非球对称电离层掩星数据反演

电离层掩星数据的传统反演方法是电离层球对称假设下的Abel变换反演方法,但是实际的电离层电子密度分布不是球对称的,电离层的非球对称分布给电离层电子密度反演带来误差.发展了一种新的非球对称电离层掩星反演方法,利用国际参考电离层模型提供的三维电离层电子密度分布先验信息来修正掩星总电子含量 ,再通过球对称假设下的Abel变换反演出电离层电子密度.利用新方法反演了星座气象、电离层和气候观察系统掩星实测数据,并将得到的反演结果与电离层探测器资料进行了比较.结果表明,新方法能够较好地反演出电离层电子密度. 关键词： 电离层掩星 电子密度 国际参考电离层模型     

Self-oscillations and bunching of striations in ionospheric modifications

Based on the theory of stationary striations created in ionospheric modifications by powerful radio waves, as developed by Gurevich et al. [Phys. Lett. A 206 (1995) 247], the existence of self-oscillations of striations and of a large scale nonlinear structuring in a modified region is predicted. The theory is shown to be in agreement with existing observational data. Direct in situ rocket measurements of the electron temperature inside the striations, analogous to the recent plasma density measurements [M.C. Kelley et al., J. Geophys. Res. 100 (1995) 17 367], are desirable.     

Determination of Spatial Distribution of Plasma Current Density by Multibeam FIR Interferometry/Polarimetry

A method is derived for inferring the point-wise current density given the shape of the outer plasma boundary ?i neds and ?i neB?d?s, where ne is the electron density, d?s is an increment of path length, and B? is the magnetic field strength. The i is an index for the several integral traverses that are required. The integral quantities are assumed to be obtainable from far infrared (FIR) interferometer/polarimeter measurements [1], and the outer plasma boundary shape could be obtained from plasma loop probe measurements [2]. The method obtains a current density distribution that is consistent with ? . B? = 0, ? × B? = ? j?, assuming that the ne contour lines follow the B-field lines [3], [4], as well as the measured line integrals, and the measured outer plasma boundary shape. If they are available, other experimental data can also be incorporated into the analysis method. A set of data from the TEXTOR tokamak reported by Soltwisch [3] is analyzed by the method, and the results are discussed.     

Semiempirical calculation of the surface dipole barrier in metals

The surface dipole barrier D of metals is calculated from experimental work functions and theoretical bulk chemical potentials obtained by the Augmented-Spherical-Waves method of Williams et al. Two independent linear relations between D and the electron density at the boundary of Wigner-Seitz cells are found for transition and non transition metals. An explanation for this difference is offered.     

Reduction of energy-loss “ghost structures” observed in electrostatic deflection type electron analysers

Ghost lines due to electron reflections occurring on the wall plates of an electrostatic deflection type electron analyser are observed and studied as a function of electron intensity and energy, in the kinetic energy range 25–40keV. The model by Froitzheim et al. [3] is found to be in good agreement with our measurements. A new method, based on the angular separation of the ghost beam from the analysed beam, is used to reduce the ghost structure intensity by a factor of about 300.     

共振线俘获对碰撞激发X光激光增益特性的影响

以类氖-锗离子为例,用逃逸概率方法研究了共振线俘获效应对电子碰撞激发X光激光增益特性的影响。对波长为19.6nm,23.2nm和23.6nm等三条激光线,讨论了增益特性对增益区宽度ΔR和介质速度梯度dV/dZ的依赖关系.     

One-dimensional minigaps in inversion layer subbands on high index surfaces of InSb

In metal-oxide-semiconductor structures prepared on high index surfaces ofp-InSb onedimensional minigaps are observed in the quasi-two-dimensional subband structure of the inversion layer electrons at low temperatures. From anisotropic structure in the inversion channel conductance energetical position and size of the minigap are deduced and studied in dependence on surface orientation. The measured energetical position of the minigap is well described by two models, the valley projection model by Sham et al. and the staircase interface model by Volkov et al. In the magnetoconductance the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations are found to contain several periods, reflecting the possible electron orbits of a two-dimensional electron gas with a one-dimensional minigap in a magnetic field applied normal to the two-dimensional plane. The size of the minigap determined from magnetic breakdown is found to be comparable to the one deduced from the anisotropic structure in the zero-field conductance.Dedicated to K. Dransfeld on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Transverse interferometry of a hydrogen-filled capillary discharge waveguide

Transverse interferometric measurements are presented of the plasma channel formed in a hydrogen-filled capillary discharge waveguide recently used to generate 1 GeV electrons in a laser-driven plasma accelerator for the first time. The measurements were found to be in good agreement with nonlocal thermal equilibrium simulations, but showed significant differences with the results of a quasistatic model developed by Bobrova et al. [Phys. Rev. E. 65, 016407 (2001)]. The measurements are used to determine scaling laws for the axial electron density and matched spot size of the plasma channel, enabling optimization of the channel to specific applications.     

利用Fernald迭代后向积分法反演低空探测机载激光雷达消光系数

进行低空探测的机载激光雷达消光系数反演存在着标定点选取和标定值确定两大困难.Fernald迭代后向积分法能够在不利用其它辅助没备的情况下,找到进行低空探测机载激光雷达消光系数反演所需的标定点和标定值.利用Fernald迭代后向积分法和Palm et a1.(2002)方法分别对青岛机载激光雷达实验数据进行处理,得到的两条消光系数廓线基本吻合.定蜃分析显示:利用Fernald迭代后向积分法进行机载激光雷达消光系数反演时,激光雷达比对消光系数反演结果影响很大;标定点的消光系数值及迭代判据的取值对机载激光雷达消光系数反演的结果影响较小.Fernald迭代后向积分法为不用其它辅助设备进行低空探测的机载激光雷达消光系数反演提供了一种可行的范例.     

Effect of pressure relaxation during the laser heating and electron–ion relaxation stages

The multi-phase equation of state by Bushman et al. (Sov. Tech. Rev. 5:1–44, 2008) is modified to describe states with different electron and ion temperatures and it is applied to the non-equilibrium evolution of an aluminum sample heated by a subpicosecond laser pulse. The sample evolution is described by the two-temperature model for the electron and ion temperatures, while the pressure and density are described by a simplified relaxation equation. The pressure relaxation in the heating stage reduces the binding energy and facilitates the electron-driven ablation. The model is applied to estimate the ablation depth of an Al target irradiated by a subpicosecond laser pulse. It improves the agreement with the experimental data and provides a new explanation of the ablation process.     

Lattice Boltzmann simulations of drops colliding with solid surfaces

Video images of drops colliding with solid surfaces shown by Rioboo et al. (2002) reveal that, for large drop velocities, the drops flatten and form a ring structure before receding and, in some cases, rebounding from the surface. They described the sequence of events in terms of four distinct regimes. During the initial kinematic phase, the dimensionless wetting radius of the drop follows a universal form if the drop Weber and Reynolds numbers are sufficiently large. In the second phase, the drop becomes highly flattened and the values of the Weber and Reynolds numbers influence the time evolution of the dimensionless wetting radius and its maximum value. This is followed by a third phase in which the wetting radius begins to decrease with time and the wettability of the surface influences the dynamics. This paper presents simulation results for the early stages of drop impact and spreading on a partially wetting solid surface. The simulations were performed with a modified version of the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) developed by Inamuro et al. (2004) for a liquid-gas density ratio of 1000. The Inamuro et al. version of the LBM was modified by incorporating rigid, no-slip boundary conditions and incorporating a boundary condition on the normal derivative of the order parameter to impose the desired equilibrium contact angle.     

Measurement of Titanium and Manganese K -shell Ionization Cross Sections by Electron Impact

报道了电子引起的钛、锰原子的Ｋ壳层电离截面实验值。实验中,采用了薄靶厚衬底技术,并将衬底中反射的电子对测量值的影响进行了修正。实验结果与其他文献报道的测量结果相吻合。最后,还将实验结果与Ｃａｓｎａｔｉ等人的经验公式进行了比较。     

电子引起的钛和锰的K壳层电离截面测量

报道了电子引起的钛,锰原子的Ｋ壳层电离截面实验值。实验中,采用了薄靶厚衬底技术,并将衬底中反射的电子对测量值的影响进行了修正。实验结果与其他文献报道的测量结果相吻合。最后,还将实验结果与Ｃａｓｎａｔｉ等人的经验公式进行了比较。     

正向高密度脉冲电流激发下ZnSe MIS二极管中的自由激子发光

本文测量了在77K和正向脉冲电流密度为50～500mA/mm2的激发下,ZnSe MIS二极管的电致发光光谱.首次在高电流密度激发下的ZnSe晶体的电致发光光谱上,观测到自由激子与自由激子间(Ex-Ex)的散射.本中根据自由激子的动能分布,讨论了2LO声子协助的自由激子伴线的形状,发现当激发电流密度增高时,自由激子的有效温度大于晶格温度,这可归结为激子与激子间的非弹性散射.     

Spectroscopy of electron subband levels in an inversion layer on InSb

We report the observation of resonant transitions between electron subbands in an inversion layer on the surface of p-InSb. The transitions are excited with IR-radiation polarized parallel to the sample surface. This is possible because of the non-parabolicity of the surface subband structure. We compare the measured resonance positions with the results of a recent calculation by Arai et al. and find satisfactory agreement. In the light of both present experiments and theory we conclude that previously published photoconductivity work from Katayama et al. did not detect intersubband transitions.     

Probe Measurements in Electronegative Plasmas: Modeling the Perturbative Effects of the Probe‐Holder

A basic property of an electronegative plasma is its separation into two distinct regions: an ion‐ion region far from boundaries, where the densities of positive and negative ions are higher then electron density, and a near‐boundary electron‐ion region, where negative ions have practically negligible density. This is due to the influence of the ambipolar electric field, which depends on electron (not negative ion) plasma parameters. This electric field “holds off” negative ions from the boundary, as the ions have lower mobility and temperature compared to the electrons. Therefore, negative ions will be repelled by any object inserted into the plasma. This can lead to errors in measurements of negative ion and electron parameters by any invasive method. Numerical modeling of electric probes in an argon‐oxygen plasma clearly demonstrates possible errors of direct measurements of negative ion probe current. This can also affect results from the photo‐detachment method and direct measurements of negative ion energy distribution (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

A theoretical calculation of tunneling spectroscopy of an electron waveguide with or without a scatterer

A theoretical study on the tunneling spectroscopy of an electron waveguide recently observed by Eugster and del Alamo is presented. A narrow electron waveguide coupled with another much wider one by a thin barrier between them is taken as a theoretical model for the leaky electron waveguide implemented by Eugster et al., and the transport properties of electrons are studied comprehensively through the wavefunction of the system. The results demonstrate that the conductance for the current tunneling out the barrier oscillates strongly with the width of the narrow electron waveguide, in line with its conductance steps. The theory is in good agreement with the experiments and confirm that the oscillations of the tunneling current can be considered as a spectroscopy of the 1D DOS (one dimensional electron density of states) in the electron waveguide as proposed by Eugster et al. In order to study the effects of scatterers on the transport properties of the leaky electron waveguide, a δ-function is used to simulate the scattering potential The results show that the presence of even a single scatterer located in the waveguide will lead to obvious distortion of the shape of conductance steps, and will greatly influence the oscillations of the tunneling current observed in clean waveguides. However the effects of scatterers located outside the tunneling barrier on either the conductance steps or the oscillations of the tunneling current are negligible.     

The determination of electron density profiles from refraction measurements obtained using holographic interferometry

The angles a fourth-harmonic holographic interferometer probing beam is refracted upon passing through a neodymium laser-produced plasma have been measured by varying the focus during reconstruction of the hologram. A method (not requiring the numerical inversion of an integral equation) for using such refraction measurements to give the plasma electron density profile is shown to produce a profile in agreement with that obtained from the phase information on the reconstructed in-focus interferogram.     

Binding energies and K-edge spectra of NO chemisorbed on Ru(0001)

The electronic structures, adsorption energies and equilibrium geometries of chemisorbed NO on the Ru(0001) surface for several adsorption sites were determined using cluster models and employing the first principles, local density theory. Ground state one-electron eigenvalues and wave functions were obtained using the discrete variational method with numerical atomic bases. K-edge X-ray absorption spectra of both nitrogen and oxygen for each geometry were obtained using a scattered wave method. The effects of the surface on these spectra were studied by comparison with results from an isolated NO molecule and with the XPS and UPS experiments of Umbach et al. Both the NO and the NO-substrate vibration frequencies were calculated. Comparison between these theoretical results, recent electron energy loss spectra of Conrad et al. and early experiments of Thomas et al. suggests that NO is adsorbed only at threefold and top sites.     

Asymmetrical Abel Inversion of MHD Generator Discharges

The method of Yasutomo et al. for asymmetrical Abel inversion is extended. The original solution consists of a radial part and a weight function, describing the degree of asymmetry. In this work, the radial part is generalized to an elliptical part by employing a coordinate transformation. A factor ? is introduced defining the ellipticity. The extended method is applied to continuum intensity measurements of a discharge in the argon-cesium plasma of a shock-tunnel MHD generator. Two axes of observation have been used, the first one to obtain the radial part and the weight function, the second one, at an angle of 30° with the first axis, to obtain the value of ? needed in the transformation. The reconstructed spatial distribution of radiation intensity is nearly elliptical but with asymmetry in flow direction. The distribution is stretched out along the magetic field lines and fairly well reproduces the emitted intensity profiles.