PIC mode simulation of solenoid collimation channel

A new SSC(Separated Sector Cyclotron)-Linac is being designed to serve as an injector for the SSC at the HIRFL(Heavy Ion Research Facility Lanzhou).The beam intensity at the LEBT(Low Energy Beam Transport)for the heavy ions after the selection is typically low and the space charge effects are inconspicuous.The space charge effects become obvious when the beam current increases to a few hundred microamperes.The emittance growth deriving from the space charge effects may be particularly troublesome for the following linac and cyclotron.An optical system containing three solenoids has been designed for the LEBT to limit the beam emittance and to avoid the unnecessary beam loss in the cyclotron,as well as for the purpose of immunizing the LEBT emittance growth due to the space charge effects.The results of the PIC(Particle-In-Cell)mode simulation illustrate that this channel could limit the beam emittance growth and increase the beam brightness.     

Design of the low energy beam transport line for the China spallation neutron source

The design of the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) low-energy beam transport (LEBT) line, which locates between the ion source and the radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ), has been completed with the TRACE3D code. The design aims at perfect matching, primary chopping, a small emittance growth and sufficient space for beam diagnostics. The line consists of three solenoids, three vacuum chambers, two steering magnets and a pre-chopper. The total length of LEBT is about 1.74 m. This LEBT is designed to transfer 20 mA of H-pulsed beam from the ion source to the RFQ. An induction cavity is adopted as the pre-chopper.The electrostatic octupole steerer is discussed as a candidate. A four-quadrant aperture for beam scraping and beam position monitoring is designed.     

Design of magnet and control of the beam emittance for Penning H- ion source

The design requirement and principle of the deflection magnet for Magnetron and Penning H- ion source are discussed.It is proved that there exists a maximum emittance for the beam that may be transformed by the magnet into a state with equal Twiss parameters of αr=αy and βr =βy,which is the requisite condition to get a minimum emittance at the entrance of RFQ after transporting by a LEBT with solenoids.For this maximum emittance,the corresponding magnetic field gradient index is 1.     

Transverse dynamics of space charge dominated beam during bunching

In this paper we present a technique to optimize the transport parameters for transverse matching of the space charge dominated beams in the presence of bunching. The increase in the current within the specified bunch width during the transport is obtained from the disc model and is included in the optimization method. A 2D particle in cell (PIC) code is then developed to study the details transverse dynamics of the bunch taking into account the effect of longitudinal compression by reweighting the charge and mass of macroparticles. The evolution of rms beam size obtained using PIC simulation agrees well with the results obtained by solving beam envelope equation. The PIC simulation shows emittance growth during bunching induced by the space charge effect for nonuniform distribution. The growth in the emittance increases with the nonlinearity of distribution and peaks near the time focus.     

Particle-in-cell mode beam dynamics simulation of the low energy beam transport for the SSC-linac injector

A new SSC-linac system (injector into separated sector cyclotron) is being designed in the HIRFL (heavy ion research facility of Lanzhou). As part of SSC-Linac, the LEBT (low energy beam transport) consists of seven solenoids, four quadrupoles, a bending magnet and an extra multi-harmonic buncher. The total length of this segment is about 7 meters. The beam dynamics in this LEBT has been studied using three-dimensional PIC (particle-in-cell) code BEAMPATH. The simulation results show that the continuous beam from the ion source is first well analyzed by a charge-to-mass selection system, and the beam of the selected charge-to-mass ratio is then efficiently pre-bunched by a multi-harmonic buncher and optimally matched into the RFQ (radio frequency quadrupole) for further acceleration. The principles and effects of the solenoid collimation channel are discussed, and it could limit the beam emittance by changing the aperture size.     

高压直流连续波光阴极注入器中发射度补偿

空间电荷效应是引起发射度增长的主要因素,特别是在高压直流连续波光阴极注入器中。分析了高压直流连续波光阴极注入器中线性空间电荷力的特点及其对电子束横向发射度的影响,并从理论上解析地研究了螺线管发射度补偿的原理及特点。最后利用Parmela程序对中国工程物理研究院高压直流连续波光阴极注入器的发射度补偿作了模拟计算。结果表明,束团电荷量为80 pC的电子束在350 keV高压直流电子枪出口处的横向归一化发射度为5.14 mmmrad,经过螺线管补偿后,其最小横向发射度变为1.27 mmmrad。电子束的发射度得到了很好的补偿。     

螺线管磁场缺陷对电子束横向温度的影响

分析了直螺线管磁场缺陷的来源,考虑了电子束的空间电荷作用,采用数值方法模拟计算了磁场缺陷对电子束横向温度的影响 ,获得了电子冷却装置中直螺线管磁场的均匀性要求.结果表明,当相对磁场缺陷小于1× 1 0-3时 ,影响可以被忽略.In order to obtain the tolerance requirement for the magnetic field homogeneity of the solenoids in electron cooling device, the source of the magnetic imperfection and its influence on the transverse temperature of electron beam were investigated by means of numerical simulation, and taking the space charge effect of electron beam into account. The calculated result shows that the influence of the imperfection of magnetic field will be negligible when the relative magnetic field...     

电子束在弯曲螺线管中的运动

 为研究HIRFL-CSR电子冷却装置中电子束穿过电子冷却装置中弯曲螺线管后电子横向能量的变化,用POISSON程序计算出弯曲螺线管的磁场分布,考虑了空间电荷效应,用数值方法模拟计算了电子在弯曲螺线管中的运动情况,得到了电子束横向能量变化最小时磁场各分量与电子束能量和弯曲螺线管几何尺寸之间的关系,并获得了电子束横向能量在束流截面的空间分布。     

射频腔光阴极注入器发射度研究

 在激光驱动的光阴极注入器产生的高亮度电子束中，空间电荷引起发射度的增长。分析了射频腔中引起发射度增长的因素以及解决这个问题的办法——在射频腔的阴极附近加一个螺旋聚焦磁场进行补偿，也给出了补偿后电子束的发射度并和数值模拟结果进行比较，实验测试表明，所得结果比较符合。     

电荷束团横向非均匀密度分布引起的发射度增长

直线加速器中电荷束团的非线性效应是导致束流发射度增长的一个重要原因。本文给出了直线加速器中几种常见的横向非均匀电荷密度分布的有限长空间电荷束团所具有的非线性自场能,得到了由束团非均匀电荷密度分布引起的发射度增长。     

低能强流质子束空间电荷补偿度研究(英文)

对于低能强流离子束来说,空间电荷效应的存在将导致束流发散、发射度增加等一系列问题,从而降低束流品质。幸运的是,当束流由离子源引出通过低能传输线时会与其中的剩余气体发生电离反应,产生二次电子与二次离子;二次电子在束流自身产生的电场作用下,在束流中积累并中和部分空间电荷,达到抑制空间电荷效应的效果。为了测量空间电荷中和程度,中国科学院近代物理研究所研制了一台三栅网式能量分析仪用以测量电离过程中产生的二次离子能量来间接计算空间电荷中和度。实验结果表明,对于40 keV, 18.5 mA的质子束,真空度为1.510*3 Pa 时得到最佳补偿度;真空度一定的情况下,空间电荷补偿度随束流流强增加而变大。For high-intensity low-energy ion beams, space charge effect is a main cause of beam divergence  and emittance growth. Fortunately, residual gas molecules in the drift space tend to be ionized and neutralize the beam space charge spontaneously. The level of Space Charge Neutralization (SCN)is measured through the detection of created secondary ion energy distribution in the beam region. A so-called non-interceptive Three-grid Energy Analyzer (TEA) has been designed and manufactured at Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IMP). This paper will present the detailsof the TEA detector and the application to diagnose proton beam SCN level in the Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) line. As a preliminary result, for an 18.5 mA proton beam a best compensating point appears at the vacuum pressure of 1.510*3 Pa. And the neutralization level is advanced with thegrowth of beam current in a constant vacuum pressure.     

Linear theory of ionization cooling in 6D phase space

A linear theory is developed for ionization cooling of muon beams in periodic channels that can provide cooling of the transverse emittances and also of the longitudinal emittance via emittance exchange. The channels incorporate solenoids and quadrupoles for transverse focusing, dipoles to generate dispersion, wedged absorbers for ionization, and rf cavities for acceleration. The beam evolution near equilibrium is described by coupled first-order differential equations for five generalized emittances with two excitation sources. The results should be useful for understanding the cooling process and for designing cooling channels of future muon colliders and neutrino factories.     

Beam Dynamics Design of a 50 mA D~+ RFQ

A new 973 project was proposed by Peking University and Institute of Modern Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences recently.The project requires a 50 mA,162.5 MHz,cw mode radio frequency quadrupole(RFQ)to accelerate the D~+ to 1 MeV.In a high-current linear accelerator,the strong space charge effect causes the growth of envelope and emittance along with heavy beam losses.In the beam dynamics design of this RFQ,beam envelope mismatching is discussed and a matching dynamics method is proposed to minimize the envelope and emittance growth.The influence of limiting current on the beam transmission is discussed and used in the optimization of transverse and longitudinal parameters.After the optimization,the beam transmission efficiency reaches higher than 98%.     

Matching by solenoids in space charge dominated LEBTs

The betatron matching of a rotationally asymmetric beam in space charge dominated low-energy beam transports （LEBTs） where solenoids are used for the transverse matching has been studied. For better understanding, the coupling elements of a beam matrix are interpreted in special forms that are products of a term defined by the Larmor rotation angle and another by the difference between the beam matrix elements in the two transverse planes. The coupling form originally derived from the rotationally symmetric field in solenoids still holds when taking into account the rotationally asymmetric space charge forces that are due to the unequal emittance in the two transverse planes. It is shown in this paper that when an LEBT mainly comprising solenoids transports a beam having unequal emittance in the two transverse planes and the linear space charge force is taken into account, the initial Twiss parameters can be modified to obtain the minimum and equal emittance at the LEBT exit. The TRACE3D calculations also prove the principle. However, when quadrupoles that are also rotationally asymmetric are involved in between solenoids, the coupling between the two transverse planes becomes more complicated and the emittance increase is usually unavoidable. A matching example using the CSNS （China Spallation Neutron Source） LEBT conditions is also presented.     

光阴极微波电子枪中发射度补偿及模拟计算

介绍了上海深紫外自由电子激光用光阴极微波电子枪采用发射度补偿技术的结果 .详细分析了线性空间电荷力的特点及对束流发射度的影响 ,从束流动力学和相空间两方面讨论了发射度补偿原理 .给出了补偿线圈的设计结构及其轴向场分布 .利用PARMELA程序对补偿效果作了模拟计算 .结果表明 ,设计的腔体对单圈 1 .5nC束团 ,在枪出口后 1 .2m处 ,电子能量为 5 .7MeV ,横向归一化发射度εn ,RMS=1 .61 2πmm·mrad. The emittance compensation technology will be used on the photo cathode RF gun for Shanghai SDUV FEL. In this paper, the space charge force and its effect on electron beam transverse emittance in RF gunis is studied, the principle of emittance compensation in phase space is discussed. We have designed a compensation solenoid and calulated its magnetic field distribution. Its performance has been studied by the code PARMELA. A simulation result indicates that the normalized transverse RMS emi...     

Collective emittance exchange with linear space charge forces and linear coupling

We show that pronounced collective nonlinear behavior is present in a beam with linear coupling and space charge as described by the complete second order moment equations. The collective effects result in a shifted and broadened resonance condition as well as saturation effects in the emittance transfer. For slow stop-band crossing either the beam evolves along a skewed matched solution with full emittance exchange or the exchange is hindered by collective space charge effects, depending on the emittance ratio and direction of crossing.     

ATPF–a dedicated proton therapy facility

A proton therapy facility based on a linac injector and a slow-cycling synchrotron is proposed. To obtain good treatments for different cancer types, both the spot scanning method and the double-scattering method are adopted in the facility, whereas the nozzles include both gantry and fixed beam types. The proton accelerator chain includes a synchrotron of 250 MeV in maximum energy, an injector of 7 MeV consisting of an RFQ and a DTL linac, with a repetition rate of 0.5 Hz. The slow extraction using the third-order resonance and together with the RFKO method is considered to be a good method to obtain a stable and more-or-less homogenous beam spill. To benefit the spot scanning method, the extraction energy can be as many as about 200 between 60 MeV and 230 MeV. A new method – the emittance balancing technique of using a solenoid or a quadrupole rotator is proposed to solve the problem of unequal emittance in the two transverse planes with a beam slowly extracted from a synchrotron. The facility has been designed to keep the potential to be upgraded to include the carbon therapy in the future.     

Space charge effect,coherence of charge oscillations,and emittance

The space charge effect plays an important role in accelerator injectors, in which the particle energy is relatively low. The emittance compensation technique makes it possible to effectively analyze and optimize such beamlines. This method is used for obtaining simple and reliable analytical and numerical estimates for the increase in emittance in beamlines with prevailing effect of space charge and guns. The longitudinal and transverse nonuniformity in charge density, acceleration, and bunching are taken into account. The parameters of optimal beamlines and guns are estimated.     

Halo formation and emittance growth of positron beams in plasmas

An ultrarelativistic 28.5 GeV, 700-microm-long positron bunch is focused near the entrance of a 1.4-m-long plasma with a density n(e) between approximately equal to 10(13) and approximately equal to 5 x 10(14) cm(-3). Partial neutralization of the bunch space charge by the mobile plasma electrons results in a reduction in transverse size by a factor of approximately equal to 3 in the high emittance plane of the beam approximately equal to 1 m downstream from the plasma exit. As n(e) increases, the formation of a beam halo containing approximately 40% of the total charge is observed, indicating that the plasma focusing force is nonlinear. Numerical simulations confirm these observations. The bunch with an incoming transverse size ratio of approximately 3 and emittance ratio of approximately 5 suffers emittance growth and exits the plasma with approximately equal sizes and emittances.     

直线加速器中双向高斯密度分布电荷束团发射度增长的比率关系

采用直线加速器中的空间电荷束团的有限圆柱模型，并假设该有限圆柱体电荷密度分布在横向ｒ和纵向ｚ都满足高期分布，推导得到了该电荷束团的自场能与发射度增长公式；通过数值模拟计算，给出了束流发射度增长随束团参数和加速器系统参数变化的图表曲线，讨论了该双向高期密度分布电荷束团发射度增长的比率关系．