并通过算例对碳交易价格和减排成本系数等进行灵敏度分析。研究发现:引入联合契约能够使得信息非对称下的供应链利润基本达到集中决策水平;碳交易价格的增加会激励制造商积极减排、降低碳排放总量、提高供应链利润;低碳制造商减排成本系数的降低有助于减少碳排放量、增加产品市场需求、实现供应链利润增长。     

考虑消费者低碳偏好的供应链企业减排成本分摊比较研究

在低碳环境下,研究了单一制造商和单一零售商组成的两级低碳供应链成本分摊决策问题。考虑消费者具有环保意识,因此在购买产品时会考虑产品的碳排放。分别讨论了零售商参与减排成本分摊契约和双方Nash讨价还价成本分摊契约两种形式对碳减排、产品定价和整个供应链及其成员收益的影响。研究发现,在两种契约形式中,零售商都可以实现与制造商共同降低碳排放的目标,从而促进制造商提高碳减排率,提高供应链利润。但是基于Nash讨价还价方式的减排成本分摊契约的供应链绩效高于零售商成本分摊契约下的供应链绩效。同时消费者低碳偏好增加可以激励零售商更多地分摊减排成本,在此基础上,利用Nash讨价还价模型确定了零售商为制造商提供减排成本分摊的比例范围及其最优解。最后,通过数值分析验证了减排因子对不同决策结构的定价、零售商减排分摊比例、供应链利润等决策的影响。     

The coordinating contracts for a fuzzy supply chain with effort and price dependent demand

This paper investigates the coordination of a two-echelon supply chain with fuzzy demand that is dependent on both retail price and sales effort. In contrast with the centralized and decentralized decision models, two coordinating models based on symmetric information and asymmetric information about retailer’s scale parameter are developed by game theory, and the corresponding analytical solutions are obtained. Theoretical analysis and numerical examples yield the maximal supply chain profits in two coordination situations are equal to that in the centralized situation and greater than that in the decentralized situation. Furthermore, under asymmetric information contract, the maximal expected profit obtained by the low-scale-level retailer is higher than that under symmetric information contract.     

基于链与链竞争的零售商线上线下同价O2O销售策略研究

本文从链与链竞争的角度分析了零售商采用线上线下同价的O2O销售策略对所在供应链成员及竞争供应链成员运营和利润的影响。依据两种竞争模式建立链与链竞争的Stackelberg博弈模型,并得到了博弈均衡解。研究结果表明,当单位赶路成本相对电子渠道感知系数大于一定阈值时,理性的零售商将采用线上线下同价的O2O销售策略来增加自身利润。更重要的发现是,此时零售商所在供应链和竞争供应链上的制造商利润也会随之增加,而且当单位赶路成本相对电子渠道感知系数继续增大到另一阈值时,两条链上的所有成员均将受益。但线上线下同价的O2O销售策略会抬高售价,降低消费者剩余。     

A differential oligopoly game with differentiated goods and sticky prices

We investigate a dynamic oligopoly game where goods are differentiated and prices are sticky. We study the open-loop and the closed-loop memoryless Nash equilibrium, and show that the latter equilibrium entails a larger level of steady state production as compared to the former; both equilibria entail a larger level of production in steady state than the static game. We also study the effects of price stickiness and product differentiation upon the steady state equilibrium allocation and profits. The per-firm equilibrium output is increasing in both product differentiation and price stickiness, while profits are increasing in both product differentiation and the speed of price adjustment. The steady state social welfare monotonically increases in the speed of price adjustment, and the overproduction entailed by dynamic competition has beneficial effect from a social standpoint.     

含有混合销售渠道的供应链合作策略研究

本文通过Stackelberg博弈方法研究含有混合销售渠道的供应链中双渠道制造商参与的不同合作策略对供应链中企业的定价和利润的影响。研究表明:在有双渠道制造商参与的合作中,合作策略不仅增加了合作联盟的利润,而且也能够增加合作联盟外其他成员的利润;供应链中参与合作的企业越多,给供应链带来的总利润也越大;在参与合作联盟的成员数相同的条件下,供应链的纵向合作比横向合作给供应链能够带来更多的利润。最后,通过数值实验验证了上述结论。     

不同渠道权力结构下的双渠道闭环供应链定价与协调决策

在双渠道环境下,针对不同渠道权力结构对闭环供应链最优决策的影响情况,构建了三种分散化(制造商主导的Stackelberg博弈、零售商主导的Stackelberg博弈以及由制造商和零售商构成的Nash均衡博弈)和一种集中化的闭环供应链决策模型,并得出了相关的均衡策略。在此基础上进一步有针对性的设计了两种契约相结合的契约机制协调供应链,并利用数值算例分析验证所得结论以及契约机制的有效性与可实践性,同时分析模型中的一些重要参数如渠道替代系数、传统渠道所占市场份额、废旧产品回收率、再制造成本节约等对双渠道供应链各项最优决策及渠道利润的影响。     

竞争环境下基于双重微分博弈的低碳供应链动态优化与协调

在节能减排背景下考虑制造商低碳生产、零售商宣传竞争的情形,将碳减排量以及商誉作为状态变量,借助微分博弈研究供应链动态优化与协调问题。针对双重边际化效应,通过引入成本共担契约对供应链进行协调。研究表明,引入契约后零售商处的低碳宣传努力水平提高、低碳商誉提升、需求量增加,供应链利润基本达到集中决策水平;随着竞争程度的增加,市场需求量提高,制造商利润增加,供应链整体利润提高,启发供应链企业在决策过程中创造良性竞争环境、形成良性竞争机制。     

The shelf space and pricing strategies for a retailer-dominated supply chain with consignment based revenue sharing contracts

Consider a two-echelon supply chain consisting of two manufacturers and a dominant retailer, such as big supermarkets like Walmart. Under a consignment contract with revenue sharing, the two manufacturers sell through the retailer two substitutable products whose demands are dependent on their shelf space and sales prices. The two manufacturers may compete horizontally for shelf space and pricing by three scenarios: Nash game, Stackelberg game, and collusion, and play vertically the retailer-Stackelberg game with the retailer. For each of these horizontal scenarios, we present all participators’ equilibrium strategies and their corresponding profits, based on which the impacts of manufacturers’ cost difference and moving sequence are investigated. Additionally, we discuss whether a horizontal collusion among manufacturers occurs when they choose their scenarios and whether centralization is always beneficial for the entire chain under the considered consignment contract. The study reveals the following results: (i) When the manufacturers compete horizontally, the high-cost manufacturer always sets a high-price and less shelf space strategy, while the low-cost manufacturer always adopts a low-price and more shelf space strategy, which is not affected by their moving sequence. If they collude horizontally, it is just reverse. (ii) When the two manufacturers compete horizontally, all participators’ equilibrium strategies and their corresponding profits are significantly influenced by manufacturers’ moving sequence. (iii) A horizontal collusion between the manufacturers can occur only when their cost difference is relatively small; this finding supplements existing literature. (iv) When the cost difference between manufacturers is relatively big, then centralization may be detrimental to the entire chain, which can explain why several supply chains adopt vertical competition strategies in practice. In addition, we find that these results still hold for the limited shelf space scenario and shelf-space limitation enhances the horizontal and vertical competition intensity by increasing shelf space fee.     

Volume discount pricing strategy in the VMI supply chain with price sensitive demand

This paper develops a volume discount scheme to coordinate Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) supply chains with multiple heterogeneous retailers, in which the supply chain is modelled as a Stackelberg game with price sensitive demand. The paper proposes a method to construct a volume discount price scheme and shows that, any volume discount can be represented as a piecewise constant function of demand. We provide the game formulations of VMI supply chains and develop algorithms to solve this type of game problems, including finding the optimal volume discount scheme. Through a numerical study comparing the results of applying a volume discount strategy with the profits from a single wholesale price strategy, we show that the volume discount pricing strategies can be used to improve profits for all participants in the VMI supply chain in comparison with single price strategies.