锂离子电池聚阴离子型正极材料

聚阴离子型正极材料具有高安全性、低成本和环境友好等优点,是最具潜力的车用动力锂离子电池正极材料之一,但是较低的电子电导率和离子电导率以及较差的倍率性能和低温性能限制了这类材料的实际应用。近年来,通过对材料进行表面包覆电子良导体、体相掺杂以及制备纳米尺寸材料等,显著提升了部分聚阴离子型正极材料的电化学性能;同时,还实现了磷酸亚铁锂在车用动力电池中的实际应用。本文论述了近年来聚阴离子型正极材料研究领域中的研究热点及进展,特别是近几年重新成为研究热点的硅酸盐和硫酸盐正极材料,重点讨论了各种聚阴离子型正极材料的晶体结构、合成及改性方法、电化学性质、安全性以及实际应用所面临的技术瓶颈等,最后探讨了提升材料性能的可能途径。     

单斜层状结构锂离子电池正极材料LiYxMn1-xO2的合成及电化学性能

以Na2CO3 、(CH3CO2)2Mn•4H2O、Y2O3和CH3COOLi•2H2O为原料,采用高温固相法经过2次灼烧和水热离子交换法得到一系列钇掺杂的LiMn1-xYxO2 (x=0.01,0.02,0.03,0.05) 化合物。通过XRD、XPS、循环伏安及恒电流充放电测试,研究了钇掺杂离子对合成正极材料结构及电化学性能的影响。X射线衍射测试结果表明,所得产物均具有单斜层状结构。循环伏安及恒电流充放电测试结果表明,合适的钇掺杂可以起到扩展锂离子脱嵌通道和稳定骨架结构的作用, 钇离子的引入可以部分取代原有的三价锰离子, 由于钇离子的离子半径较三价锰离子大, 因此稀土掺杂锰酸锂材料的晶胞参数比未掺杂材料大, 在一定程度上扩充了锂离子迁移的三维通道, 更有利于锂离子的嵌入与脱嵌,提高单斜层状LiMnO2 材料的电化学循环可逆性及循环稳定性。通过对所得化合物进行了钇掺杂量及电化学性能的研究,得到性能比较优良的LiY0.021Mn0.979O2化合物,其首次放电比容量为125.7 mA·h/g,100次循环以后,放电比容量达212.1 mA·h/g,远高于未掺杂材料的放电容量138 mA·h/g。交流阻抗测试结果表明, Y3+的掺入能降低材料的电化学反应阻抗和提高材料中Li+的扩散能力。     

Thermal Properties of Binary Mixtures of β-Cyclodextrin with Carbamazepine Polymorphs

The thermal behaviour of binary mixtures between β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and either carbamazepine polymorphic Form I (CBZ I), Form III (CBZ III) or dihydrate was investigated in order to assess possible interactions of CBZ solid phases with β-CD. Physical mixtures and kneaded binaries of β-CD and different CBZ crystal forms were studied by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and hot stage microscopy. The pattern of transition of CBZ Form III into Form I is strongly influenced by β-CD. The liquid-solid transition is practically absent when anhydrous CBZ/β-CD mixes are tested, as a consequence of an interaction between β-CD and liquid CBZ that hinders CBZ recrystallisation as Form I occurring after CBZ Form III melting. Water loss on heating of CBZ dihydrate in the presence of β-CD leads in all cases to the formation of CBZ Form I. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

锂离子二次电池锰系正极材料

综述了锂离子二次电池锰系正极材料的研究进展，侧重于阐述尖晶石型及层状锰酸锂的制备、结构与电化学性能之间的关系。     

锂离子电池正极材料Li3V2(PO4)3/C的制备及电化学性能

以球磨结合焙烧的方法制备锂离子电池正极材料Li3V2(PO4)3/C.XRD、EIS表征及以该材料作正极的恒电流循环测试表明,所得产物为晶体结构发育良好的单斜晶系Li3V2(PO4)3.在0.1C、0.25C和0.5C倍率下,首次放电比容量分别为150.6、134.1和107.1mAh·g-1.0.25C循环130周后容量保持率为87.3%,而0.5C循环105周后容量保持率仍达到87.2%.锂离子在材料中的嵌入、脱出伴随明显的两相转变过程.电荷传递阻抗和SEI膜阻抗是影响材料倍率性能的主要因素.     

Thermodynamic Aspects of the Vaterite-Calcite Phase Transition

Although vaterite is the least stable anhydrous calcium carbonate polymorph, it is formed as a metastable phase in some normal and pathological biomineralisation processes. In this work, thermodynamic aspects of the vaterite-calcite phase transition were comprehensively studied. Vaterite samples were prepared by different methods and characterised for the composition, crystal structure, specific surface and grain size. All products were identified to be pure vaterite by careful X-ray diffraction measurements. The enthalpy and Gibbs energy of transition were determined by precise calorimetric and potentiometric measurements. The reliability of the thermodynamic data for the vaterite-calcite phase transition derived from this work was shown by the use of different calorimetric methods to determine the enthalpy of transition and the independent measurements of heat capacity and entropy of vaterite. Our recommended values are Δ_trs G*=−2.9±0.2 kJ mol⁻¹ , Δ _trs H *=−3.4±0.2 kJ mol−1 and Δ _trs S *=−1.7±0.9 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹ , where the uncertainties are given as twice the standard deviations. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

三元镍钴锰正极材料的制备及改性

三元镍钴锰正极材料是一类非常重要的正极材料,具有性能优于钴酸锂而成本远远低于钴酸锂、能量密度远远高于磷酸铁锂等重要优点,正在逐渐成为汽车动力电池的主流正极材料。但是,三元镍钴锰正极材料也存在循环稳定性不足、大电流密度放电性能不佳等问题。围绕解决这些问题并进一步提升三元镍钴锰正极材料的性能,近年来国内外在材料制备技术以及改性技术方面开展了大量的研究工作,取得了若干令人瞩目的研究成果。本文从材料制备方法、包覆修饰和掺杂改性三个方面,介绍了三元镍钴锰正极材料制备技术及改性技术的研究进展,在此基础上,对三元镍钴锰正极材料的未来发展方向作出展望。     

硫化聚合物锂离子电池正极材料的研究进展

用单质硫对聚合物进行硫化,可以制备具有电化学活性的导电高分子材料.这些材料用作锂离子电池正极活性材料,可获得较高的比容量.综述了聚二乙基硅氧烷、聚乙烯、聚乙炔、聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯腈等聚合物通过单质硫在200～360℃下硫化所制得的导电高分子材料的电化学特性.     

废旧锂离子电池正极材料资源化回收与再生

随着电子设备的普及和电动汽车行业的迅速崛起,作为提供能量来源的锂离子电池发挥着重要的作用。以钴酸锂、磷酸铁锂以及三元正极材料为代表的锂离子电池产销量不断增加;与此同时,为了提供更长的续航时间以及续航稳定性,新型锂离子电池材料的研究工作也在不断推进。在此背景下,锂离子电池正极材料的失效、废弃以及资源化回收再生的过程就显得愈发重要,如何在下游解决报废锂离子电池处理的问题也逐渐提上日程。基于此,本文分别从湿法和火法再生两个角度对废旧锂离子电池正极材料的回收和再生过程进行了介绍,包括回收条件优化的方法、较为新颖的回收再生方法以及再生材料的性能等,并总结了回收再生过程的杂质元素,包括铝、铜等元素对再生材料结构和性能的影响以及工业上常用的回收废旧锂离子电池的方法和环境影响。最后对锂离子电池回收的方法进行总结并进行展望。     

动力锂离子电池正极材料磷酸钒锂制备方法

锂离子电池新型正极材料的开发是当前的研究热点,其中磷酸盐材料以其结构稳定、安全性能好及资源丰富等优点备受关注。磷酸钒锂理论能量密度可达500mWh/g,具有较高的电子离子导电性、理论充放电容量及充放电电压平台,被认为是一种极具竞争优势和应用前景的动力锂离子电池正极材料。传统磷酸钒锂合成方法有固相合成法、碳热还原法、溶胶凝胶法和水热合成法等,近年来,又出现了湿法固相配位法、微波固相合成法和流变相法等新型合成方法。本文简要介绍了磷酸钒锂的结构和性能特点,对磷酸钒锂制备方法的最新研究进展进行了较为全面的阐述,并详细介绍了本研究团队近年来在磷酸钒锂材料新型合成方法方面的探索成果。同时对各种合成方法的制备工艺及材料性能进行了对比分析,并探讨了当前存在的问题及未来的研究方向。     

表面包覆保护的离子电池新型正极材料LiFeBO3电化学性能

以偏硼酸锂和草酸亚铁为原料,采用固相反应,合成了用于动力锂离子电池新型正极材料LiFeBO<,3>,并用乙丙共聚物(EPM)对该材料进行包覆保护处理;采用XRD、SEM和元素分析等测试技术对样品进行表征.实验表明.LiFeBO<,3>具有较高的放电重量比容量,而且包覆EPM后的硼酸铁锂具有更好的电化学性能,5%EPM包覆的硼酸锂首次放电容量达190 mA·h/g,0.5 C下充放电循环50次后容量衰减只有4.2%.     

尖晶石型八面体结构锰酸锂的制备及其电化学性能

采用模板导向法和高温固相法制备尖晶石型八面体结构的LiMn₂O₄锂离子电池正极材料,研究了该材料的结构和电化学性能。 电化学性能研究表明,该电极材料具有良好的循环稳定性和倍率性能,在2.5~4.5 V电压范围,电流密度为100 mA/g时,首周充放电比容量分别为147和179 mA·h/g,循环50周后,其充放电比容量仍分别保持在180/181 mA·h/g。 优良的电化学性能可能归因于尖晶石LiMn₂O₄的形貌结构特征,该方法为制备锂离子电池正极材料提供了思路和依据。     

锂硫电池硫碳复合正极材料研究现状及展望

二次锂硫电池被视为最具有发展潜力的下一代高能量密度二次电池之一. 但由于正极硫的电导率低（5×10^-30 S·cm^-1）,且在放电过程中产生的中间体多硫化物易溶于有机电解液,致使锂硫电池活性物质利用率降低,溶解后的多硫化物还会迁移到负极,被还原成不溶物Li2S2/Li2S而沉积于负极锂,使电极结构遭受破坏,造成电池容量大幅衰减,循环性能差,从而限制了进一步的开发应用. 研究表明,以碳作为导电骨架的硫碳复合正极材料能在不同程度上解决上述问题,从而有效提高了锂硫电池的放电容量和循环性能. 本文综述了近年来国内外报道的各种锂硫电池正极材料的研究进展,结合作者课题组的研究,重点探讨了硫碳复合正极材料,并对其今后的发展趋势进行了展望.     

The Development of Vanadyl Phosphate Cathode Materials for Energy Storage Systems: A Review

Various cathode materials have been proposed for high-performance rechargeable batteries. Vanadyl phosphate is an important member of the polyanion cathode family. VOPO₄ has seven known crystal polymorphs with tunneled or layered frameworks, which allow facile cation (de)intercalations. Two-electron transfer per formula unit can be realized by using V^V/V^IV and V^IV/V^III redox couples. The electrochemical performance is closely related to the structures of VOPO₄ and the types of inserted cations. This Review outlines the crystal structures of VOPO₄ polymorphs and their lithiated phases. The research progress of vanadyl phosphate cathode materials for different energy storage systems, including lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, potassium-ion batteries, multivalent batteries, and supercapacitors, as well as the related mechanism investigations are summarized. It is hoped that this Review will help with future directions of using vanadyl phosphate materials for energy storage.     

镱掺杂LiFePO4/C正极材料结构和电化学性能

采用高温固相法制备LiFe1-xYbxPO4/C(x=0,0.06,0.08,0.10)锂离子电池正极材料,并用X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电镜(SEM),循环伏安测试(CV)及交流阻抗测试(EIS)等方法进行结构和电化学性能的测试。XRD分析结果表明LiFe1-xYbxPO4/C(x=0,0.06,0.08,0.10)样品具有橄榄石型晶体结构。Yb的掺杂导致LiFePO4晶格中c轴方向的P-O键长增加,其中x=0.08样品具有最长的P-O键长。SEM图表明Yb的掺杂可明显细化颗粒,其中x=0.08时样品粒径为200 nm,比未掺杂样品降低了约2.5倍。电化学性能测试表明,Yb的掺杂使样品的放电容量增加,循环稳定性能提高。在-20～40℃温度区间内,放电容量随温度的升高而增加,其中x=0.08的样品40℃时放电容量为150 mAh.g-1,但测试温度达到60℃时,放电容量急剧下降。EIS测试表明Yb的掺杂可以明显改善电极表面电化学反应的动力学性能,降低电荷转移电阻,提高交换电流密度。     

稀土Sm掺杂LiFePO4/C正极材料的结构和电化学性能

采用高温固相法制备LiFe1-xSmxPO4/C(x=0,0.06,0.08,0.10)锂离子电池正极材料,并用XRD,SEM,CV及EIS等方法进行结构和电化学性能的测试。结果表明,通过该法制得的样品均具有橄榄石型晶体结构。Sm的掺杂可明显细化颗粒,并导致LiFePO4晶格中c轴方向的P-O键长增加,其中x=0.08样品P-O键长最大(0.152 8 nm),明显大于未掺杂样品的键长(0.142 2nm)。电化学性能测试表明,掺杂后LiFePO4的放电容量增加,循环稳定性能提高。在-20～40℃的温度区间内,放电容量随温度的升高而增加,其中x=0.08的样品40℃时放电容量为159 mAh.g-1,但测试温度达到60℃时,放电容量急剧下降。EIS测试表明Sm的掺杂可以明显改善电极表面电化学反应的动力学性能,降低电荷转移电阻,提高交换电流密度。     

Significant Enhancement of the Capacity and Cycling Stability of Lithium-Rich Manganese-Based Layered Cathode Materials via Molybdenum Surface Modification

Lithium-rich manganese-based layered cathode materials are considered to be one of the best options for next-generation lithium-ion batteries, owing to their ultra-high specific capacity (>250 mAh·g⁻¹) and platform voltage. However, their poor cycling stability, caused by the release of lattice oxygen as well as the electrode/electrolyte side reactions accompanying complex phase transformation, makes it difficult to use this material in practical applications. In this work, we suggest a molybdenum surface modification strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of Li_1.2Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂. The Mo-modified Li_1.2Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13O₂ material exhibits an enhanced discharge specific capacity of up to 290.5 mAh·g⁻¹ (20 mA·g⁻¹) and a capacity retention rate of 82% (300 cycles at 200 mA·g⁻¹), compared with 261.2 mAh·g⁻¹ and a 70% retention rate for the material without Mo modification. The significantly enhanced performance of the modified material can be ascribed to the formation of a Mo-compound-involved nanolayer on the surface of the materials, which effectively lessens the electrolyte corrosion of the cathode, as well as the activation of Mo⁶⁺ towards Ni²⁺/Ni⁴⁺ redox couples and the pre-activation of a Mo compound. This study offers a facile and effective strategy to address the poor cyclability of lithium-rich manganese-based layered cathode materials.     

Single Crystalline Na0.7MnO2 Nanoplates as Cathode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries with Enhanced Performance

Single crystalline rhombus‐shaped Na_0.7MnO₂ nanoplates have been synthesized by a hydrothermal method. TEM and HRTEM analyses revealed that the Na_0.7MnO₂ single crystals predominantly exposed their (100) crystal plane, which is active for Na⁺‐ion insertion and extraction. When applied as cathode materials for sodium‐ion batteries, Na_0.7MnO₂ nanoplates exhibited a high reversible capacity of 163 mA h g^?1, a satisfactory cyclability, and a high rate performance. The enhanced electrochemical performance could be ascribed to the predominantly exposed active (100) facet, which could facilitate fast Na⁺‐ion insertion/extraction during the discharge and charge process.     

锂离子电池富锂锰基正极材料的研究进展

随着新能源如电动汽车、储能电站的蓬勃发展,人们对下一代高性能锂离子电池的能量密度、功率密度和循环寿命提出了更高的要求. 而富锂锰基正极材料xLi₂MnO₃·(1-x)LiMO₂（0 < x < 1,M = Mn、Co、Ni…）具有可逆比容量高（240 ~ 280 mAh·g^-1,2.0 ~ 4.8 V）、电化学性能较佳、成本较低等优点,已吸引了研究者的关注,有望成为下一代锂离子电池用正极材料. 本实验室采用固相法和溶胶-凝胶法制备不同的富锂锰基正极材料,其中,溶胶-凝胶法制得的Li[Li_0.2Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13]O₂电极首周期放电比容量277.3 mAh·g^-1,50周期循环后容量272.8 mAh·g^-1,容量保持率98.4%. 本文重点结合本实验室的研究工作,对新型富锂锰基正极材料xLi₂MnO₃·(1-x)LiMO₂的结构、合成、电化学性能改性和充放电机理等进行总结与评述.     

A High‐Energy‐Density Potassium Battery with a Polymer‐Gel Electrolyte and a Polyaniline Cathode

A safe, rechargeable potassium battery of high energy density and excellent cycling stability has been developed. The anion component of the electrolyte salt is inserted into a polyaniline cathode upon charging and extracted from it during discharging while the K⁺ ion of the KPF₆ salt is plated/stripped on the potassium‐metal anode. The use of a p‐type polymer cathode increases the cell voltage. By replacing the organic‐liquid electrolyte in a glass‐fiber separator with a polymer‐gel electrolyte of cross‐linked poly(methyl methacrylate), a dendrite‐free potassium anode can be plated/stripped, and the electrode/electrolyte interface is stabilized. The potassium anode wets the polymer, and the cross‐linked architecture provides small pores of adjustable sizes to stabilize a solid‐electrolyte interphase formed at the anode/electrolyte interface. This alternative electrolyte/cathode strategy offers a promising new approach to low‐cost potassium batteries for the stationary storage of electric power.