基于倒置结构的直接体积重建

通过多个点状探测器在三维空间中的适当分布的排列,得到了基于倒置结构Ｘ射线锥形束投影的直接体积重建三维成像七锥形束边界重建相结合,针对倒置结构构造的重建算法及其数值仿真表明,新的成像模式相对于传统的锥形束边界重建,在实际存在Ｘ射线投影噪声情形下有明显的优点。     

H2O温度二维分布的滤波反投影重建

利用可调谐半导体吸收光谱技术实现燃烧场温度二维分布重建。设计H2O模型温度分布范围为300~1300 K,高斯型分布,利用Radon变换模拟实验测量结果。采用滤波反投影算法重建了两条吸收谱线强度场,进而得到气体温度二维分布,重建结果与模型符合较好。研究了不同投影数目和随机噪声对重建结果的影响,结果表明:随着投影数目的减少和噪声幅值的增加,重建温度分布均方误差增大,图像重建效果变差。当投影数目减小到4个,重建温度场已不能完全反映原始温度场信息。     

基于代数迭代算法的燃烧火焰温度场和气体浓度场重建研究

基于TDLAS(tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy)技术,以水汽作为目标气体,采用直接吸收的测量方式,探测了甲烷空气预混平焰炉燃烧区域水汽的吸收光谱信号,通过ART(algebraic reconstruction technique)代数迭代算法对燃烧场温度和水汽浓度分布进行了模拟重建和实验研究,模拟重建采取5×5共25个网格的正方形重建区域,假定25个网格的一个温度浓度二维分布,模拟28条激光束从不同的角度方位穿越重建区域,得到模拟射线下的投影值,经ART算法重建,结果显示温度场和水汽浓度场的重建偏差均在1%以内。实验采用分布反馈式激光器作为光源,选取H₂O的7 153.722,7 153.748和7 154.354 cm-1三条吸收线作为测温谱线,其中前两条线不区分作为一条吸收线来处理。使用平移台多方位平行扫描,共获取30路光谱吸收信号,经数据处理、算法重建和双线比值法测温原理得到了圆形平焰炉16个不同区域的温度浓度值,且炉面偏向中心区域温度浓度值较高,边缘较小,结果表明代数迭代算法能够很好地实现燃烧区域温度场和水汽浓度场的反演。     

Dose,exposure time and resolution in serial X‐ray crystallography

The resolution of X‐ray diffraction microscopy is limited by the maximum dose that can be delivered prior to sample damage. In the proposed serial crystallography method, the damage problem is addressed by distributing the total dose over many identical hydrated macromolecules running continuously in a single‐file train across a continuous X‐ray beam, and resolution is then limited only by the available molecular and X‐ray fluxes and molecular alignment. Orientation of the diffracting molecules is achieved by laser alignment. The incident X‐ray fluence (energy/area) is evaluated that is required to obtain a given resolution from (i) an analytical model, giving the count rate at the maximum scattering angle for a model protein, (ii) explicit simulation of diffraction patterns for a GroEL–GroES protein complex, and (iii) the spatial frequency cut‐off of the transfer function following iterative solution of the phase problem, and reconstruction of an electron density map in the projection approximation. These calculations include counting shot noise and multiple starts of the phasing algorithm. The results indicate counting time and the number of proteins needed within the beam at any instant for a given resolution and X‐ray flux. An inverse fourth‐power dependence of exposure time on resolution is confirmed, with important implications for all coherent X‐ray imaging. It is found that multiple single‐file protein beams will be needed for sub‐nanometer resolution on current third‐generation synchrotrons, but not on fourth‐generation designs, where reconstruction of secondary protein structure at a resolution of 7 Å should be possible with relatively short exposures.     

Analysis of algebraic reconstruction technique for accurate imaging of gas temperature and concentration based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy

An improved algebraic reconstruction technique(ART) combined with tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy(TDLAS) is presented in this paper for determining two-dimensional(2D) distribution of H_2O concentration and temperature in a simulated combustion flame.This work aims to simulate the reconstruction of spectroscopic measurements by a multi-view parallel-beam scanning geometry and analyze the effects of projection rays on reconstruction accuracy.It finally proves that reconstruction quality dramatically increases with the number of projection rays increasing until more than 180 for 20 × 20 grid,and after that point,the number of projection rays has little influence on reconstruction accuracy.It is clear that the temperature reconstruction results are more accurate than the water vapor concentration obtained by the traditional concentration calculation method.In the present study an innovative way to reduce the error of concentration reconstruction and improve the reconstruction quality greatly is also proposed,and the capability of this new method is evaluated by using appropriate assessment parameters.By using this new approach,not only the concentration reconstruction accuracy is greatly improved,but also a suitable parallel-beam arrangement is put forward for high reconstruction accuracy and simplicity of experimental validation.Finally,a bimodal structure of the combustion region is assumed to demonstrate the robustness and universality of the proposed method.Numerical investigation indicates that the proposed TDLAS tomographic algorithm is capable of detecting accurate temperature and concentration profiles.This feasible formula for reconstruction research is expected to resolve several key issues in practical combustion devices.     

基于多波长激光吸收光谱技术的气体浓度与温度二维分布遗传模拟退火重建研究

利用可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术实现气体浓度温度二维分布重建.设计了气体浓度温度二维分布重建测量系统,采用四路波分复用技术以减少投影光路布置数量和增加气体吸收测量信息.针对于图像重建过程中建立的非线性投影方程组,将遗传算法与模拟退火算法相结合进行求解,在实现全局最优搜索基础上提高算法搜索效率.建立燃烧环境下H2O浓度温度二维分布模型,借助于近红外波段1.3—1.5μm范围内4条H2O气体吸收谱线,利用数值模拟计算方法进行了气体分布重建,重建结果与模型符合得很好.通过在投影数据中添加不同比例的随机误差,考察其对气体分布重建结果的影响.研究表明,气体浓度分布重建结果对于投影误差不敏感,而增加投影误差幅值将导致温度分布重建均方误差增大。     

X‐ray spectra by means of Monte Carlo simulations for imaging applications

X‐ray tubes have a broad range of applications worldwide, including several techniques for atomic physics, like X‐ray fluorescence, as well as for medical imaging, like computed tomography. The performances of X‐ray imaging detectors have shown to be significantly sensitive to the incident beam spectrum. Therefore, an accurate knowledge of the X‐ray beam becomes necessary for the emission source characterization and the whole imaging process comprehension. Direct measurements and suitable Monte Carlo simulations may be used to establish the X‐ray spectra. Dedicated Monte Carlo simulation routines, based on the PENELOPE code, have been developed to determine the Bremsstrahlung X‐ray spectra generated by conventional X‐ray tubes. The simulated spectra have been validated by comparison with the corresponding experimental data showing an overall good agreement. The incorporation of a suitably designed virtual grid allowed to assess the angular distribution of Bremsstrahlung yield, showing a remarkable anisotropy. In addition, a dedicated program has been developed for virtual imaging, which enables to perform suitable X‐ray absorption contrast images. Also, the developed program includes a user‐friendly graphic interface to allow the upload of required input parameters, which include setup arrangement, beam characteristics, sample properties and image simulation parameters (spatial resolution, tracks per run, etc.). The software includes dedicated subroutines which handle the physical process from X‐ray generation up to detector signal acquisition. The aim of the developed program is to perform virtual imaging by means of absorption contrast and using conventional X‐ray sources, which may be a useful tool for the study the X‐ray imaging techniques in several research fields as well as for educational purposes. The performed comparisons with experimental data have shown good agreement. The obtained results for X‐ray imaging may constitute useful information for the comprehension and improvement of X‐ray image quality, like absorption contrast optimization, detail visualization, definition and detectability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三维燃烧介质和壁面温度的非接触联合重建研究

温度分布在线实时测量对于燃烧过程优化和污染物控制具有重要意义, 针对以往非接触三维温度分布重建过程的耗时性问题和忽略壁面辐射的不足, 本文提出了一种新的离散重建模型, 用于三维吸收、 发射和散射性高温燃烧介质以及壁面温度的快速联合非接触测量. 该模型以四个CCD(Charge Coupled Device) 为测量传感器, 通过构建辐射逆问题求解方程, 从CCD输出的辐射投影图像重建温度分布. 介质中不同投影方向内的辐射传递过程通过离散传递法来描述, 介质的散射和壁面反射则通过离散坐标法来近似. 离散后计算局部辐射强度的病态方程通过最小二乘余量法来求解, 论文对其计算速度进行了优化. 通过非对称温度分布测量算例分析了该模型的有效性, 讨论了测量噪音、 介质和壁面辐射特性对重建精度的影响, 并与其他方法对比分析了模型的重建速度. 计算结果表明本文提出的离散模型可以有效地用于大型高温燃烧介质和壁面温度分布的联合非接触测量. 即使在有噪声的情况下, 该模型也能获得准确的测量结果, 与其他计算方法相比, 采用改进的最小二乘余量法, 能有效地提高温度分布的重建计算速度.     

Characterization of X‐ray gas attenuator plasmas by optical emission and tunable laser absorption spectroscopies

X‐ray gas attenuators are used in high‐energy synchrotron beamlines as high‐pass filters to reduce the incident power on downstream optical elements. The absorption of the X‐ray beam ionizes and heats up the gas, creating plasma around the beam path and hence temperature and density gradients between the center and the walls of the attenuator vessel. The objective of this work is to demonstrate experimentally the generation of plasma by the X‐ray beam and to investigate its spatial distribution by measuring some of its parameters, simultaneously with the X‐ray power absorption. The gases used in this study were argon and krypton between 13 and 530 mbar. The distribution of the 2p excited states of both gases was measured using optical emission spectroscopy, and the density of argon metastable atoms in the 1s₅ state was deduced using tunable laser absorption spectroscopy. The amount of power absorbed was measured using calorimetry and X‐ray transmission. The results showed a plasma confined around the X‐ray beam path, its size determined mainly by the spatial dimensions of the X‐ray beam and not by the absorbed power or the gas pressure. In addition, the X‐ray absorption showed a hot central region at a temperature varying between 400 and 1100 K, depending on the incident beam power and on the gas used. The results show that the plasma generated by the X‐ray beam plays an essential role in the X‐ray absorption. Therefore, plasma processes must be taken into account in the design and modeling of gas attenuators.     

三维复杂温度场高精度声学测量方法

声学温度场检测技术通过多路径声波传播时间数据,反演被测区域的温度分布.提供了一种高精度的三维复杂温度场的声学测量方法.首先从射线声学角度给出了三维非均匀温度场中声波传播路径的数学模型.在此基础上,将三维温度场的重建问题转化为声波传播路径的求解和温度场的反演问题,建立了基于多项式修正径向基函数(RBF-PR)和改进的Ti...     

旋流火焰燃烧温度场二维吸收光谱诊断

针对旋流火焰的复杂流场结构，结合可调谐二极管吸收光谱技术（tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy，TDLAS）和多光谱层析成像术（hyperspectral tomography，HT），发展了具有空间分辨能力的二维吸收光谱测量技术（tunable diode laser absorption tomography，TDLAT），实现了甲烷/空气旋流火焰不同高度的二维温度场测量.该TDLAT系统吸收波长为7 185.6，7 444.3，6 807.8和7 466.3 cm-1四线，采用分时-直接吸收探测策略，测量频率2.5 kHz，采用13×13路正交光路（空间分辨率7 mm），采用模拟退火算法进行数据重建.经与理论计算结果对比分析，重建结果真实地反映了旋流火焰温度场的二维分布.      

Confocal full‐field X‐ray microscope for novel three‐dimensional X‐ray imaging

A confocal full‐field X‐ray microscope has been developed for use as a novel three‐dimensional X‐ray imaging method. The system consists of an X‐ray illuminating `sheet‐beam' whose beam shape is micrified only in one dimension, and an X‐ray full‐field microscope whose optical axis is normal to the illuminating sheet beam. An arbitral cross‐sectional region of the object is irradiated by the sheet‐beam, and secondary X‐ray emission such as fluorescent X‐rays from this region is imaged simultaneously using the full‐field microscope. This system enables a virtual sliced image of a specimen to be obtained as a two‐dimensional magnified image, and three‐dimensional observation is available only by a linear translation of the object along the optical axis of the full‐field microscope. A feasibility test has been carried out at beamline 37XU of SPring‐8. Observation of the three‐dimensional distribution of metallic inclusions in an artificial diamond was performed.     

平面激光诱导荧光实验中激励激光的光束整形

分析了激励激光光强分布对平面激光诱导荧光（PLIF）实验中荧光强度的影响。基于柱面微透镜列阵设计了一套激光片状光束匀滑整形系统,并根据PLIF实验的具体要求,通过光线追迹方法优化了系统参数。建立了片状光束整形实验系统,对染料激光进行了匀滑整形,获得了不均匀性〈4%的均匀片状光束,满足了PLIF实验所需。在此基础上建立了PLIF实验系统,获得了酒精灯火焰和CH4/air预混火焰中OH的二维荧光分布。     

Reconstruction model for temperature and concentration profiles of soot and metal-oxide nanoparticles in a nanofluid fuel flame by using a CCD camera

This paper presents a numerical study on the simultaneous reconstruction of temperature and volume fraction fields of soot and metal-oxide nanoparticles in an axisymmetric nanofluid fuel sooting flame based on the radiative energy images captured by a charge-coupled device(CCD) camera. The least squares QR decomposition method was introduced to deal with the reconstruction inverse problem. The effects of ray numbers and measurement errors on the reconstruction accuracy were investigated. It was found that the reconstruction accuracies for volume fraction fields of soot and metaloxide nanoparticles were easily affected by the measurement errors for radiation intensity, whereas only the metal-oxide volume fraction field reconstruction was more sensitive to the measurement error for the volume fraction ratio of metaloxide nanoparticles to soot. The results show that the temperature, soot volume fraction, and metal-oxide nanoparticles volume fraction fields can be simultaneously and accurately retrieved for exact and noisy data using a single CCD camera.     

Few-Projection Tomography. II. Radioastronomical Method CLEAN for Three-Dimensional Problems

The radioastronomical method CLEAN is extended to problems of three-dimensional (3D) tomographic reconstruction. We consider two options, namely, 3D_1D (reconstruction using one-dimensional projections) and 3D_2D (reconstruction based on using two-dimensional projections). Deconvolution with the use of the synthesized beam (equivalent total transfer function) makes it possible to reduce several times the number of aspects in comparison with the conventional approach. We point out the relationship between the maximum level of sidelobes of the synthesized ray constructed for the Gaussian transfer functions and the number of used projections. In the case of 3D_2D -reconstruction, the reconstruction quality similar to that for the 2D_1D case is only achieved if the same number of uniformly distributed projections are used in both cases. The use of one-dimensional projections for the 3D_1D -reconstruction requires doubling of the number of projections. The reconstruction process is illustrated by an example of the three-dimensional model of an optically thin radiating object. We consider the possibilities of using the developed approach in astrotomography and remote sensing based on introducing the transfer functions which determine resolution of the receiving beam patterns and spectrographs, as well as temporal resolution of the sensing profiles. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 48, No. 5, pp. 367–381, May 2005.     

一种考虑声线弯曲的温度场重建算法

声波在非均匀温度场中传播时会由于声波的折射而产生声线弯曲现象。为提高非均匀温度场声学CT (Computer Tomography)重建精度,提出一种考虑声线弯曲的重建算法。首先用最小二乘法获得一个不考虑声线弯曲的重建温度场,然后用打靶-插值法确定本征声线出射角,用三角形前向展开法追踪声线,获得此温度场中声波发射/接收器间的本征声线,建立本征声线上声波传播时间与温度分布间的关系,进而实现考虑声线弯曲的最小二乘法温度场重建。单峰、双峰温度场仿真重建结果表明:所采用的本征声线追踪法计算简单运行速度快;考虑声线弯曲后,可明显提高温度场重建精度。因此所提重建算法能更好地适应实际温度场重建需求。      

热图法测量激光强度时空分布的重构理论研究

为了把量热法应用于远场激光强度时空分布测量,研究了基于热像仪靶面温度测量反演入射激光强度时空分布的重构理论。针对背光面两种不同边界条件(对流-辐射热流边界和恒定温度边界)推导出了由靶面温度分布反演激光束时空分布的重构表达式。获得的分析表达式对广泛的材料具有适用性。通过引入广义参量F0=α/L2,分别就F0》1和F0《1情况给出了重构近似表达式,并对满足F0》1条件的回推算法进行了数值模拟验证。数值结果表明,两种背光面边界条件下回推得到的激光束时空分布与原始激光束达到了很好的一致,但存在一与靶材傅里叶数相关的最小起始回推时间τ0。成果可用于强激光远场参量测量设备的研制。     

基于可调谐激光吸收光谱技术的多条吸收谱线重建气体浓度二维分布的研究

针对二维气体浓度分布,主要选用多条H₂O的吸收谱线,采用代数迭代重建算法,研究了在激光光束较少且假定温度分布已知的情况下,即不考虑燃烧场中温度对谱线强度的影响时,不同谱线条数对二维浓度重建结果的影响,对比了在同一浓度模型下通过增加激光光束与增加H₂O吸收谱线条数对气体浓度重建结果的影响;研究了增加谱线条数重建气体浓度分布对不同温度与浓度分布模型的适应情况,其中,文中所选取的多条吸收谱线可以由一个激光器同时扫描得到。浓度测量区域采用10×10的网格划分,测量区域中的温度和浓度分布采用单峰不均匀分布与双峰不均匀分布,重建过程中计算了吸收谱线与激光光束的有效利用率。重建结果表明在激光光束较少时,增加吸收谱线条数可以获得更多与浓度相关的谱线参数信息,且与增加激光光束相比可以明显改善浓度重建结果,更主要的是增加谱线条数可以有效降低实验中硬件设备的成本投入以及测量系统的复杂性。     

Relationship between the fringe number of the scanning beam and the twin-image noise

A method of digital filtering for eliminating the twin-image noise of reconstructed images in optical scanning holography is proposed and demonstrated by the example of slit objects. The fringe number of the scanning beam in relation to the twin-image noise is investigated in detail. Some results of computer simulations are obtained. In the far field, the further object scanned by the scanning beam with fewer fringes has lower and flatter amplitude of the twin-image noise for reconstructed images. However, being independent of the fringe number the twin-image noise affects seriously on the reconstruction in the near field. So the twin-image noise should be considered in reconstruction in the near field.     

Geometrical optics-based ray field tracing method for complex source beam applications

Due to the fact that traditional ray field tracking approaches require a large number of geometrical optical(GO) ray tubes,they are very inefficient in many practical applications.An improved ray model scheme for a complex source beam(CSB) tracking technique is proposed in this paper.The source field can be expressed by a superposition of CSBs,then every CSB basis function has a Gaussian-type amplitude distribution and is suitable for replacing a GO ray tube in the ray tracing approach.The complex phase matching technique is adopted to find the reflected beam in the reflection point where local approximation is used to represent the curved surface in its neighborhood.A new solution to multiple reflections using the conventional right-handed reflected system is used to track the field easily.Numerical results show the accuracy of the proposed method.