FeO催化N_2与H_2反应生成NH_3的理论研究

本文采用密度泛函理论(DFT)UB3LYP方法对Fe O在基态五重态及第一激发态三重态势能面上催化N2与H2反应生成NH3的两态反应机理进行了研究,运用非共价作用预测反应位点,并运用分子中的原子(AIM)、电子定域化函数(ELF)及前线分子轨道理论对部分最低能量路径及最低能量交叉点(MECP)的机理进行了分析.计算了MECP处的自旋轨道耦合值(Hsoc)及系间窜越几率(PISC),通过应用能量跨度模型(energetic span model)确定了反应决速态,并从理论层面计算得到了反应中Fe O的催化转化频率(TOF).     

气相中Co+催化N2O与C2H6循环反应催化剂活性的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论UB3LYP方法对Co⁺在三重态及五重态势能面上催化N₂O与C₂H₆进行循环反应的两态反应机理进行了研究. 运用Harvery方法优化了两自旋态势能面5个最低能量交叉点（MECP）,计算了MECP处自旋-轨道耦合作用. 采用Landau-Zener公式计算了自旋翻转处的系间窜越几率,各MECP处均可发生有效系间窜越. 通过应用Kozuch提出的能量跨度模型,Co⁺催化N₂O与C₂H₆在298K下反应生成CH₃CHO时有最大的TOF值3.35×10^-21 s^-1.     

气相中W+活化CO2分解的自旋禁阻反应机理

用密度泛函理论中的UB3LYP方法, 对W采用相对论校正赝势基组(SDD), 对C、O采用6-311+G(3d)基组, 研究了气相中不同自旋态W+活化CO2分解的反应机理. 计算结果表明, W+活化CO2分解反应以六重态进入反应通道, 经过六重态势能面到四重态势能面的系间窜越(ISC),最后产物WO+和CO以四重态离开反应通道. 运用Harvey方法优化出最低能量交叉点(MECP), 并计算了MECP处的自旋-轨道耦合(SOC)常数(494.95 cm-1), 势能面的交叉和在MECP处较强的自旋-轨道耦合作用降低了自旋禁阻反应能垒, 为反应提供了一条低能反应路径, 反应总放热量为122.33 kJ·mol-1.     

气相中W~+活化CO_2分解的自旋禁阻反应机理

用密度泛函理论中的UB3LYP方法,对W采用相对论校正赝势基组(SDD),对C、O采用6-311+G(3d)基组,研究了气相中不同自旋态W+活化CO2分解的反应机理.计算结果表明,W+活化CO2分解反应以六重态进入反应通道,经过六重态势能面到四重态势能面的系间窜越(ISC),最后产物WO+和CO以四重态离开反应通道.运用Harvey方法优化出最低能量交叉点(MECP),并计算了MECP处的自旋-轨道耦合(SOC)常数(494.95cm-1),势能面的交叉和在MECP处较强的自旋-轨道耦合作用降低了自旋禁阻反应能垒,为反应提供了一条低能反应路径,反应总放热量为122.33kJ.mol-1.     

气相中Ta~+活化分解CO_2的自旋禁阻反应机理

采用密度泛函理论中的UB3LYP方法,对Ta采用相对论校正赝势基组(SDD),C,O采用6-311+G(3d)基组,计算研究了气相中不同自旋态下Ta+活化CO2分解反应的微观机理.计算结果表明,Ta+活化CO2分解反应是典型的自旋禁阻反应,以五重态进入反应通道,经过五重态势能面到三重态势能面的系间窜越(ISC),最终产物TaO+,CO以三重态离开反应通道.运用Harvey方法优化出最低能量交叉点(MECP),并计算了MECP处的自旋-轨道耦合(SOC)常数(204.94cm-1),较大的SOC值说明了在MECP处的自旋-轨道耦合作用较强,势能面的交叉降低了自旋禁阻反应能垒,为反应提供了一条低能反应路径.运用Landau-Zener跃迁几率公式计算了MECP处系间窜越几率,较大的系间窜越几率说明了该自旋禁阻反应速率较快.     

La+活化NH3的自旋禁阻反应机理

采用密度泛函理论的UB3LYP方法,计算研究了气相中La+活化NH3的两态反应机理。为了理解由La+活化NH3过程中自旋翻转行为,对自旋态分别为单重态和三重态两个反应势能面进行了计算研究,其结果表明,La+活化NH3的过程是通过自旋态势能面交叉产生的自旋禁阻反应,单、三重态势能面最低能量交叉点(MECP)附近的系间窜越导致H向La+转移和脱H2反应能垒的降低。此外,运用自然键轨道(NBO)布居分析,研究了反应中各个物种的成键特性。所确定的最低能量反应路径为:3La++NH3→3IM1→MECP→1TS12→1IM2→1TS23→1IM3→1LaNH++H2。     

氧空位修饰的暴露TiO2{001}的Ru/TiO2增强光热协同CO2甲烷化活性和稳定性

利用太阳能在温和条件下实现CO₂还原反应,不仅可以缓解过度消耗化石能源造成的能源危机,还可以改善诸如温室效应和海洋酸化等环境问题.光热协同催化可以有效降低催化反应温度,具有较大的应用前景.本文利用Ru与暴露TiO₂{001}晶面的TiO₂载体产生的金属-载体相互作用,经过高温氢气煅烧后,获得具有丰富表面氧空位的Ru/TiO₂催化剂.活性测试结果表明,具有丰富表面氧空位的Ru/TiO₂表现出优异的CO₂甲烷化活性,反应过程中甲烷的TOF值在300°C时可以达到22 h-1,但该催化剂却表现出较差的稳定性,在反应10小时后,甲烷的TOF值逐渐降低到19 h-1.将紫外光引入到Ru/TiO₂热催化甲烷化体系中,甲烷的TOF值增加到30 h-1,且兼具高稳定性.热催化反应过程中逐渐消失的表面氧空位和部分氧化的Ru是活性降低的主要原因.在光热协同反应中,光生电子的产生稳定了Ru表面的电子密度,同时也再生了催化剂上表面氧空位,这有效地提高了反应的活性和稳定性.程序升温原位红外和X射线光电子能谱实验结果表明,当催化剂表面具有丰富的表面氧空位时,CO₂可以有效地在Ru纳米粒子上解离成CO中间体,随后吸附在Ru上的CO中间体解离成表面碳物种,并加氢产生甲烷.在热催化反应过程中,Ru纳米粒子逐渐被氧化成Ru Ox物种,且表面氧空位被CO中间物种覆盖,降低了催化反应的稳定性.当紫外光引入到上述反应中,催化剂的表面氧空位可有效提高光生载流子的分离能力.TiO₂载体产生的光电子转移至Ru表面,稳定了金属Ru纳米粒子的价态.另外,载体产生的光生空穴加速了H₂质子化,提高了催化剂对氢气的活化迁移能力,促进了CO中间体的加氢甲烷化反应,进而再生表面氧空位.因此在紫外光照下,兼顾提高了热催化CO₂甲烷化的活性和稳定性.值得注意的是,当Ru负载于暴露少量TiO₂{001}晶面的TiO₂载体上时,产生了强金属-载体相互作用并抑制了H₂在催化剂上的吸附活化,不利于产生表面氧空位.因此暴露少量TiO₂{001}晶面的Ru/TiO₂催化剂也不利于光生载流的产生和分离,这导致热催化或光热协同催化反应活性较低.     

(C8H8)Sm(C8H8)Na(THF)3的晶体结构

(C_8H_8)Sm(C_8H_8)Na(THF)_3的晶体属单斜晶系,P2_1空间群.晶胞参数为α=12.140(3),b=13.794(3),c=8.944(3)(?),β=111.68(3)°,V=1391.8(7)(?)~3,Z=2,μ=21.93cm~(-1),D_c=1.43g/cm~3,F(000)=610,Mr=598.0。结构经Patterson函数和Fourier技术解出并经最小二乘修正,最终的偏离因子R为0.046.配合物具有双层夹心结构.其中Sm~(3+)和Na~+通过η~8-环辛四烯基连接。     

Mo活化NH3的自旋禁阻反应机理

采用密度泛函理论的UB3LYP方法,计算研究了气相中Mo活化NH3的反应机理。为了理解由Mo活化NH3过程中自旋翻转行为,对自旋态分别为七、五、三和单等4个反应势能面进行了计算研究,其结果表明,Mo活化NH3的过程是通过各自旋态势能面交叉产生的典型的自旋禁阻反应,最低能量交叉点(MECPs)附近的系间窜越导致2步H转移和脱H2反应能垒降低。此外运用自然键(NBO)轨道理论分析了反应中较为重要的几个物种的成键特性。通过计算在最低能量交叉点(MECPs)附近不同自旋态之间的自旋-轨道耦合常数,再运用Landau-Zener跃迁几率公式估算了MECPs处系间窜越几率。所确定的最低能量反应路径为:7Mo+NH3→7IM1→7/5MECP1→5TS12→5IM2→5/3MECP2→3TS23→3IM3→3TS34→3IM4→3HMoN+H2。     

添加C10H10Cl2Ti对6LiBH4-CaH2-3MgH2体系储氢性能的影响

C_(10)H_(10)Cl_2Ti的添加可以有效改善6LiBH_4-CaH_2-3MgH_2样品吸放氢性能,添加的质量分数为5%时具有较好的催化效果。样品的起始和终止放氢温度比原始样品分别降低约30和25℃,可逆储氢量(质量分数)约为8.1%。添加C_(10)H_(10)Cl_2Ti催化剂的样品在360℃下等温放氢速率比原始样品提高了178%。两步放氢反应的表观活化能分别为131.4和138.8 kJ·mol~(-1),相比原始样品降低了约18.6%和15.8%。利用X射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS)对样品进行分析发现,热分解过程中C_(10)H_(10)Cl_2Ti生成了多价态的Ti化合物,催化了LiBH_4与CaH_2的反应,从而改善了复合体系的储氢性能。     

Crystal structures of the novel hydrated borates Ba2B5O9(OH), Sr2B5O9(OH) and Li2Sr8B22O41(OH)2

Three novel hydrated borates Ba₂B₅O₉(OH) (1), Sr₂B₅O₉(OH) (2) and Li₂Sr₈B₂₂O₄₁(OH)₂ (3) have been synthesized hydrothermally and their structures determined. Compounds (1) and (2) are isostructural, crystallizing in space group P2₁/c and having lattice parameters of a=6.6330(13) Å, b=8.6250(17) Å, c=14.680(3) Å, β=93.46(3)° and a=6.4970(13) Å, b=8.4180(17) Å, c=14.177(3) Å, β=94.35(3)°, respectively. Compound (3) crystallizes in P-1 with lattice parameters of a=6.4684(13) Å, b=8.4513(17) Å, c=14.881(3) Å, α=101.21(3)°, β=93.96(3)°, γ=90.67(3)°. While similar in their axis lengths, (3) differs greatly in structure and formulation from (1) and (2). The structure of (1) and (2) is contrasted to that of the well-known mineral hilgardite (Ca₂B₅O₉Cl·H₂O).     

Synthesis and characterization of [Zn(2,2′-bipy)]2(H2PO3)4: A neutral zinc phosphite cluster containing ZnO3N2 and H2PO3 units

The hydrothermal synthesis, crystal structure and some properties of a zinc phosphite with a neutral cluster, [Zn(2,2′-bipy)]₂(H₂PO₃)₄, are reported. This compound crystallizes in the triclinic system of space group P-1 (No. 2), a=8.3067(5) Å, b=8.9545(4) Å, c=10.0893(6) Å, α=95.448(2)°, β=99.7530(10)°, γ=103.461(2)°, V=712.23(7) ų, Z=1. The cluster consists of 4-membered rings formed by alternating ZnO₃N₂ square pyramids and H₂PO₃ pseudo pyramids, with two “hanging” H₂PO₃ groups attached to each of the Zn centers. The clusters are linked together by extensive multipoint hydrogen bonding involving the phosphite units to form a sheet-like structure. This compound represents the first example of zinc phosphite with P---OH bonds. An intense photoluminescence was observed from this compound upon photoexcitation at 388 nm.     

(C6H16N2)Zn3(HPO3)4H2O: a new layered zinc phosphite templated by diprotonated trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane

Employing trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane (trans-1,4-DACH) as a template, a new two-dimensional layered zinc phosphite (C₆H₁₆N₂)Zn₃(HPO₃)₄H₂O (1) has been prepared hydrothermally. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis shows that it crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2₁/n with a=10.458(2) Å, b=14.720(3) Å, c=13.079(3) Å, β=97.93(3)°, V=1994.1(7) ų, Z=4, R₁=0.0349 (I>2σ(I)) and wR₂=0.0605 (all data). The inorganic layer is built up by alternation of ZnO₄ tetrahedra and HPO₃ pseudo pyramids forming a 4.6.8-net. The sheet is featured by a series of capped six-membered rings. The diprotonated trans-1,4-DACH molecules reside in the interlayer region and interact with the inorganic network through H-bonds.     

Structure cristalline d'un phosphochromate acide de cuivre potassium: CuK2H2(PCrO7)2

CuK₂H₂(PCrO₇)₂ is monoclinic, P2₁/c, with a unit cell: a=9.559(5)Å; b=7.196(5)Å; c=8.983(5)Å;β=93.73(5)°; Z=2; and D=2.87g/cm³.The crystal structure of this compound has been resolved by using 1938 independent reflections with a final R value of 0.03. The main feature of this compound is the existence of the mixed pyro-group CrPO₇, up to now the first to be described.     

Reactions of cisplatin hydrolytes, cis-[Pt(15NH3)2(H2O) 2]2+, with N-acetyl-L-cysteine

The reaction of cis-[Pt(¹⁵NH₃)2(H₂O) ₂] ²⁺ (3) with N-acetylcysteine [H₃accys] was investigated in aqueous solution. In this reaction, the ammine in the platinum complex formed was liberated. A mono-dentate sulfur-boundplatinum(II) product cis-[Pt(¹⁵NH₃)₂(H₂O)(H2accys-S)]⁺ (7) and six-membered che-late ring complex cis-[Pt(¹⁵NH₃)₂ (Haccys-S,O)] (8) were formed in solution. The dinuclear sulfur-bridged complex 9, giving a broad peak in ¹⁵N NMR, was also observed, but only present in very tiny amounts. The mass spectrometry (ES-MS) was undertaken from this re action, and the product detected was only the dinuclear sulfur bridged platinum species and species related to it by ammine loss.     

Structure determination from powder diffraction data and thermal behaviour of layered lead nitrate oxalate hydrate, Pb2(NO3)2(C2O4).2H2O

The mixed lead nitrate oxalate, Pb₂(NO₃)₂(C₂O₄).2H₂O, has been obtained in a polycrystalline form in the course of a study on precursors of nanocrystalline PZT-type oxides. Its crystal structure has been solved from powder diffraction data collected using a monochromatic radiation from a conventional X-ray source. The symmetry is monoclinic, space group P2₁/c (No. 14), the cell dimensions are a=10.623(2) Å, b=7.9559(9) Å, c=6.1932(5) Å, β=104.49(1)° and Z=4. The structure consists of a stacking of complex double sheets parallel to (1 0 0), forming layers held together by hydrogen bonds. The sheets result from the condensation of PbO₁₀ polyhedra, in which the oxalate and nitrate groups, as well as water molecules, play a major role. The structure is discussed in terms of Pb---O distances, polyhedra shape and lead coordination, with emphasis on the dimensional polymerisation role of water molecules. The thermal behaviour of this layered compound is carefully described from temperature-dependent powder diffraction and thermogravimetric measurements. The enthalpy, Δ_rH=232(3) kJ mol⁻¹, and entropy, Δ_rS=532(8) J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹, of the dehydration reaction have been determined. The high value of Δ_rH demonstrates that the water molecules are strongly bonded in the structure. The complex decomposition proceeds through the crystallisation and decomposition of Pb(NO₃)₂(C₂O₄) into Pb(NO₃)₂ and PbC₂O₄, and, finally, various lead oxides.     

一个新的夹心型杂多钨酸盐Na6(C5N2H7){[Na(H2O)2]3Co(H2O)5-[Co(H2O)]3(AsW9O33)2}•27H2O的晶体结构及性质

在pH＝7.5的水溶液中, Na₂WO₄•2H₂O, NaAsO₂, CoCl₂•6H₂O与对氨基吡啶反应, 得到了一种新的夹心型杂多钨酸盐Na₆(C₅H₇N₂){[Na(H₂O)₂]₃Co(H₂O)₅[Co(H₂O)]₃(AsW₉O₃₃)₂}•27H₂O单晶, 用X射线单晶衍射法及元素分析确定了其结构, 晶体属三斜晶系, P 空间群, 其晶胞参数为: a＝1.3276(8) nm, b＝1.7581(10) nm, c＝2.4381(14) nm, α＝70.954(9)°, β＝86.663(9)°, γ＝72.885(9)°, V＝5.136(5) nm³, Z＝2, R₁＝0.0608, wR₂＝0.0848 [I＞2σ(I)]. 在{[Na(H₂O)₂]₃Co(H₂O)₅[Co(H₂O)]₃(AsW₉O₃₃)₂}^7－阴离子中, 一个Co^2＋与聚阴离子{[Na(H₂O)₂]₃[Co(H₂O)]₃(AsW₉O₃₃)₂}^9－的一个端基氧共价连接, Co^2＋呈现出5和6两种配位数, 质子化的氨基吡啶正离子作为抗衡离子存在于晶体之中. 对标题化合物进行了IR, UV-Vis, TG-DSC表征. 对该化合物、Na₂WO₄•2H₂O及CoCl₂•6H₂O催化H₂O₂氧化乙醛的活性进行了比较研究, 该化合物的催化活性远优于简单化合物Na₂WO₄•2H₂O和CoCl₂•6H₂O.     

Single-crystal characterization of Co7(OH)6(H2O)3(C4H4O4)47H2O; A new cobalt succinate identified through high-throughput synthesis

A new form of cobalt succinate has been discovered using high-throughput methods and its structure was solved by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Co₇(C₄H₄O₄)₄(OH)₆(H₂O)₃7H₂O crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2₁/c with cell parameters: a=7.888(2) Å, b=19.082(6) Å, c=23.630(7) Å, β=91.700(5)°, V=3555(2) Å³, R₁=0.0469. This complex structure, containing 55 crystallographically distinct non-hydrogen atoms, is compared to the previously reported nickel phase, characterized using ab initio structure solution from synchrotron powder diffraction data.     

Synthesis, crystal structures, phase transition characterization and thermal decomposition of a new dabcodiium hexaaquairon(II) bis(sulfate): (C6H14N2)[Fe(H2O)6](SO4)2

The crystal structures of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (dabco)-templated iron sulfate, (C₆H₁₄N₂)[Fe(H₂O)₆](SO₄)₂, were determined at room temperature and at −173 °C from single-crystal X-ray diffraction. At 20 °C, it crystallises in the monoclinic symmetry, centrosymmetric space group P2₁/n, Z=2, a=7.964(5), b=9.100(5), c=12.065(5) Å, β=95.426(5)° and V=870.5(8) ų. The structure consists of [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺ and disordered (C₆H₁₄N₂)²⁺ cations and (SO₄)²⁻ anions connected together by an extensive three-dimensional H-bond network. The title compound undergoes a reversible phase transition of the first-order at −2.3 °C, characterized by DSC, dielectric measurement and optical observations, that suggests a relaxor–ferroelectric behavior. Below the transition temperature, the compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, non-centrosymmetric space group Cc, with eight times the volume of the ambient phase: a=15.883(3), b=36.409(7), c=13.747(3) Å, β=120.2304(8)°, Z=16 and V=6868.7(2) ų. The organic moiety is then fully ordered within a supramolecular structure. Thermodiffractometry and thermogravimetric analyses indicate that its decomposition proceeds through three stages giving rise to the iron oxide.