圆环旋转黏性液体射流破碎液滴粒径与速度数量密度分布相关性研究

压力旋流喷嘴被广泛应用于航空发动机、船用发动机、车用汽油缸内直喷发动机、燃气轮机等动力机械的燃油喷射系统中.以压力旋流喷嘴射流为研究对象,开展了圆环旋转黏性液体射流破碎液滴粒径与速度数量密度分布相关性问题研究.对于液体射流,以往的研究往往对破碎液滴粒径数量密度分布或速度数量密度分布进行单独研究,对于这两种数量密度分布之间关系的研究较少;从相关性的角度对圆环旋转黏性液体射流破碎液滴粒径与速度数量密度分布之间的关系进行研究.采用最大熵原理方法建立了圆环旋转黏性液体射流破碎液滴粒径与速度联合概率密度函数.对圆环旋转黏性液体射流破碎液滴粒径与速度联合概率密度函数进行了讨论,对圆环旋转黏性液体射流破碎液滴粒径数量密度分布与速度数量密度分布的相关性问题进行了研究.研究结果表明,为了给出正确的圆环旋转黏性液体射流破碎液滴粒径与速度联合概率密度函数,射流守恒约束条件中必须同时包括质量守恒定律、动量守恒定律以及能量守恒定律;破碎液滴粒径的数量密度分布与速度数量密度分布密切相关;射流旋转强度对破碎液滴粒径数量密度与速度数量密度分布结构影响不大,对破碎液滴粒径数量密度和速度数量密度的分布区域影响较大.      

同轴旋转可压缩流动中液体射流稳定性

基于线性稳定性理论,建立了描述同轴旋转可压缩流动中超空化条件下液体射流稳定性的数学模型,并对数学模型及其求解方法进行了验证;在此基础上,对模型中考虑的射流及气体可压缩性、气体同轴旋转以及超空化等因素对射流稳定性的影响进行了分析. 分析结果表明,模型中考虑射流及气体的可压缩性后,与不考虑可压缩性相比,计算得到的射流稳定性明显变差,最小液滴直径减小,分裂液滴直径变化范围变宽,且小液滴数量增多. 气体的同轴旋转在轴对称与非轴对称扰动下对射流稳定性的影响完全相反;轴对称扰动时,气体旋转使射流稳定性增强,而非轴对称扰动时则正好相反;气体旋转有可能导致影响射流稳定性的扰动模式发生根本性变化. 超空化使射流稳定性变差;超空化程度较弱时,超空化使分裂液滴最小直径减小,分裂液滴直径变化范围增大;而超空化达到一定程度后,进一步提高超空化程度,分裂液滴最小直径几乎保持不变.     

圆环旋转黏性液体射流空间不稳定性研究

利用线性稳定性理论, 进行了液体黏性对不同旋转强度下圆环旋转液体射流 空间不稳定性影响的研究. 在推导出的三维扰动下具有固体涡核型旋转速度分布的圆环旋转 黏性液体射流色散方程的基础上, 针对中低速射流, 进行了类反对称模式与类对称模式下圆 环旋转黏性液体射流的空间不稳定性分析. 研究结果表明, 对于旋转强度较大的圆环旋转液 体射流, 液体黏性的增加, 不利于射流的破碎; 随着液体黏性的增加, 射流的特征频率和最 不稳定波数减小. 然而, 对于旋转强度较小的圆环旋转液体射流, 液体黏性的增加, 有利于 射流的破碎; 随着液体黏性的增加, 类反对称模式下射流特征频率先减小后增大, 类对称模 式下射流特征频率增大; 随着液体黏性的增加, 类反对称模式下射流最不稳定波数先减小后 增大, 类对称模式下射流最不稳定波数增大.     

A STUDY ON DROPLET VELOCITY OF ETHANOL DURING ELECTROSPRAYING PROCESS AT CONE-JET MODE

研究液滴在静电喷雾下的速度特性是理解喷雾形态的形成及演化的关键.结合锥射流模式下乙醇静电喷雾实验数据,建立了静电喷雾二维轴对称模型.基于离散相液滴运动方程、连续相空气运动方程、电场方程以及用户自定义函数,进行了数值求解,获得了锥射流模式下的乙醇静电喷雾形态、空间电场分布以及液滴速度场分布.考虑了不同空气入口流速的影响,得到了乙醇/空气同轴射流静电喷雾形态的变化规律.结果表明,喷雾外围液滴与空气流场有较强的相互作用,导致喷雾中轴线附近的液滴速度分布变化较小,而在喷雾外围处的液滴速度分布沿径向剧烈变化;随着空气入口速度的增大,乙醇/空气同轴射流静电喷雾形态先趋于发散,当空气入口速度大于喷雾外围液滴轴向速度时,喷雾形态则趋于聚拢.因此,除改变施加电压、液体流量和电极结构外,通过控制空气入口速度来影响喷雾液滴速度场,也可获得不同的静电喷雾效果.     

锥射流模式下乙醇静电喷雾液滴速度特性分析

研究液滴在静电喷雾下的速度特性是理解喷雾形态的形成及演化的关键.结合锥射流模式下乙醇静电喷雾实验数据,建立了静电喷雾二维轴对称模型.基于离散相液滴运动方程、连续相空气运动方程、电场方程以及用户自定义函数,进行了数值求解,获得了锥射流模式下的乙醇静电喷雾形态、空间电场分布以及液滴速度场分布.考虑了不同空气入口流速的影响,得到了乙醇/空气同轴射流静电喷雾形态的变化规律.结果表明,喷雾外围液滴与空气流场有较强的相互作用,导致喷雾中轴线附近的液滴速度分布变化较小,而在喷雾外围处的液滴速度分布沿径向剧烈变化;随着空气入口速度的增大,乙醇/空气同轴射流静电喷雾形态先趋于发散,当空气入口速度大于喷雾外围液滴轴向速度时,喷雾形态则趋于聚拢.因此,除改变施加电压、液体流量和电极结构外,通过控制空气入口速度来影响喷雾液滴速度场,也可获得不同的静电喷雾效果.     

中性润湿平板上液膜的惯性收缩

液滴撞击平板的动力学机理研究具有重要的理论与工程价值, 对该过程中液滴的形貌变化及主要影响因素的研究是科学技术界关注的重点之一. 液滴在高速撞击平板达到最大铺展半径以后发生毛细-惯性收缩, 收缩速率满足类Taylor-Culick公式. 结合实验与有限元方法, 对平板上铺展液滴的收缩过程进行了研究. 结果表明, 在中性润湿(接触角约为90°)平板上液滴/液膜的收缩在经历上述收缩过程以后, 会有一个慢匀速收缩过程, 速度约为第一阶段收缩速度的1/10. 对后一阶段的撞击参数影响测试显示, 该收缩过程主要与液体密度、液膜初始形状有关; 而与液体黏性、壁面润湿条件等无关——其仍然是一种毛细-惯性机制主导的液面演化行为, 类似于液体射流的Rayleigh-Plateau失稳. 尽管黏性效应对于液滴撞击的铺展行为有明显影响, 但上述结论在10倍黏性的液体测试中仍然成立. 本研究可以为液滴反弹机理研究和相关工艺控制提供参考.      

黏性对内空泡诱导柱状液滴界面不稳定性的影响

Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性存在于爆炸、液滴形成和液体喷雾等工程应用过程中,是流体力学关注的经典问题之一.内空泡振荡诱导液滴界面演化问题是其研究中基本模型之一,空泡振荡作用下液滴界面发生扰动并发展,其特征形态主要表现为破碎、通气和稳定.液体黏性是影响界面不稳定性发展的重要因素,文章通过建立高精度的数值模拟方法,开展液体黏性对内空泡诱导柱状液滴界面不稳定性的影响研究.在数值模拟中,基于开源OpenFOAM框架的多相可压缩求解器直接求解Navier-Stokes方程,采用isoAdvector的几何流体体积法捕捉界面演化特征.结果表明,液体黏性的增加会减缓空泡的收缩,进而减缓液滴界面扰动的发展,该影响下通气工况液滴通气发生时间增加,而稳定工况最大扰动幅值减小.最大扰动幅值的减小直接影响了液滴的特征形态,基于一系列数值模拟结果归纳得到液滴不稳定性相图.在文章讨论的参数范围内,随着黏性增加,小液滴(R_d0 <2 mm)的形态从破碎转变为通气进而变成稳定;中液滴(2 mm d0 <3 mm)的形态从通气转变为稳定,不出现...     

爆炸驱动液体分层现象和液滴尺寸模拟

爆炸驱动液体介质外界面的分散和破碎是气溶胶云团形成的重要过程。采用基于维数分裂的欧拉程序和Youngs混合界面处理方法,对中心药爆炸驱动甘油和水介质流场的液体分层现象进行了数值模拟。结合试验结果推断提出了液滴形成过程的三种并存机制:外层射流破碎、内层R-T失稳和中间液层"空化"破碎,分别建立了不同液层破碎液滴的尺寸模拟方法。对比给出抛撒甘油和水装置初级液滴的尺寸分布及最外层理论射流量。     

高Bond数下黏性液滴的Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性

给出了高Bond数下黏性液滴表面Rayleigh-Taylor线性不稳定性的分析解，这种不稳定性对于超音速气流作用下液滴破碎的早期阶段起着至关重要的作用．基于稳定性分析的结果，导出了用于估算稳定液滴的最大直径及液滴无量纲初始破碎时间的计算式，这些计算式与相关文献给出的实验和分析结果比较显示了良好的一致．     

同轴交叉射流的轴线速度

研究了射流交叉角度和密度比对同轴交叉射流流场的影响。基于动量守恒原理,提出了考虑径向流动和密度差别的同轴交叉射流的当量直径和当量速度。当量速度与Dual PDA的实验结果较为吻合。该法可较好地描述射流交叉角度、密度比对轴线上轴向速度的影响。     

爆炸荷载作用下三相饱和土中气体运动的几个影响因素分析

三相饱和土中的气体含量是决定爆炸波在其中传播的最重要因素，但目前理论上对其中气体运动的描述还不够准确。对影响三相饱和土应力应变关系递增硬化段气体运动的几个因素，包括表面张力、气泡周围介质的粘性和压缩性等进行了描述，并通过数值分析确定这些因素的影响程度。计算结果表明气泡表面张力和气泡周围介质的压缩性对气体运动的影响可以忽略不计，而气体本身的压缩特性和气泡周围介质的粘性是影响气体运动的主要因素。     

A multiphysics model for charged liquid droplet breakup in electric fields

A computational multiphysics model for simulating the formation and breakup of droplets from axisymmetric charged liquid jets in electric fields is developed. A fully-coupled approach is used to combine two-phase flow, electrostatics, and transport of charged species via diffusion, convection, and migration. A conservative level-set method is shown to be robust and efficient for interface tracking. Parametric simulations are performed across a range of fluid properties corresponding to commonly used liquids in inkjet printing and spray applications to examine their role in jet evolution and droplet formation. Specifically, the effects of electric potential drop, surface tension, viscosity, and mobility are investigated. Droplet velocity and size distributions are calculated, and the corresponding mean values are found to increase and decrease respectively with increasing electric field strength. The variations in droplet velocity and size are quantified, and droplet size and charge levels agree well with experimental values. Increasing mobility of charged species is found to enhance jet velocity and accelerate droplet formation by shifting charge from the liquid interior to the interface.     

Application of maximum entropy method for droplet size distribution prediction using instability analysis of liquid sheet

This paper describes the implementation of the instability analysis of wave growth on liquid jet surface, and maximum entropy principle (MEP) for prediction of droplet diameter distribution in primary breakup region. The early stage of the primary breakup, which contains the growth of wave on liquid–gas interface, is deterministic; whereas the droplet formation stage at the end of primary breakup is random and stochastic. The stage of droplet formation after the liquid bulk breakup can be modeled by statistical means based on the maximum entropy principle. The MEP provides a formulation that predicts the atomization process while satisfying constraint equations based on conservations of mass, momentum and energy. The deterministic aspect considers the instability of wave motion on jet surface before the liquid bulk breakup using the linear instability analysis, which provides information of the maximum growth rate and corresponding wavelength of instabilities in breakup zone. The two sub-models are coupled together using momentum source term and mean diameter of droplets. This model is also capable of considering drag force on droplets through gas–liquid interaction. The predicted results compared favorably with the experimentally measured droplet size distributions for hollow-cone sprays.     

Numerical study of influence of different parameters on mixing in a coaxial jet mixer using LES

We present a comparative numerical study about the overall mixing process in a coaxial jet mixer. The two-stream mixing problem was investigated in non-reacting single phase gas and liquid mixtures using Large-Eddy Simulations with wall functions and subgrid scale models from eddy viscosity concepts. The influence of different parameters like Reynolds number, Schmidt number, Prandtl number, density ratio and flow rate ratio on the overall mixing process was investigated. Additionally two methods of control of mixing are shown to have a significant effect on the overall mixing in a coaxial jet mixer.     

气流作用下同轴带电射流的不稳定性研究

通过对气体驱动同轴电流动聚焦的实验模型进行简化,开展了电场力和惯性力共同作用下同轴带电射流的不稳定性理论研究.在流动为无黏、不可压缩、无旋的假设下,建立了三层流体带电射流物理模型并得到了扰动在时间域内发展演化的解析形式色散关系,利用正则模方法求解色散方程发现了流动的不稳定模态,进而分析了主要控制参数对不稳定模态的影响.结果表明,在参考状态下轴对称模态的最不稳定增长率最大,因此轴对称扰动控制整个流场.外层气流速度越高,气体惯性力越大,射流的界面越容易失稳.内外层液-液同轴射流之间的速度差越大,射流越不稳定.表面张力对射流不稳定性起到促进作用.轴向电场对射流不稳定性具有双重影响:当加载电场强度较小时,射流不稳定性被抑制;当施加电压大于某一临界值时,轴向电场会促进射流失稳.临界电压的大小与界面上自由电荷密度和射流表面扰动发展关系密切.这些结果与已有的实验现象吻合,能够对实验的过程控制提供理论指导.     

The effect of surfactants on the instability of a rotating liquid jet

It has long been known that the presence of surfactants on the free surface of a liquid jet can create surface tension gradients along the interface. The resulting formation of tangential stresses along the surface lead to Marangoni type flows and greatly affect the resulting dynamics of rupture. In this way surfactants can be used to manipulate the breakup of a liquid jet and control the size of droplets produced. In this paper we investigate the effects of insoluble surfactants on the breakup of rotating liquid jets with applications to industrial prilling. Using a long wavelength approximation we reduce the governing equations into a set of one-dimensional equations. We use an asymptotic theory to find steady solutions and then carry out a linear instability analysis on these solutions. We show that steady state centreline solutions are independent of viscosity to leading order and that the most unstable wavenumber and growth rate of disturbances decrease as the effectiveness of surfactants is increased. We also numerically solve these equations using a finite difference scheme to investigate the effects of changing the initial surfactant concentration and other fluid parameters. Our results show that differences in breakup lengths between rotating surfactant-laden jets and surfactant-free jets increase with the rate of rotation. Moreover, we find that satellite droplet sizes decrease as the rate of rotation is decreased with the effect of surfactants amplifying the reduction in sizes. Furthermore, the presence of surfactants at fixed rotation rates is shown to produce larger main droplets at low disturbance wavenumbers whilst satellite droplets are smaller for moderate disturbance wavenumbers κ≈0.7.     

可压缩旋转气体中超空化射流的热稳定性

液体射流热稳定性研究是对射流稳定性问题的更深层次的探讨,可以进一步加深对液体射流分裂与雾化机理的认识,具有重要的学术意义和工程应用价值. 基于射流稳定性理论,在同时考虑射流周围气体旋转、射流和周围气体可压缩性以及射流液体中含空化气泡的条件下,建立了描述可压缩旋转气体中超空化射流热稳定性的数学模型,并对数学模型及其求解方法进行了验证分析;在此基础上,分析了液体射流表面与周围气体间温差及射流内部温度梯度同时作用下对射流稳定性的影响;并进一步探讨了超空化射流的热稳定性. 结果表明,射流表面扰动波的最大扰动增长率、最不稳定频率以及最大扰动波数皆随气液温差的增大呈近似线性增大趋势;射流内部温度梯度的存在使得气液温差对射流的失稳作用更加显著;射流内部温度梯度会抑制超空化对射流稳定性的影响,但气液温差会在一定程度上促进超空化对射流的失稳作用.      

Unsteady Liquid Jets

The behaviour of unsteady liquid jets in a gas atmosphere is mainly governed by the conservation of momentum and the interaction with the environment. In this article it will be shown that many of the particular effects in the propagation and desintegration of unsteady jets are simply explained by the conservation of initial momentum. Many of the distortions and peculiar shapes of the liquid elements of the jet can be explained by a time and space development of weak initial distortions of momentum in travelling waves during propagation. The first part of the paper is devoted to the droplet formation in liquid jets of moderate Weber numbers in the order of ten. In this regime and higher the surface tension is not the governing influence of instability of jet decomposition and hence of the droplet formation. If there is a high frequency distortion of the velocity which is artificially implemented in our experiments by a special device, but under usual conditions also existing by turbulence or source distortions of the nozzle flow, the concentration of mass in packets in a kind of shock formation is the main reason for droplet formation. The frequency of droplets in space and time is given by the frequency of the distortion. The amplitude and phase is also given by the initial values of the driver for these quantities. For large amplitudes and low frequencies the jets are decomposed in very peculiar shapes, which can be very simply explained by the collision of packets of concentrated mass on the axis of the jet motion. The whole range of phenomena can be understood in a theoretically elegant manner by a Lagrangian transform of the nonlinear equations of motion together with some plausible considerations about the lateral motion. Solutions for the droplet formation and the formation of liquid films in different shapes can be achieved this way. As an illustration of the whole range of beautiful and regularly reproducible details of jet decomposition some photographs will be shown which summarize the phenomena and give an idea of the importance of systematic investigation of the sometimes very confusing appearance of fluid jets.