高能质子照相中基于角度准直器设计的理论研究

角度准直器在高能质子照相中有着重要作用,既可以利用准直器提高图像对比度,又能通过二次成像实现材料诊断及密度重建,因此减小通过准直器后通量值的误差具有重要意义.本文通过理论分析,提出了一种高能质子照相中准直器设计的方法,通过Geant4程序建立了1.6 GeV的质子成像系统,该系统分别使用理想准直器、拉伸型准直器和利用该方法设计的准直器,并对比通过客体后的通量分布.结果表明,在使用理想准直器和该方法设计的角度准直器时,二者得到的客体的通量分布符合较好,而使用拉伸型准直器时,与使用理想准直器得到的结果相差较大.因此利用理想准直器方法设计的准直器可以很好地减小通量误差.     

增强低场下脑功能磁共振成像显著性的研究

实现了基于低场0.35 T磁共振成像系统的大脑功能磁共振成像（functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging,fMRI）的研究. 基于质子密度加权的快速自旋回波(Turbo Spin Echo,TSE)图像,重点研究增强低场fMRI显著性的方法,目的在于提高低场fMRI的可用性. 结果表明：健康受试者在执行手动任务期间,大脑运动区的信号强度变化可以由基于血管外质子信号增强 (Signal Enhancement by Extravascular water Protons,EEP)的对比机制探测. 优化TSE序列参数能提高图像SNR和扫描速度,并在统计分析中增加外在屏蔽图像,可以有效地提高低场下fMRI研究结果的显著性.     

质子照相中成像磁透镜系统对次级质子的消除

为了解成像磁透镜系统使用对提高质子照相品质的作用,研究了成像磁透镜系统对核反应产生的次级质子的消除作用。利用MCNPX模拟了次级质子的能谱,结果表明：次级质子的平均能量不足照相质子束的50%。从次级质子的能量特性和成像系统质子运动学方面的分析表明：成像磁透镜系统可消除次级质子的影响。利用程序MCNPX对含成像磁透镜系统的质子照相进行了模拟,结果显示：成像磁透镜系统将次级质子对光程的影响减小到2%以下,显著提高了图像品质。     

质子照相磁透镜的优化设计

对质子照相系统中Zumbro磁透镜的参数进行了优化,使成像系统造成的图像模糊最小化,结果表明:构成Zumbro磁透镜的四极透镜对内外漂移段长度相等时,成像系统获得最小的图像模糊。对成像系统的视场进行了分析,表明视场对Zumbro透镜的参数不敏感。给出了质子能量为20 GeV时Zumbro透镜的参数,Geant4蒙特卡罗计算表明:所给的Zumbro透镜参数能正确成像。     

带电粒子光学系统优化问题的研究

对带电粒子光学系统的优化过程进行了研究,提出将象差的优化与透镜场形的优化分离开来。在象差的优化中考虑含光学参数的隐式约束条件。该优化过程只需做简单的积分运算,因此不必花费时间计算电磁场。在透镜场形的优化中,其优化模型与一般电磁系统的优化完全一样,因而可以采用已经研究的很多的电磁场的优化方法来优化透镜的场形。计算了两个优化的实例。     

质子照相磁透镜的优化设计

 对质子照相系统中Zumbro磁透镜的参数进行了优化,使成像系统造成的图像模糊最小化,结果表明:构成Zumbro磁透镜的四极透镜对内外漂移段长度相等时,成像系统获得最小的图像模糊。对成像系统的视场进行了分析,表明视场对Zumbro透镜的参数不敏感。给出了质子能量为20 GeV时Zumbro透镜的参数,Geant4蒙特卡罗计算表明:所给的Zumbro透镜参数能正确成像。     

基于高斯过程回归的距离选通成像系统工作参数的在线优化

通过调整模块的工作参数,提出了一种对距离选通成像系统性能进行在线优化的方法。将眼图参数视为一个随系统可调参数变化的随机变量,采用高斯过程回归方法拟合此变化关系,并在学习过程中引入参数优化步骤,从而在更快速地从高维参数空间中学习到随机过程变化特征的同时优化系统参数。实验结果表明:所提方法可在线优化系统参数配置,提高距离分辨能力,揭示模块参数配置对距离分辨能力的影响,可为成像系统的设计提供一定依据。     

基于带电粒子活化法开展的SGⅡ-U皮秒激光质子加速实验研究

基于带电粒子活化测谱方法在SGⅡ-U装置上开展了皮秒激光靶背鞘场机制质子加速实验研究,对靶参数进行了优化.利用带电粒子活化测谱方法测量了相同激光条件、不同Cu薄膜靶厚度情况下靶背鞘场加速质子的最高截止能量、角分布、总产额以及激光能量到质子的转化效率等关键参数.实验发现,SGⅡ-U皮秒激光靶背鞘场加速机制的最佳Cu薄膜靶厚度为10 μm,对应质子最高能量接近40 MeV,质子（>4 MeV）总产额约4×10¹²个,激光能量到质子的转化效率约2%.薄膜靶更厚或者更薄都会降低加速质子的最高截止能量;当靶厚减薄至1 μm时,皮秒激光的预脉冲开始对靶背鞘场产生显著影响,质子最高截止能量急剧下降,高能质子束斑呈现空心结构;而当靶厚增加至35 μm时,虽然质子束的能量有所降低,但是质子束斑的均匀性更好.     

APTR质子同步加速器RFQ直线注入器的优化设计

为实现质子治疗装置的国产化和小型化,基于已完成安装调试的上海先进质子治疗装置（APTR）,开展质子治疗注入器系统的升级设计研究,利用PARMTEQM设计软件和快聚束策略,针对APTR同步加速器RFQ直线注入器进行动力学设计模拟。RFQ工作频率为325 MHz,流强18 mA,对从离子源引出的低能质子束流进行匹配俘获、横向聚焦、纵向聚束和预加速,引出能量为3.0 MeV。通过优化预注入器RFQ动力学设计方案和极头参数,有效避免参数共振,减小束流损失,使其整体传输效率达到98.0%,在水平和垂直方向上的发射度增长分别为1.2%和3.3%,出口束流满足下一级腔体的注入需求,开展设计模拟验证和相关冗余度分析,为质子同步加速器的治疗设备和直线注入系统提供参照依据。     

RFQ加速器束流接受度的计算

基于RFQ加速器中束流横向运动方程描述了一种计算其入口处束流接受度的方法.针对特定结构参数的四翼型RFQ加速器,给出了计算结果为:加速质子束时的系统接受度在x-x′平面为0.0153cm·rad,在y-y′平面为0.0114cm·rad.此方法也适用于求解其它已知结构、使用射频场加速、线性横向电场的加速器的接受度.     

Large-aperture double-focus laser collimator for PAT performance testing of inter-satellite laser communication terminal

A laser collimator is necessary for testing and verification of the pointing, acquisition and tracking (PAT) performance of inter-satellite laser communication terminals on the ground. The laser collimator must have a large clear aperture to fit the PAT performance testing system. The PAT subsystem has a large field of view for the acquisition and a high angular accuracy for the fine tracking. To resolve the conflict between large field of view and fine angular resolution, a large-aperture double-focus laser collimator is proposed and its optical design and mechanical structure are described. The collimator mainly consists of a primary lens, a reflector, a beam-splitting plate, a secondary lens, two compensating lenses, two imaging sensors and a laser. The primary lens directly forms the long focal length arm of the collimator. The combination of the primary lens and the secondary lens form the short focal length arm of the collimator. The collimator has an angular resolution <0.75 μrad and a 10 mrad field of view. For the collimator, the incident beam is focused on the two imaging sensors by its two arms, and the beam emitted from the laser is collimated and transmitted. The collimator is combined with an optical scanner and a fine beam deflector to test and verify the PAT performance of the inter-satellite laser communication terminal in a full physical manner.     

Precision magnetic quadrupole lens for a nuclear scanning microprobe based on an ÉGP-10 electrostatic tandem accelerator

Basic ideas underlying the design of a precision magnetic quadrupole lens for a nuclear scanning microprobe with a maximal accelerating voltage of 14 MV are set forth. Four magnetic quadrupoles are combined into doublets. The doublets are placed on adjusting gears, which bring the local coordinate system of each lens into coincidence with the laboratory system related to the axis of the beam. Each lens provides a maximal gradient of the field of 0.68 T/cm, which makes it possible to perform stigmatic focusing of the beam with a working distance of 22 cm. All lenses are nonseparable and made of one piece of high-quality electrical steel. A special lens-feeding unit is designed that provides manual and remote control of pole tip excitation.     

Optimization of the lens-array structure for performance improvement of integral imaging

The seemingly inherent deficiencies of integral imaging systems-in particular, the depth of field limitation-are, in this Letter, partly resolved by using an irregular lens array, where each lens is either rotated or displaced from its original position in the conventional flat lens array. It is shown that having an array of lenses in the integral imaging system has some sort of redundancy that could be exploited to improve the quality of the image formation. The needed rotation or displacement of constituent lenses in the array is found by using a meticulous optimization algorithm, which tries to evenly distribute the optical rays emanating from each of the lenses to form the final image.     

Velocity spectrometer for a neutral atomic beam

A velocity spectrometer for a neutral atomic beam has been developed to prepare a monovelocity atomic beam. In order to disperse a relatively fast atomic beam according to its longitudinal velocity, a magnetic quadrupole lens with a large magnetic gradient has been used. The device was made using NdFeB permanent magnets. The magnetic gradient in the quadrupole was measured to be sufficiently large (1 T/cm) and uniform along the radial direction. The resonance fluorescence spectra of the Li atomic beam after passing through the magnetic quadrupole lens have been measured by using a single-mode tunable laser. From the peak shift of the fluorescence spectrum, the exerted force on Li atoms by the magnetic lens was 8160 times as large as the acceleration of gravity. Using the present spectrometer, we have measured the longitudinal velocity distribution of the thermal Li beam at 800 °C, which was in good agreement with the result from the fluorescence spectra. It is expected that a monovelocity Li atomic beam of 1000 m/s with a velocity spread narrower than 1% can be easily formed with a compact experimental arrangement using the developed velocity spectrometer. In this case, the available flux given as a fraction of the incident Li flux is estimated to be about 1%. A high-velocity resolution of 0.03% is expected at the available fractional flux of about 0.01%. Received: 5 June 2000 / Revised version: 14 August 2000 / Published online: 8 November 2000     

Electron extraction through an objective lens

The laws of electron motion in the field of a combined lens (composed of an electrostatic and magnetic lenses, as in a low-voltage scanning electron microscope) are considered. The character of the secondary- and backscattered-electron trajectories in the collimator field is analyzed taking into account the generalized electron momentum.     

利用准直管法测凹透镜的焦距

介绍了利用准直管精确测量凹透镜焦距的方法，该方法借助一个焦距较长的凸透镜与被测凹透镜组成无焦系统，可以使准直管出射光束的张角发生改变；用一辅助凸透镜与一测微目镜进行平行光束的会聚，测出准直管玻罗板线对在辅助凸透镜焦平面上所成像的大小；经过相应计算可得到被测凹透镜的焦距。     

像方扫描技术研究

基于显微摄影的成像原理,研究了像方扫描以扩大视场的途径,并建立了一个二次成像的设计模型,包括一个大视场的固定前置物镜组和一个运动轨迹为球面的中继透镜组。物镜组所成的一次像面优化了场曲,中继透镜组则根据该场曲进行运动,对一次像面不同区域成像,并采用光学被动消热差以保证不同温度的像质。该模型的相对孔径1∶3,波长3.7 m~4.8 m,焦距90 mm,瞬时凝视视场为4,扫描视场达24,采用7片透镜3个非球面,在全视场范围内具有接近衍射限的像质。