掺杂石墨烯系统电场调控的非线性太赫兹光学特性研究

石墨烯是单原子厚的二维狄拉克相对论费米子系统,其优秀的光电学性质得到了广泛的关注和研究. 本论文利用量子理论研究掺杂石墨烯系统外电场和光场共同作用下的非平衡载流子的非线性太赫兹光学性质. 研究发现,掺杂石墨烯带内光吸收表现出强的非线性太赫兹光学特性. 随着外加偏压电场的增大,石墨烯非线性光学响应增强;随着外界太赫兹光频率的减小,非线特性增强. 研究表明通过改变电场强度,可以有效调节石墨烯系统太赫兹非线性光学特性. 研究结果为探索和发展以石墨烯为基础的新型纳米太赫兹光电器件的研究和实际应用提供了理论依据. 关键词： 石墨烯 太赫兹 非线性 光电流     

Modulation of terahertz generation in dual-color filaments by an external electric field and preformed plasma

Terahertz generation driven by dual-color filaments in air is demonstrated to be remarkably enhanced by applying an external electric field to the filaments. As terahertz generation is sensitive to the dual-color phase difference, a preformed plasma is verified efficiently in modulating terahertz radiation from linear to elliptical polarization. In the presence of preformed plasma, a dual-color filament generates terahertz pulses of elliptical polarization and the corresponding ellipse rotates regularly with the change of the preformed plasma density. The observed terahertz modulation with the external electric field and the preformed plasma provides a simple way to estimate the plasma density and evaluate the photocurrent dynamics of the dual-color filaments. It provides further experimental evidence of the photo-current model in governing the dual-color filament driven terahertz generation processes.     

Strong enhancement of terahertz radiation from laser filaments in air by a static electric field

We observe a 3 order of magnitude enhancement of the terahertz energy radiated by a femtosecond pulse undergoing filamentation in air in the presence of a static electric field. Measurements of terahertz pulse duration, spectrum, polarization, and radiation pattern elucidate the physical processes responsible for this radiation. A theoretical model explains the results and predicts another 3 orders of magnitude enhancement with a terawatt laser pulse.     

Magneto-gyrotropic photogalvanic effects in GaN/AlGaN two-dimensional systems

Magneto-gyrotropic photogalvanic and spin-galvanic effects are observed in (0001)-oriented GaN/AlGaN heterojunctions excited by terahertz radiation. We show that free-carrier absorption of linearly or circularly polarized terahertz radiation in low-dimensional structures causes an electric photocurrent in the presence of an in-plane magnetic field. Microscopic mechanisms of these photocurrents based on spin-related phenomena are discussed. Properties of the magneto-gyrotropic and spin-galvanic effects specific for hexagonal heterostructures are analyzed.     

半绝缘GaAs光电导开关产生太赫兹波电场屏蔽效应的二维Monte Carlo模拟

利用Ensemble-Monte Carlo模拟方法，对不同实验条件下半绝缘GaAs(SI-GaAs)光电导开关作为偶极辐射天线在辐射太赫兹电磁波(太赫兹波)中体内电场的分布以及空间电荷屏蔽效应对太赫兹波辐射的影响进行了模拟.载流子的时域空间电场分布表明:用高能量激光脉冲触发低压偏置的GaAs开关，空间电荷屏蔽是限制太赫兹波辐射功率的一个重要因素，并且空间电荷屏蔽能够引起太赫兹波呈现双极性.当高能量飞秒激光脉冲以全电极间隙触发大孔径光电导天线时，空间电荷电场屏蔽效应对太赫兹波的影响不大. 关键词： 光电导开关 Ensemble-Monte Carlo模拟 辐射场屏蔽 空间电荷屏蔽     

Intraband Dynamics and Terahertz Emission in Biased GaAs/In0.53Ga0.47As Semiconductor Superlattices

Using an excitonic basis, we investigate the intraband polarization, opticalabsorption spectra, and terahertz emission of semiconductor superlattice withthe density matrix theory. The excitonic Bloch oscillation is driven by the dcand ac electric fields. The slow variation in the intraband polarizationdepends on the ac electric field frequency. The intraband polarizationincreases when the ac electric field frequency is below the Bloch frequency.When the ac electric field frequency is above the Bloch frequency, theintraband polarization downwards and its intensity decreases. The satellitestructures in the optical absorption spectra are presented. Due to excitonicdynamic localization, the emission lines of terahertz shift in different acelectric field and dc electric field.     

Determination of the temporal profile of a terahertz pulse by applying the nonlinear-optical cross-correlation method

The nonlinear-optical cross-correlation method is proposed to determine the temporal profile of the electric field of a pulse terahertz radiation modulating the phase of the basic femtosecond laser pulse in an electrooptical crystal. In this method the measurement of the temporal profile of the electric field of the terahertz radiation pulse is realized in one laser pulse.     

Terahertz polarization imaging

We present a new method to measure the polarization state of a terahertz pulse by using a modified electro-optic sampling setup. To illustrate the power of this method, we show two examples in which the knowledge of the polarization of the terahertz pulse is essential for interpreting the results: spectroscopy measurements on polystyrene foam and terahertz images of a plastic coin. Both measurements show a sample-induced rotation of the terahertz electric field vector, which is surprisingly large and is a strong function of frequency. A promising aspect of our setup is the possibility of simultaneously measuring both transversal electric field components.     

量子阱在沿其平面方向偏振太赫兹波驱动下子带间光吸收

利用半导体布洛赫方程,讨论了量子阱在沿其平面方向偏振的太赫兹场驱动下的光学吸收谱。研究结果揭示了半导体量子阱在沿平面方向偏振的强太赫兹场驱动下吸收谱的一些新奇效应,如主吸收的太赫兹边带、动态弗兰兹-凯尔迪什效应。太赫兹场的频率及其相位对探测场吸收谱的影响也很显著。     

电场诱导水的太赫兹透射特性研究

许多生物分子自身的转动、振动或分子团的整体振动模式都位于太赫兹波段内,因此可以利用太赫兹光谱技术对生物分子进行检测。同时又由于太赫兹波的光子能量仅为毫电子伏量级,不会对分子的内部结构造成破坏,所以太赫兹时域光谱技术在生物检测方面具有良好的应用前景。众所周知,绝大多数的生物分子只有在液体条件下才能发挥其生物活性,所以研究液体环境下生物分子之间的相互作用就非常必要。然而水分子的转动模式、振动模式以及和氢键有关的能量均处于太赫兹波段,从而对其产生强烈的吸收;另外,水分子为极性分子,而极性分子对太赫兹波有强烈的共振吸收,这就使利用太赫兹技术对生物分子活性进行动态表征产生了困难。因此在研究溶液中的生物分子与太赫兹波的相互作用时,最大限度地减小水分子对太赫兹波的吸收就成为近年来的研究热点。目前,减少水对太赫兹波吸收的主要方法有：在溶液样品中加入抑制氢键缔合的离子来减小水对太赫兹的吸收;通过改变溶液的温度来调节水对太赫兹的吸收;利用微流控芯片技术,通过减小被测样品与太赫兹波的作用距离来减小水对太赫兹波的吸收。另外,激光的激励、电场或磁场的处理,也能改变水对太赫兹波的吸收,将盛有去离子水的微流控芯片放于电场中,研究经电场处理不同时间的去离子水对太赫兹吸收强度的影响。结果发现,太赫兹波的透射强度随着去离子水在电场当中静置时间的增加而增强,当在电场中静置60 min时,太赫兹的频谱强度达到最大,与空气的频谱强度接近。由此可以推断外加电场使水分子的偶极矩发生了变化,从而对整体水分子的振动和转动产生了影响,并且改变了水中的氢键结构,导致了太赫兹透射光谱强度的增强。     

Zitterbewegung in thin-film topological insulators in the presence of a terahertz pulse

Zitterbewegung (trembling motion) in thin-film topological insulators in the presence of a terahertz pump pulse has been considered. An analytical expression for the electric current density has been derived, which describes the electric current induced by the motion of an electron wave packet. The electron subsystem has been considered in the long-wavelength approximation, and the electromagnetic field has been described classically in the constant-pump approximation. The numerical analysis of the results has been carried out.     

基于Rydberg原子天线的太赫兹测量

Rydberg原子在微波和太赫兹频段具有极大的电偶极矩,利用量子干涉效应可实现对该频段电磁波场强的高灵敏探测,理论上灵敏度可达到远高于现有探测技术的水平.基于Rydberg原子量子效应的电磁场探测及精密测量技术在太赫兹的场强和功率计量、太赫兹通信和太赫兹成像等方面有着巨大的应用前景.本文回顾了基于Rydberg原子量子干涉效应实现电磁波电场自校准和可溯源测量的基本理论和实验技术,详细介绍了基于Rydberg原子的高灵敏太赫兹场强测量、太赫兹近场高速成像和太赫兹数字通信的基本原理和技术方案.最后简单介绍了本研究团队正在开展的基于Rydberg原子的太赫兹探测工作.     

基于人工表面等离激元探针实现太赫兹波的紧聚焦和场增强

为提高太赫兹近场显微成像技术的分辨率,设计了一款在Teflon探针的尖锥形表面镀上厚度渐变、具有相同占空比的超薄金属银制条带的探针,用于实现探针尖端处人工表面等离激元的激发和太赫兹波的亚波长聚焦.研究表明,对于频率为0.1 THz的入射波,厚度渐变镀银条带探针产生的紧聚焦光场的尺寸可稳定在20μm左右(λ/150),探针尖端处最大电场强度为入射电场强度的849倍.研究还发现,周期性金属条带的数目和入射电场的偏振方向可对探针尖端处产生的紧聚焦光斑的尺寸和电场强度等进行灵活有效的调控.     

太赫兹波段金属线栅的紫外光控特性研究

基于氧化铟纳米薄膜及金属线栅的特性,利用紫外激光诱导以金属线栅为衬底的氧化铟纳米结构,研究其对于太赫兹偏振透射的调制特性。实验中在金属线栅上滴入溶于乙醇的氧化铟溶液,并使溶液恰好浸润在金属线栅缝隙中,同时将加热台的温度调至340 ℃,对金属线栅中的氧化铟进行热退火。结果表明,氧化铟-金属线栅线长方向与太赫兹电场偏振方向垂直时,在低强度紫外光的照射下,该样品对太赫兹的透射强度有较为明显的衰减,当紫外光功率密度为7 mW·cm-2时,样品对太赫兹的调制深度可达71%;当氧化铟-金属线栅线长方向与太赫兹电场偏振方向平行时,紫外光激发下的样品对太赫兹的调制效果明显减弱,当紫外光功率密度为7 mW·cm-2时,调制深度约为20%。氧化铟纳米薄膜中存在的氧空位,使该材料对紫外光具有特殊响应。在无紫外光照射下,样品环境中的氧气分子被吸附到氧化铟表面,由于化学反应生成O2-离子态。当用光子能量大于氧化铟禁带宽度的紫外光激发样品时,在氧化铟表面激发出电子空穴对,空穴会被氧化铟表面的O2-离子态和缺陷态束缚,从而释放电子到导带,增强了样品的电导率。在太赫兹波频段内,透过氧化铟样品的太赫兹强度与氧化铟电导率有很好的相关性。金属线栅利用金属表面可存在的自由电子的振荡, 使电场方向与线栅方向平行的太赫兹偏振光激发电子沿线栅方向振荡,当电子与金属晶格中的原子碰撞时,此偏振光发生衰减并伴随辐射;而电场方向与线栅方向垂直的太赫兹偏振光,由于周期性结构的限制,无法激发自由电子振荡, 主要表现出透射特性。结合氧化铟的表面缺陷特性,紫外光可实现作为氧化铟-金属线栅结构的光控偏振开关作用,氧化铟-金属线栅结构偏振器能很好地应用于太赫兹波频段的光控偏振调制。     

Theory of a laser-plasma method for detecting terahertz radiation

A theory is developed for calculating the spectrum and the shape of a terahertz wave packet from the temporal profile of the energy of the second harmonic of the laser field generated during nonlinear interaction of laser and terahertz pulses in an optical-breakdown plasma. The spectral and temporal characteristics of the second-harmonic envelope and a terahertz pulse are shown to coincide only for short laser pulses. For long laser pulses, the second-harmonic spectral line shifts to the red and its temporal profile is determined by the time integral of the electric field of terahertz radiation.     

Generation of elliptically polarized terahertz waves from laser-induced plasma with double helix electrodes

By applying a helical electric field along a plasma region, a revolving electron current is formed along the plasma and an elliptically polarized far-field terahertz wave pattern is observed. The observed terahertz wave polarization reveals the remarkable role of velocity retardation between optical pulses and generated terahertz pulses in the generation process. Extensive simulations, including longitudinal propagation effects, are performed to clarify the mechanisms responsible for polarization control of air-plasma-based terahertz sources.     

Optical second harmonic generation induced by picosecond terahertz pulses in centrosymmetric antiferromagnet NiO

Optical second harmonic generation at the photon energy of 2?ω = 2eV in the model centrosymmetric antiferromagnet NiO irradiated with picosecond terahertz pulses (0.4–2.5 THz) at room temperature is detected. The analysis of experimental results shows that induced optical second harmonic generation at the moment of the impact of a terahertz pulse arises through the electric dipole mechanism of the interaction of the electric field of a pump pulse with the electron subsystem of NiO. Temporal changes in optical second harmonic generation during 7 ps after the action of the pulse are also of an electric dipole origin and are determined by the effects of propagation of the terahertz pulse in a NiO platelet. Coherent oscillations of spins at the antiferromagnetic resonance frequency induced by the magnetic component of the terahertz pulse induce a relatively weak modulation of magnetic dipole optical second harmonic generation.     

Superlattice conductivity sign change induced by intense electromagnetic radiation

The current density in a superlattice exposed to a quantizing electric field and the terahertz field has been calculated. The calculations have been carried out taking into account inelastic scattering of charge carriers by phonons. The possibility of an absolute negative conductivity, i.e., the emergence of electric current opposing the direction of the quantizing electric field, has been demonstrated.     

微谐振环结构体内太赫兹增强效应

基于严格电磁场理论,给出了微型谐振环形和Fishnet结构体内太赫兹波的严格表达式,并利用电磁场的边界条件分析了太赫兹波在微型谐振环形和Fishnet结构体内空间分布的增强效应。数值模拟结果表明:谐振环金属条附近的电场大于磁场,金属条附近的电场相对其他区域明显要强得多,开口处表现更为突出,太赫兹波在Fishnet结构体内电磁场的峰位处电场和磁场分布关于x对称;电场的极值出现在大十字架的上下四个角,而磁场的极值则出现在小十字架的上下两端点。同时用电磁场传输线理论对该现象作出一定的物理解释。收稿日期:; 修订日期:     

Effect of sheath potential on electromagnetic radiation emitted from the rear surface of a metallic foil target

In ultra-intense laser--matter interactions, intense electric fields formed at the rear surface of a foil target may have strong influences on the motion of energetic electrons, and thereby affect the electromagnetic emissions from the rear surface, usually ascribed to transition radiation. Due to the electric fields, transition radiation occurs twice and bremsstrahlung radiation also happens because the electrons will cross the rear surface twice and have large accelerations. In the optic region, transition radiation is dominant. The radiation spectrum depends on the electric field only when the electrons are monochromatic, and becomes independent of the electric field when the electrons have a broadband momentum distribution. Therefore, in an actual experiment, the electric field at the rear surface of a foil could not be studied just with the measurement of optic emissions. In the terahertz region, both bremsstrahlung and transition radiations should be taken into account, and the radiation power could be enhanced in comparison with that without the inclusion of bremsstrahlung radiation. The frequency at which the maximum terahertz radiation appears depends on the electric field.