Electronic states and shapes of silicon quantum dots

A curviform surface breaks the symmetrical shape of silicon quantum dots on which some bonds can produce localized electronic states in the bandgap. The calculation results show that the bonding energy and electronic states of silicon quantum dots are different on various curved surfaces, for example, a Si-O-Si bridge bond on curved surface provides localized levels in bandgap and its bonding energy is shallower than that on the facet. The red-shifting ofthe photoluminescence spectrum on smaller silicon quantum dots can be explained by the curved surface effect. Experiments demonstrate that silicon quantum dots are activated for emission due to the localized levels provided by the curved surface effect.     

硅量子点的形状及其弯曲表面效应

硅量子点的弯曲表面引起系统的对称性破缺, 致使某些表面键合在能带的带隙中形成局域电子态.计算结果表明:硅量子点的表面曲率不同形成的表面键合结合能和电子态分布明显不同. 例如, Si–O–Si桥键在曲率较大的表面键合能够在带隙中形成局域能级, 而在硅量子点曲率较小的近平台表面上键合不会形成任何局域态, 但此时的键合结合能较低. 用弯曲表面效应(CS)可以解释较小硅量子点的光致荧光光谱的红移现象. CS效应揭示了纳米物理中又一奇妙的特性. 实验证实, CS效应在带隙中形成的局域能级可以激活硅量子点发光. 关键词： 硅量子点 弯曲表面效应 表面键合 局域能级     

Atomic quantum diffusion,tunnelling states and some related phenomena in condensed systems

This article presents a review of some basic problems and results in the theory of atomic quantum diffusion, atomic tunnelling states and some related phenomena in condensed systems: crystals and amorphous materials.General concepts, including the defecton concept, are reviewed in the introduction. The first part of this paper considers the principal ideas, results and problems in the quantum diffusion theory for both underbarrier and overbarrier transitions of atomic particles in solids. Much attention is given to the fundamental role of the interactions between a weakly tunnelling particle and its environment, i.e. defects, other tunnelling particles and thermal fluctuations of atomic configurations.The second part of this review deals with the theory of atomic tunnelling states, their peculiar origin and low-temperature effects and, particularly, the origin and effects of the intrinsic atomic low-energy excitations in amorphous materials. The third part of this article discusses some related low-temperature phenomena. Some experimental data associated with the phenomena under consideration are presented. Finally, some actual problems of the theory are discussed in the Concluding Remarks.The review contains a discussion of results mainly coming to our attention by the summer of 1982.     

Classical breathers and quantum coherent states in discrete NLS systems

We present a comparison of quantum and “semiclassical” trajectories of coherent states that correspond to classical breather solutions of finite discrete nonlinear Schrödinger (DNLS) lattices. The main goal is to explain earlier numerical observations of recurrent return to the vicinity of initial coherent states corresponding to stable breathers that are also spatially localized. This effect can be considered as a quantum manifestation of classical spatial localization. We show that these phenomena are encoded in a simple expression for the distance between the quantum and semiclassical states that involves the basic frequencies of the classical and quantum systems, as well as the breather amplitude and quantum spectral decomposition of the system. A corollary is that recurrence phenomena are robust under perturbation of the initial conditions for stable breathers.     

Magnetic nanostructures

Magnetic materials have become controllable on the nanometre scale. Such fine structures exhibit a wide range of fascinating phenomena, such as lowdimensional magnetism, induced magnetization in noble metals, electron interference patterns, oscillatory magnetic coupling and 'giant' magnetoresistance. Magnetic multilayers with nanometre spacings are among the first metallic quantum structures to become incorporated into electronic devices, such as reading heads for hard discs. This article is intended to familiarize the reader with the physics and technology of magnetic nanostructures. It starts out with recent progress in nanofabrication, gives a tutorial on the connection between electronic states and magnetic properties, surveys the state of the art in characterization techniques, explains unique phenomena in two-, one- and zero-dimensional structures, points out applications in magnetic storage technology and considers fundamental limits to storage density. Particular emphasis is placed on the connection between magnetism and the underlying electronic states, such as the spin-split energy bands, s, p versus d states, surface states, and quantum well states.     

门电压控制的硅烯量子线中电子输运性质

硅烯是由单层硅原子形成的二维蜂窝状晶格结构,具有石墨烯类似的电学性质,由于硅烯中存在比较强的自旋轨道耦合而备受关注.本文利用非平衡格林函数方法研究了门电压控制的硅烯量子线中电子输运性质和能带结构.研究发现,只有在较强的门电压下,而且硅烯量子线具有较好的锯齿形或扶手椅形边界而不存在额外硅原子时,硅烯量子线中才存在无能隙的自旋极化边缘态.另外,计算结果表明这种门电压控制的硅烯量子线中边缘态在每个能谷处自旋是极化的.这些计算结果将为实验上利用电场制作硅烯纳米结构提供理论支持.     

Light emission from nanocrystalline silicon clusters embedded in silicon dioxide: Role of the suboxide states

Silicon clusters embedded in a silicon dioxide matrix were prepared by ultrasound-assisted implantation resulting in a modified concentration of suboxide states as revealed by high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy. It is suggested that ultrasound treatment results in formation of different interface structure between silicon cluster and silicon dioxide matrix which is characterized by a distinctly reduced concentration of the suboxide states. It is observed that photoluminescence properties are strongly correlated with the concentration of the suboxide states thereby providing an evidence that besides a quantum confinement effect a closer look at the chemical composition of the nc-Si/SiO₂ system is important.     

Lower bound of local quantum uncertainty for high-dimensional bipartite quantum systems

Quantum correlations are of fundamental importance in quantum phenomena and studies related to quantum information processing. The measurement of quantum correlations is a central challenge. A recently proposed measure of quantum correlations,local quantum uncertainty(LQU), satisfies all the physical requirements as a measure of quantum correlations. This study derives a closed-form lower bound of the LQU for arbitrary-dimensional bipartite quantum states using operator relaxation. We also compared the lower bound with the optimized LQU for several typical sets of quantum states. The results show that the lower bound is near to the optimized LQU for three-dimensional bipartite quantum systems.     

Interaction-Induced Chiral Quantum States of the Ultracold Polar Molecules

The ultracold polar molecules with the tunable dipole-dipole interaction, not only would enable explorations of a large class of exotic many-body physics phenomena, but also could be used for quantum information processing. In the present paper we demonstrate that this dipole-dipole interaction can generate the degenerate chiral quantum states acting as a qubit robust against noise when the ultracold polar molecules are confined by a triangular lattice. Moreover, we also find two first-order quantum phase transitions by controlling an external driving field. One is the transition with the change of the different degenerate chiral quantum states. The other is the transition with the breaking of the degenerate quantum chiral states to the nondegenerate state. In experiment, these first-order quantum phase transitions can be detected by measuring the collective molecular population.     

Interaction-Induced Chiral Quantum States of the Ultracold Polar Molecules

The ultracold polar molecules with the tunable dipole-dipole interaction, not only would enable explorations of a large class of exotic many-body physics phenomena, but also could be used for quantum information processing. In the present paper we demonstrate that this dipole-dipole interaction can generate the degenerate chiral quantum states acting as a qubit robust against noise when the ultracold polar molecules are confined by a triangular lattice. Moreover, we also find two first-order quantum phase transitions by controlling an external driving field. One is the transition with the change of the different degenerate chiral quantum states. The other is the transition with the breaking of the degenerate quantum chiral states to the nondegenerate state. In experiment, these first-order quantum phase transitions can be detected by measuring the collective molecular population.     

Ce 基重费米子材料的电子态研究与维度调控

重费米子材料作为一类典型的强关联电子体系,蕴含着非常规超导、奇异金属、量子临界、 磁有序、重电子态、关联拓扑态等新奇的量子态,而4f 电子在其中扮演着重要的作用。随着高分 辨角分辨光电子能谱和薄膜生长技术的发展,精确探测重费米子材料中4f 电子在能量/动量空间 的色散和谱权重成为了可能,这为从微观上理解这类材料中的电子关联效应和新奇量子现象提供 了重要的基础。本论文总结了几个典型的重费米子单晶和薄膜体系的电子态研究,包括Ce-115 体 系、CeCu2Si2、CeRh6Ge4 以及单晶 Ce 膜等。这些结果为理解重费米子体系中重电子态的形成 和温度演化、近藤杂化的能带/动量依赖、重电子能带与超导的关系、近藤效应与磁性和其它量子 态的竞争、4f 电子的维度调控等重要物理问题提供了谱学证据。     

Quantum phenomena in gravitational field

The subjects presented here are very different. Their common feature is that they all involve quantum phenomena in a gravitational field: gravitational quantum states of ultracold antihydrogen above a material surface and measuring a gravitational interaction of antihydrogen in AEGIS, a quantum trampoline for ultracold atoms, and a hypothesis on naturally occurring gravitational quantum states, an Eötvös-type experiment with cold neutrons and others. Considering them together, however, we could learn that they have many common points both in physics and in methodology.     

Activation of silicon quantum dots for emission

The emission of silicon quantum dots is weak when their surface is passivated well. Oxygen or nitrogen on the surface of silicon quantum dots can break the passivation to form localized electronic states in the band gap to generate active centers where stronger emission occurs. From this point of view, we can build up radiative matter for emission. Emissions of various wavelengths can be obtained by controlling the surface bonds of silicon quantum dots. Our experimental results demonstrate that annealing is important in the treatment of the activation, and stimulated emissions at about 600 and 700 nm take place on active silicon quantum dots.     

Valley splitting and valley degeneracy in n-type silicon (110) inversion layers

The magneto-quantum transport phenomena of silicon (110) n-type inversion layers directly reveal the presence of two types of electrons in i = O and O' electric subband states from their respective quantum oscillations. While the higher i = O' states are occupied by only about 6% of the total electron concentration in our samples, the i = O electrons populate two valley pairs each, the level ladders of which are shifted in energy by less than the Landau splitting in the range where quantum oscillations are observed. We propose this effect to originate from a slight misorientation (Δθ < 0.5°) of the surfaces investigated with respect to the (110) axis. Hence, increasing the gate voltage in a quantizing magnetic field all four i = O valleys are alternatingly occupied in pairs with increasing Landau quantum number in our (110) surfaces contrary to former conclusions on samples with comparable properties. The effect of the magnitude of Δθ on the resulting magneto-quantum oscillations is unimportant for 0 < Δθ ? 0.5° as a result of energy minimization for the total electron system.     

Emission and energy relaxation of excitons in quantum dots with disordered interfaces grown in a low-permittivity matrix

Samples of borosilicate glasses doped by CdS with concentrations smaller than 1% are studied. It is shown that, due to a disorder at interfaces of quantum dots, the main channels of emission of excitons by quantum dots are the annihilation of excitons in quantum and localized surface states, while the efficiency of interaction between the channels largely depends on the radius of quantum dots. It is found for the first time that states that form the second emission channel are not discrete energy levels in the band gap, as is usually assumed in some experimental and theoretical works, but rather form a quasi-continuous tail of the density of localized states. These localized states appear as a result of dangling bonds of outer atoms of quantum dots. Energy relaxation of carriers via localized states is the reason for a long response time of these structures to an external action and can be enhanced due to a polarization effect caused by different dielectric constants of materials of quantum dots and matrix.     

Lifetime-enhanced transport in silicon due to spin and valley blockade

We report the observation of lifetime-enhanced transport (LET) based on perpendicular valleys in silicon by transport spectroscopy measurements of a two-electron system in a silicon transistor. The LET is manifested as a peculiar current step in the stability diagram due to a forbidden transition between an excited state and any of the lower energy states due to perpendicular valley (and spin) configurations, offering an additional current path. By employing a detailed temperature dependence study in combination with a rate equation model, we estimate the lifetime of this particular state to exceed 48 ns. The two-electron spin-valley configurations of all relevant confined quantum states in our device were obtained by a large-scale atomistic tight-binding simulation. The LET acts as a signature of the complicated valley physics in silicon: a feature that becomes increasingly important in silicon quantum devices.     

二维介电光子晶体中的赝自旋态与拓扑相变

基于背散射抑制且对缺陷免疫的传输性质,光子拓扑绝缘体为电磁传输调控提供了一种新颖的思路.类比电子体系中的量子自旋霍尔效应,本文设计出一种简单的二维介电光子晶体,以实现自旋依赖的光子拓扑边界态.该光子晶体是正三角环形硅柱子在空气中排列而成的蜂窝结构.将硅柱子绕各自中心旋转60°,可实现二重简并的偶极子态和四极子态之间的能带翻转.这两对二重简并态的平均能流密度围绕原胞中心的手性可充当赝自旋自由度,其点群对称性可用来构建赝时间反演对称.根据k·p微扰理论,给出了布里渊区中心附近的有效哈密顿量以及对应的自旋陈数,由此证实能带翻转的实质是拓扑相变.数值计算结果揭示,在拓扑非平庸和平庸的光子晶体分界面上可实现单向传输且对弯曲、空穴等缺陷免疫的拓扑边界态.本文中的光子晶体只由电介质材料组成并且晶格结构简单,实现拓扑相变时无需改变柱子的填充率或位置,只需转动一个角度.因此,这种结构在拓扑边界态的应用中更为有效.     

拓扑量子材料光电探测器研究进展

物质拓扑态的发现是近年来凝聚态物理和材料科学的重大突破.由于存在不同于常规半导体的特殊拓扑量子态(如狄拉克费米子、外尔费米子、马约拉纳费米子等),拓扑量子材料通常能表现出一些新颖的物理特性(如量子反常霍尔效应、三维量子霍尔效应、零带隙的拓扑态、超高的载流子迁移率等),因而在低能耗电子器件和宽光谱光电探测器件领域具有重要...     

Cavity-free photon blockade induced by many-body bound states

The manipulation of individual, mobile quanta is a key goal of quantum communication; to achieve this, nonlinear phenomena in open systems can play a critical role. We show theoretically that a variety of strong quantum nonlinear phenomena occur in a completely open one-dimensional waveguide coupled to an N-type four-level system. We focus on photon blockade and the creation of single-photon states in the absence of a cavity. Many-body bound states appear due to the strong photon-photon correlation mediated by the four-level system. These bound states cause photon blockade, which can generate a sub-Poissonian single-photon source.