Novel Anti‐Inflammatory Constituents of Artocarpus rigida

A novel phenolic compound containing an oxepine ring, artocarpol I ( 1 ), and a new biphenylpropanoid, artocarpol J ( 2 ), were isolated from the root bark of Artocarpus rigida. The structures, including relative configurations, were elucidated by spectroscopic data. Compound 1 and artocarpol J peracetate ( 3 ) strongly inhibited in a concentration‐dependent manner the formyl‐Met‐Leu‐Phe (fMLP)/cytochalasin B (CB)‐stimulated superoxide anion formation in neutrophils with IC₅₀ values of 17.1±0.40 and 20.5±2.60 μM , respectively. Biogenetically, all the novel phenolic compounds isolated from this plant seem to be derived from stilbene.     

Quantitative determination of phenolic compounds in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mentha piperita</Emphasis> leaves

A spectrophotometric method using a dual-wavelength Firordt method that enabled simultaneous determination of the flavonoid and phenolic-acid contents was developed for quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds in Mentha piperita L. (Lamiaceae) leaves. Hesperidin and rosmaric acid were used as standards. The optimal extraction parameters of the phenolic compounds were determined. Metrological analysis of the developed method was performed. It was found that the determination error of the analyzed classes of compounds was less than 3%. The studied batches of M. piperita raw material contained flavonoids 3.02–6.32%; phenolic acids, 2.70–5.52%; total phenolic compound content, 5.72–11.51%.     

Die stufenweise Synthese von 4,11,18,25-Tetra-tert-butyl-[1.1.1.1]metacyclophan-7,14,21,28-tetraol und 4,11-Dimethyl-[1.1.1.1]-metacyclophan-7,14,21,28-tetraol

Two phenolic alcohols with four phenolic units in their molecules are obtained by stepwise synthesis starting from simple phenolic derivatives. The phenolic alcohols are cyclized by boiling of a diluted solution in acetic acid. A third cyclic compound is obtained by debutylation of that cyclic compound which contains two neighbouringtert-butyl groups and two methyl groupspara to the phenolic hydroxyl groups.

---

---

Meiner verehrten Kollegin, Frau Prof. Dr.Helga Wittmann, Universität Graz, gewidmet.     

A new phenolic glycoside from Saprosma merrillii

A new phenolic glycoside derivative, saproglucoside (1), along with five known phenolic glycoside derivatives (2–6) were isolated from the stems of Saprosma merrillii. The structure of the new compound 1 was determined by 1D and 2D NMR as well as by HRESIMS and hydrolysis. The inhibitory activities of all compounds against seven pathogenic bacteria and two cancer cell lines were evaluated.     

Phenolic compounds from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus davidiana</Emphasis> Wood

Five phenolic compounds, including a new phenolic glycoside, 2-hydroxycyclohexyl-6′-O-p-coumaroyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, as well as the known flavonoids, naringenin, kaempferol, quercetin and luteolin, were isolated from the wood of Populus davidiana by repeated column chromatography over Sephadex LH-20. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectral evidence.     

Sterically hindered phenols in negative ion mobility spectrometry–mass spectrometry

Negative corona discharge atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) was used to investigate phenols with varying numbers of tert‐butyl groups using ion mobility spectrometry–mass spectrometry (IMS‐MS). The main characteristic ion observed for all the phenolic compounds was the deprotonated molecule [M–H]⁻. 2‐tert‐Butylphenol showed one main mobility peak in the mass‐selected mobility spectrum of the [M–H]⁻ ion measured under nitrogen atmosphere. When air was used as a nebulizer gas an oxygen addition ion was seen in the mass spectrum and, interestingly, this new species [M–H+O]⁻ had a shorter drift time than the lighter [M–H]⁻ ion. Other phenolic compounds primarily produced two IMS peaks in the mass‐selected mobility spectra measured using the [M–H]⁻ ion. It was also observed that two isomeric compounds, 2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenol and 2,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenol, could be separated with IMS. In addition, mobilities of various characteristic ions of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene were measured, since this compound was previously used as a mobility standard. The possibility of using phenolic compounds as mobility standards is also discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

General Method for the Synthesis of Salicylic Acids from Phenols through Palladium‐Catalyzed Silanol‐Directed CH Carboxylation

A silanol‐directed, palladium‐catalyzed C? H carboxylation reaction of phenols to give salicylic acids has been developed. This method features high efficiency and selectivity, and excellent functional‐group tolerance. The generality of this method was demonstrated by the carboxylation of estrone and by the synthesis of an unsymmetrically o,o′‐disubstituted phenolic compound through two sequential C? H functionalization processes.     

Rapid isocratic HPLC analysis of caffeic acid derivatives from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Echinacea purpurea</Emphasis> cultivated in Iran

Cichoric acid and caftaric acid are the main phenolic compounds in Echinacea purpurea tops. The level of these phenolic compounds in E. purpurea extracts is affected by different factors such as seasonal variations, drying methods, extraction methods, and growing location of the plant. HPLC analysis of caffeic acid derivatives in extracts of Echinacea purpurea (Cultivar) aerial parts, produced by boiling water extraction and ethanol-water extraction methods, showed various levels of the derivatives. Our findings revealed that the Iranian cultivated E. purpurea had a high level of cichoric acid (3.5–5.7 %). Caftaric acid was also the main phenolic compound in E. purpurea tops (3.1–4.5 %). After 2 h of boiling water extraction, the level of cichoric acid was 5.7 %, whereas the level of this acid in 60:40 ethanol-water extraction did not exceed 3.9 %. Published in Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 150–152, March–April, 2008.     

Phenolic compounds from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Clinopodium urticifolium</Emphasis>

A new phenolic compound, clinopodphenol A (1), together with six known ones, was isolated from the whole plant of Clinopodium urticifolium. The structure of 1 was elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D- and 2D NMR techniques. The anti-HIV-1 activity and cytotoxicity were evaluated for compound 1. It showed significant potential cytotoxic ability and moderate anti-HIV-1 activity.     

The antioxidant methyl 3‐(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)propionate

The title compound, C₁₈H₂₈O₃, was prepared by the reaction of 2,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenol with methyl acrylate under basic conditions using dimethyl sulfoxide as the promoter. The structure of this antioxidant indicates significant strain between the ortho tert‐butyl substituents and the phenolic OH group. In spite of the steric crowding of the OH group, it participates in intermolecular hydrogen bonding with the ester carbonyl O atom.     

Structure of gossyvertin — A new phytoalexin of the cotton plant

A new phenolic compound — gossyvertin — has been isolated from the stems of a cotton plant infected with fungusVerticillium dahliae Kleb.; the structure 8-formyl-1,7-dihydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methoxy-3-methylnaphthalene has been proposed for gossyvertin.     

Determination of phenolic compounds by MALDI–TOF and essential oil composition by GC–MS during three development stages of Origanum majorana L.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the maturation process of sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) on essential oil composition, the phenolic profile of ethanolic extract and their antioxidant capacities. The essential oil composition was studied at three stages of maturity by GC–MS. Thirty compounds were detected representing 100% of the total essential oil. p‐Menth‐1‐en‐4‐ol was the major compound (37.15–76.94%) followed by cyclohexanol‐3,3,5 trimethyl (5.41–15.99%) and α‐terpineol (0.94–11.34%). During the maturation process, an accumulation of oxygenated monoterpenes was observed. The phenolic composition was studied using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight. The analysis showed the presence of short flavonoid monomers at all stages of maturation. The antioxidant capacity of ethanolic extracts and essential oils was evaluated using the DPPH assay, iron chelating power and reducing power assay. The highest phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were found at flowering stage. These findings on essential oil composition, phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity of O. majorana at three different stages of development provide more information on how these secondary metabolites are accumulated.     

General Method for the Synthesis of Salicylic Acids from Phenols through Palladium‐Catalyzed Silanol‐Directed C?H Carboxylation

A silanol‐directed, palladium‐catalyzed C H carboxylation reaction of phenols to give salicylic acids has been developed. This method features high efficiency and selectivity, and excellent functional‐group tolerance. The generality of this method was demonstrated by the carboxylation of estrone and by the synthesis of an unsymmetrically o,o′‐disubstituted phenolic compound through two sequential C H functionalization processes.     

Investigation on the condensation of α and β ketoaldehydes with hydroxyaromatic compounds

Mechanism of the condensation reactions of methylglyoxal, phenylglyoxal and benzoylacetaldehyde with phenolic compounds have been discussed. It was observed that the reaction mechanisms changed depending on the type of the phenolic and also dicarbonyl compounds. While, methylglyoxal gave the angular methyl derivative of naphthofuraranonaphthofuran with 2‐naphthol, phenylglyoxal and its p‐chloro and p‐methoxy derivatives formed benzo[b]naphtho[2,1‐f]oxepine‐13‐ones. However, resorcinol behaved different and gave 2‐phenyl‐3‐(2,4‐dihydroxy)‐6‐hydroxy‐benzo[b]furans with phenylglyoxal derivatives. 2‐Phenyl‐4‐(2‐hydroxynaphmyl)‐4H‐naphtho[b]pyran was produced from the reaction of benzoylacetaldehyde and 2‐naphthol, but the reaction product was 3,9‐dihydroxy‐6‐phenyl‐6,12‐methano‐12H‐dibenzo[1,3]dioxocin when the same carbonyl compound reacted with resorcinol.     

Comparison of the origin and phenolic contents of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. by high‐performance liquid chromatography fingerprinting combined with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and chemometrics

The fruits of Lycium ruthenicum Murr. have long been used in folk medicine. Nevertheless, detailed information related to its phenolic composition and its quality control remains scarce. In this study, a simple and reproducible method, based on high‐performance liquid chromatography combined with chemometrics, was developed to authenticate 18 samples of L. ruthenicum Murr. collected from different parts of China through fingerprint analysis. The main peaks were identified by quadrupole time‐of‐flight electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Four phenolics were quantified, and the most abundant phenolic compound in almost all samples was kukoamine A. Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis were applied to classify these samples. Also, a total of 26 compounds, which were mainly phenolic compounds and anthocyanins, were identified or tentatively identified based on the available literature and standard references. Among these, 16 were reported for the first time in the extract. The results showed that there was no significant difference between L. ruthenicum fruits from different provinces in terms of chemical composition. Also, the fingerprint together with chemometric analyses and quadrupole time‐of‐flight electrospray ionization mass spectrometry are promising methods for evaluating the quality consistency, identification, and comprehensive evaluation of L. ruthenicum .     

2,6‐Di‐tert‐butyl­phenol revisited at 110 K

The title compound, C₁₄H₂₂O, was studied at 110 K. The phenolic hydroxy group was found to be coplanar with the benzene ring and, due to steric hindrance from the tert‐butyl groups, this hydroxy group does not form hydrogen bonds. The shortest inter­molecular O⋯O distance is 3.1008 (11) Å, with an O—H⋯O angle of 117.3 (16)°. There are no significant inter­molecular π–π stacking or C—H⋯π inter­actions.     

A Reagentless Tyrosinase Biosensor Based on 1,6‐Hexanedithiol and Nano‐Au Self‐Assembled Monolayers

An amperometric tyrosinase biosensor was developed via a simple and effective immobilization method using the self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) technique. The organic monolayer film was first formed by the spontaneous assembly of thiolor sulfur compound (1,6‐hexanedithiol, HDT) from solution onto gold electrode. When these thiol‐rich surfaces were exposed to Au colloid, the sulfurs form strong bonds to gold nanoparticles, anchoring the clusters to the electrode substrate. After the assembly of gold nanoparticles layer, a new nano‐Au surface was obtained. Thus, the tyrosinase could be immobilized onto the electrode. The tyrosinase retained its activity well in such an immobilization matrix. The various experimental variables for the enzyme electrode were optimized. The resulting biosensor can reach 95% of steady‐state current within 10 s, and the trend in the sensitivity of different phenolic compounds was as follows: catechol>phenol>p‐cresol. In addition, the apparent Michaelis–Menten constant (K and the stability of the enzyme electrode were estimated.     

A New Oligostilbenoid from Rhizomes of Curculigo Sinensis

Curcusinol ( 1 ), a new resveratrol trimer, was isolated and identified from the rhizomes of Curculigo sinensis (Hypoxidaceae), together with five known phenolic compounds: curcapital ( 2 ), pilosidine ( 3 ), crassifoside A ( 4 ), curculigoside I ( 5 ) and phegopolin ( 6 ). The new compound 1 was determined as an oligostilbenoid on the basis of various spectroscopic methods, especially intensive 2D‐NMR (COSY, HMQC, HMBC and NOESY) techniques.     

Analysis of phenolic choline esters from seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus by capillary liquid chromatography/electrospray‐ tandem mass spectrometry

Total phenolic choline ester fractions prepared from seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus were analyzed by capillary LC/ESI‐QTOF‐MS and direct infusion ESI‐FTICR‐MS. In addition to the dominating sinapoylcholine, 30 phenolic choline esters could be identified based on accurate mass measurements, interpretation of collision‐induced dissociation (CID) mass spectra, and synthesis of selected representatives. The compounds identified so far include substituted hydroxycinnamoyl‐ and hydroxybenzoylcholines, respective monohexosides as well as oxidative coupling products of phenolic choline esters and monolignols. Phenolic choline esters are well separable by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography and sensitively detectable using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in positive ion mode. CID mass spectra obtained from molecular ions facilitate the characterization of both the type and substitution pattern of such compounds. Therefore, LC/ESI‐MS/MS represents a valuable tool for comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analysis of this compound class. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of Phenolic Compounds Based on the Tyrosinase‐ Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes Sensor

An amperometric sensor to phenolic compound was successfully constructed by immobilizing tyrosinase on the SWNTs modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode, which was covered with Nafion film. The sensitivity of the tyrosinase‐SWNTs sensor to phenol was 155 μA/mM. The tyrosinase‐SWNTs sensor also had good response to catechol, p‐chlorophenol and m‐cresol. Furthermore, benzoic acid could be detected based on the inhibition to tyrosinase activity.