用Bose—Einstein凝聚体模拟超导量子干涉器件

正使用超导量子干涉器件(superconducting quantum interference device,SQUID)对磁场进行精密测量,是超导应用的一个重要分支。测量可达到的精度是一个磁通量子的若干分之一。磁通量子Φ0=h/2e=2.07×10-15Wb,其中h是普朗克常数,e是电子电荷。SQUID能够达到如此高的灵敏度,根本原因在于其中的量子力学效应在宏观尺度上得到了充分的展示。可以说,SQUID是量子工程的一个典型产物。我们的问题是,Bose—Einstein凝聚体,作为超导体的相似客体,它的宏观量子干涉效     

无序金属中的Aharonov-Bohm效应

早在1959年,Aharonov和Bohm[1]就在理论上指出了一个十分有意义的效应:把一电子束分成两束,分别绕一磁场两边的无场真空区传播,在一探测器上再重合在一起,将会显示出令人惊奇的干涉效应,信号强度随磁通φ的变化呈周期性变化,周期正好等干一个磁通量子φ=h/e,(e为电子电荷,h为普朗克常数).令这两束电子的波函数分别为和。从相对论量子力学可知,当空间有一磁场存在时,绕磁场运动的电子波函数的位相变化为而ΦA·dx=φ就是回路内的总的磁通,A是矢量势.因此,两束电子绕一磁场两边传播到一探测器时,位相差为(S1-S2)/h该位相羞为2π。的整数倍2…     

在一个磁通量子内dc Josephson电流阶梯或振荡效应的物理本质

本文分析了放置于高Q谐振腔中的Josephson结、双结SQUID和单结超导环,当其Josephson频率ω=2eV₀/h和腔的本征频率相等时,Josephson电流在一个磁通量子内可以产生多次阶梯或振荡的物理本质。指出对于Josephson结或双结SQUID,当ω=ω_r时,被激发起的腔的本征振荡将反馈辐照结或SQUID,反馈场的频率作用使Josephson电流产生一般地感应台阶;而反馈场的振幅是受到外磁场调制的,当这种调制作用使反馈场振幅的空间部分与辐射场的空间部分匹配时,则引起电流在一个磁通量子内产生一系列的新的阶跃。对单结超导环,当nω=ω_r时,被激发起的腔的振荡反馈辐照作用将迫使其超流电流产生周期小于φ₀的振荡。 关键词：     

圆对称环域Josephson结中准磁通量子激发对外磁场的依赖关系

本文研究了在外磁场中圆对称环域Josephson结的环形准磁通量子运动.准磁通量子的激发对外磁场的依赖关系与结的几何尺寸有关.对结宽度αγ₀-γ₀=5λ_J的环域结,外磁场使准磁通量子的寿命增加;对αγ₀-γ₀=10λ_J的环域结,外磁场除了产生上述效应外,还影响准磁通量子运动的细节.外磁场还使第一零场台阶向低驱动电流方向扩展.无疑地,这些变化是与外磁场在结中的不均匀分布密切相关.本文同时讨论了可调Josephson振荡器的一个合理方案.     

手性环状碳纳米管的电子结构及磁化特性

基于石墨平面π电子的紧束缚模型,导出了手性(chiral)环状碳纳米管(TCNTs)在磁场中的电子结构,从而对TCNTs量子特性和磁化规律进行了较深入研究.第Ⅰ,Ⅱ类TCNTs在磁场中存在金属—半导体的连续转变.计算分析表明:在T=0K时,第Ⅰ,Ⅱ类TCNTs的磁化强度随磁通量Φ呈线性周期性变化(以磁通量子Φ₀=h/e为周期),并且磁化强度对手性角θ、管口半径r,以及温度T极为敏感,但与环半径R无关.手性TCNTs的磁化强度比椅形或锯齿形TCNTs的磁化强度强很多;而第Ⅲ类TCNTs 关键词： 手性环状碳纳米管 电子结构 磁化特性     

超导弱连接中的Josephson电流在一个磁通量子内的振荡(Ⅰ) Josephson结

本文指出如果Josephson结处在Q值足够高的谐振腔内,当Josephson频率ω=2eV_0/h与谐振腔的本征频率ω_r发生谐振时,谐振的电磁场对Josephson结自身的反馈作用将导致超流电流在一个磁通量子内随磁场的小周期振荡。     

磁场中碳纳米管电子结构的紧束缚法研究

利用石墨平面碳原子轨道作sp2杂化时π电子的紧束缚模型,对磁场中直状单层碳纳米管(SWNTs)的电子结构进行理论推导和分析。磁场对碳纳米管的波矢产生影响,从而使碳纳米管的电子结构及能隙均以磁通量子Φ0(=h/e)为周期随磁通量Φ周期性变化。     

多模叠加态光场|ψ(3)5〉q中广义磁场4m次方Y压缩

构造了由多模复共轭相干态|{Z*j}〉q、多模复共轭相干态的相反态|{-Z*j}〉q以及多模虚相干态|{iZj}〉q的线性叠加所组成的第Ⅴ类三态叠加多模叠加态光场|ψ(3)5〉q.利用多模压缩态理论研究了态|ψ(3)5〉q中广义磁场分量的等幂次N次方Y压缩特性.结果发现:当压缩次数N=2p且p=2m(m=1,2,3,…,…)时,只要各模的初始相位φj(j=1,2,…,…,q)、态间的初始相位差(θ1-θ2)、(θ1-θ3)和(θ2-θ3)以及受各模的初始相位φj调制的各单模相干态光场的平均光子数之和∑qj=1(R2jcos2φj)等分别满足一定的取值条件,则态|ψ(3)5〉q的广义磁场分量就可呈现出周期性变化的广义非线性等幂次4m次方Y压缩效应.     

电磁驱动的异步问题

矩形线圈的平面垂直干均匀磁场,磁感应强度为B,线圈不动,磁场以速度vB向右运动.因通过线圈的磁通量变化,在线圈中产生感应电动势和感应电流i,磁场对电流i的安培力Fm方向向右,将驱使线圈也以速度v向右运动.显然,只有线圈的速度v小于磁场的速度vB──即异步才能有电磁感应,线圈也才能继续运动.以下我们来证明ν<νB. 设附图中的矩形线圈abed的质量为m,其回路电阻R,且在t=0时,ad边与磁场边界重合.t时刻后,磁场向右运动距离为vBt,线圈向古运动为x,则只有在面积l(vBt-x)上才有磁通量通过,即而感应电动势e及感应电流i分别为e及i的方向均由a至d…     

态|ψ(3)3〉q中广义磁场分量的N次方Y压缩效应

构造了由多模复共轭相干态|{Z*j}〉q、多模复共轭虚相干态|{iZ*j}〉q和多模真空态|{0j}〉q这三态的线性叠加所组成的第Ⅲ类三态叠加多模叠加态光场|ψ(3)3〉q.利用多模压缩态理论研究了态|ψ(3)3〉q中广义磁场分量的任意偶数次广义非线性等幂次N次方Y压缩特性.结果发现:在压缩次数N取偶数,只要各模的初始相位φj(j=1,2,3,…,…,q),态间的初始相位差(θi-θ2)(i=1,3)和各单模相干态光场平均光子数R2j之和qj=1R2j分别满足各自的取值条件,态|ψ(3)3〉q的广义磁场分量(即第一正交相位分量)就可呈现出周期性变化的、任意偶数次的广义非线性等幂次N次方Y压缩效应.     

Spatial line nodes and fractional vortex pairs in the Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov vortex state of spin-singlet superconductors

A Zeeman magnetic field can induce a Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) phase in spin-singlet superconductors. Here we argue that there is a nontrivial solution for the FFLO vortex phase that exists near the upper critical field in which the wave function has only spatial line nodes that form intricate and unusual three-dimensional structures. These structures include a crisscrossing lattice of two sets of nonparallel line nodes. We show that these solutions arise from the decay of conventional Abrikosov vortices into pairs of fractional vortices. We propose that neutron scattering studies can observe these fractional vortex pairs through the observation of a lattice of 1/2 flux quanta vortices. We also consider related phases in noncentrosymmetric superconductors.     

磁通运动的电压噪声频谱分析和动力学相变

用Langevin分子动力学方法模拟磁通运动的纵向电压噪声谱随磁场和电流的变化.计算结果表明，外加磁场增大到磁通运动动力学相变场F_P，电压噪声 谱中低频宽带噪声减小而出现洛伦兹形高频窄带噪声.外加磁场增大到熔化场F_m附近，高频窄带噪声 峰值增高 ，峰值对应频率增大.在外加电流增强到磁通弹性运动区域，高频窄带噪声频谱呈现搓衣板 形式.搓衣板高频窄带噪声产生于磁通平移速度的周期性调制，它表明层状超导体中运动的 磁通格子存在有平移序的BG相. 关键词： 第Ⅱ类超导体 电压噪声 动力学模拟     

Magnetic vortices and thermoelectric effect in a hollow superconducting cylinder

The question of a surface barrier which determines the behavior of a vortex in a hollow superconducting cylinder of finite thickness in an external magnetic field is discussed, taking into account magnetic flux quantization in the cavity. The behavior of magnetic vortices in a hollow superconductor in the presence of a thermoelectric current is also considered. Pairs of magnetic vortices with opposite magnetic field orientations (vortex-antivortex pairs) are generated by this current near T _c. The thermoelectric current drives the antivortex (the vortex with oppositely directed field) out of the cylinder, whereas the vortex is ejected into the cavity and remains on the inside cylinder surface as a current. The number of magnetic flux quanta trapped inside the cylinder increases by one. The relation of this mechanism to the “giant” thermoelectric effect in hollow superconductors is discussed. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 111, 2175–2193 (June 1997)     

Barrier or easy-flow channel: The role of grain boundary acting on vortex motion in type-Ⅱ superconductors

Grain boundaries(GBs),as extremely anisotropic pinning defects,have a strong impact on vortex motion in type-Ⅱsuperconductors,and further on the macro level dominates the superconductivity for example the critical current density.Many previous studies indicated that mostly GB plays the role of a strong barrier for vortex motion,while an easy-flow channel just under some certain conditions.In order to thoroughly make clear of the questions of what is exactly the role of GB on vortex motion and how it works,in this article we developed a large scale molecular dynamic model and revealed the action of GB on vortex motion in type-Ⅱ superconductors.The most significant finding is that the role of GB on vortex motion can be changeable from a barrier to an easy-flow channel,and which is intrinsically determined by the competition effect correlated with its action on vortex between in the GB and no-GB regions.Such the competition effect essentially depends on the attributes of both the GB(described by the GB strength and angle θ) and no-GB pining regions(by the relative disorder strength α_p/a_v).Specifically,for a YBa_2 Cu_3 O_(7-x)(YBCO) sample,to obtain a clear knowledge of vortex motion in GB region,we visualized the three typical trajectories of vortices during the three vortex movement stages.Further,in order to understand how GB results in the macro current-carrying property,corresponding to the current-voltage relation of the YBCO conductor,we obtained the average velocity v_y of vortices varying with their driving force,which is nearly identical with the previous observations.     

Anomalous Hall effect in the mixed state of high-temperature superconductors

The Hall effect in the mixed state of high-T_c superconductors (HTSC) is of an anomalous nature: near the transition there is a range of temperatures and of magnetic fields where the sign of the Hall effect is opposite to that in the normal state. The universality of the phenomenon in question is indicative of its connection with some general properties of the mixed state of type-II superconductors, namely, with peculiarities of motion of magnetic flux vortex lines (vortices) in these superconductors. This work puts forward a model accounting for a number of vortex motion specific features and providing a possibility to obtain the characteristics of the anomalous Hall effect.

The work is based on the phenomenologically generalized results of Bardeen-Stephen and Nozieres-Vinen, supplemented with an allowance for a new mechanism of vortex “friction” associated with Andreev electron reflection on the interface between the normal core and the superconducting periphery of a vortex. Within the framework of the model suggested, magnetic field (and temperature) dependences of the longitudinal and Hall resistances of a mixed state superconductor have been calculated at temperatures nearing T_c. At certain quite realistic parameters which define the forces acting on the vortices, there is a range of magnetic fields and temperatures where the sign of the Hall effect is opposite to that in the normal state. The lower limit of this range is the irreversibility line and the upper critical field.     

A generalized critical-state model for low-dimensional superconductors with an edge barrier

A generalized model of the critical state in low-dimensional superconductors is proposed, which includes the effects of bulk and edge pinning of the magnetic flux. The conditions are determined for the penetration of Pearl-Abrikosov vortices into the superconductor, and metastable flux structures in these systems are described. A diagram of different vortex states is constructed for a complete cycle of variations of the external magnetic field.     

Finite superconducting square wire-network based on two-dimensional crystalline Mo2C

Superconducting wire-networks are paradigms to study Cooper pairing issues, vortex dynamics and arrangements. Recently, emergent low-dimensional crystalline superconductors were reported in the minimal-disorder limit, providing novel platforms to reveal vortices-related physics. Study on superconducting loops with high-crystallinity is thus currently demanded. Here, we report fabrication and transport measurement of finite square-network based on two-dimensional crystalline superconductor Mo₂C. We observe oscillations in the resistance as a function of the magnetic flux through the loops. Resistance dips at both matching field and fractional fillings are revealed. Temperature and current evolutions are carried out in magnetoresistance to study vortex dynamics. The amplitude of oscillation is enhanced due to the interaction between thermally activated vortices and the currents induced in the loops. The driving current reduces the effective activation energy for vortex, giving rise to stronger vortex interaction. Moreover, by the thermally activated vortex creep model, we derive the effective potential barrier for vortex dissipation, which shows well-defined correspondence with structures in magnetoresistance. Our work shows that low-dimensional crystalline superconducting network based on Mo₂C possesses pronounced potential in studying the modulation of vortex arrangements and dynamics, paving the way for further investigations on crystalline superconducting network with various configurations.     

Formation of multiple-flux-quantum vortices in mesoscopic superconductors from simulations of calorimetric, magnetic, and transport properties

Because of strong flux confinement in mesoscopic superconductors, a "giant" vortex may appear in the ground state of the system in an applied magnetic field. This multiquanta vortex can then split into individual vortices (and vice versa) as a function of, e.g., applied current, magnetic field, or temperature. Here we show that such transitions can be identified by calorimetry, as the formation or splitting of a giant vortex results in a clear jump in measured heat capacity versus external drive. We attribute this phenomenon to an abrupt change in the density of states of the quasiparticle excitations in the vortex core(s), and further link it to a sharp change of the magnetic susceptibility at the transition--proving that the formation of a giant vortex can also be detected by magnetometry.     

Vortex pinning: A probe for nanoscale disorder in iron-based superconductors

The pinning of quantized flux lines, or vortices, in the mixed state is used to quantify the effect of impurities in iron-based superconductors (IBS). Disorder at two length scales is relevant in these materials. Strong flux pinning resulting from nm-scale heterogeneity of the superconducting properties leads to the very disordered vortex ensembles observed in the IBS, and to the pronounced maximum in the critical current density j_c at low magnetic fields. Disorder at the atomic scale, most likely induced by the dopant atoms, leads to “weak collective pinning” and a magnetic field-independent contribution j_c^coll. The latter allows one to estimate quasiparticle scattering rates.     

无序超导体磁通运动的两次退钉扎效应和重新进入超导相

考虑平面内和不同平面磁通之间的相互作用力，计算了无序各向异性超导体中磁通运动的平均速度、微分电阻随驱动力F_l的变化规律，用层间关联函数C_z的值来判断2D塑性流动和3D关联流动的运动图像.观察到随着外驱动力的增大微分电阻出现两个尖峰，它对应着磁通运动存在两次退钉扎现象.在一定层间耦合条件下，在微分电阻双峰之间，可观察到重新进入微分电阻为零的钉扎相.这与最近实验上新发现的无序弱钉扎超导体有重新进入超导相的巨大峰值效应相吻合.同时，也可发现随着驱动电流的增大，磁通运动出现由2D塑性流动到3D弹性流动的相变，这一维度的变化对应着微分电阻dV/dI曲线中的二次峰位置. 并证明当层间耦合(即代表磁场的大小)在一定范围时，3D-2D相变对应的临界电流随磁场的增大而增大, 反映了第二磁化峰附近的磁通格子软硬度改变的微观图像. 关键词： 第Ⅱ类超导体 磁通线格子 钉扎 峰值效应