第30届国际物理奥林匹克竞赛实验试题解

以下的实验数据是波隆纳大学的一名学生（Ｍｒ．ＭａｕｒｉｚｉｏＲｅｃｃｈｉ）的数据,提供给大家仅供参考．１）和２）质心到转轴的距离为因此,测量质心位置（在Ｔ型铝条上用平衡法很容易求出质心）作为ｘ的函数,我们可以得到系统参数之间的关系．通过对（１）式数据的线性拟合,得到斜率Ｍ２／（Ｍ１＋Ｍ２）．已知总质量Ｍ１＋Ｍ２＝（４１．０＋０．１）ｇ,即可求出Ｍ１和Ｍ２．数据见表１．长度测量误差估计为１ｍｍ,假设这误差符合高斯分布．线性拟合见图６．忽略自变量ｘ的误差（因小于１％）,只考虑因变量Ｒ（ｘ）的误差．ａ…     

第53届国际物理奥林匹克竞赛实验试题介绍及解答

第53届国际物理奥林匹克竞赛的2道实验试题为“质量测量”和“利用双折射测量厚度”.“质量测量”题目借鉴了基布尔秤的基本思想,涉及胡克定律、安培力、电磁感应定律和弹簧振子共振方面的知识,考查选手的基本测量、数据处理(如曲线改直)、作图和不确定度评定方面的能力;“利用双折射测量厚度”题目要求自行搭建类似分光计的装置,借助光栅衍射进行光谱测量,并结合偏振光干涉来测量双折射材料的厚度,题目对仪器调节的要求比较高,测量数据量也比较大.本文主要介绍实验试题和参考答案.     

第23届国际物理奥林匹克竞赛

这属奥林匹克竞赛在芬兰的赫尔辛基举行。每个国家派5名学生参加。这届的规模出以往各届都大，共有来自37个国家的178名参赛，而我也能够成为这次盛大竞赛的参加之一！     

第45届国际物理奥林匹克竞赛实验试题简介

第45届国际物理奥林匹克竞赛的实验试题为"看见隐藏的现象!".本文介绍了试题内容及解答思路,并对中国队学生部分题目的答题情况作了简短评论.     

第52届国际物理奥林匹克竞赛实验试题2的介绍与解答

第52届国际物理奥林匹克竞赛实验试题2为柱状二极管（Cylindrical diode）,试题主要考查了学生设计实验和数据处理能力．考试采用远程线上虚拟实验形式,利用计算机辅助完成实验．本文绍了实验试题2的命题和虚拟实验考试流程,并且给出了试题解答．结合物理背景知识和实际应用介绍了竞赛的命题动机,并且分析了参赛选手的答题情况．     

第52届国际物理奥林匹克竞赛理论第3题介绍与解答

第52届国际物理奥林匹克竞赛理论试题共三道,分别为永磁体(Permanent magnets)、詹姆斯韦伯太空望远镜(James Webb Space Telescope)和比例法则(Scaling laws)。考试采用远程线上形式进行。文章主要对理论第三题的命题和解答进行介绍,并对题目间的联系以及所有获奖选手的答题情况进行了简要分析。     

第52届国际物理奥林匹克竞赛理论第2题介绍与解答

第52届国际物理奥林匹克竞赛理论部分共三道题目,本文主要对理论第二题“詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜”题目进行介绍,给出参考解答以及对中国学生答题情况的分析。     

第40届国际物理奥林匹克竞赛实验试题简介

第40届国际物理奥林匹克竞赛实验部分由利用刀片锐边的衍射测量激光波长和测量云母片的双折射量2个光学实验组成.本文较全面地介绍了试题内容和解答,并在必要时作了简短评论.     

第1届欧洲物理奥林匹克竞赛实验试题的介绍与解答

第1届欧洲物理奥林匹克竞赛实验试题为发光二极管.试题利用万用表、热敏电阻和自组的简易压力计等作为测量工具,设计实验并测量发光二极管的伏安特性、串联寄生电阻、发光效率和光功率极大值.本文详细介绍了实验试题的命题及其解答,并简单分析了命题背景和参赛选手的答题情况.命题基于发光二极管在不同温度下的光电特征,可作为基础物理实验中发光二极管相关实验的拓展.     

第4届欧洲物理奥林匹克竞赛实验试题1的介绍与解答

第4届欧洲物理奥林匹克竞赛实验试题1为隐藏的电荷,本文详细介绍了试题1的命题、虚拟实验考试流程和解答,结合物理背景知识和实际应用介绍了命题目的,并分析了参赛学生的答题情况.试题1通过测量电子的初动能和入射、出射位置,计算出待测电荷的位置和电量,可用于理论力学、原子物理等教学内容.     

第12届亚洲物理奥林匹克竞赛实验题介绍与解答

介绍了第12届亚洲物理奥林匹克竞赛所考的"导体在振荡磁场中的悬浮"和"光学‘黑盒子'"2个独立实验的试题及竞赛组织者给出的标准解答.     

第43届国际物理奥林匹克竞赛实验试题简介

第43届亚洲物理奥林匹克竞赛的两道实验试题为"水的磁导率"和"非线性黑盒子".本文较全面地介绍了试题内容,并做了解答,在必要时还结合中国学生的答题情况作出简短评论.     

Droplets evaporation: Problems and solutions

The evaporation of single droplets and sprays into gaseous atmosphere and the evaporation of sessile liquid droplets on solid substrates are here considered. We argue that if thermodynamics is augmented with Derjaguin’s (disjoining/conjoining) pressure to handle phenomena in a vicinity of the three-phase contact line, problems like the singularity of the evaporation flux and of the viscous stress at the three-phase contact line of a sessile droplet are ruled out.     

Proposed experiment to test the bounds of quantum correlations

The combination of quantum correlations appearing in the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality can give values between the classical bound, 2, and Tsirelson's bound, 2 x square root of 2. However, for a given set of local observables, there are values in this range which no quantum state can attain. We provide the analytical expression for the corresponding bound for a parametrization of the local observables introduced by Filipp and Svozil, and describe how to experimentally trace it using a source of singlet states. Such an experiment will be useful to identify the origin of the experimental errors in Bell's inequality-type experiments and could be modified to detect hypothetical correlations beyond those predicted by quantum mechanics.     

Dember effect: Problems and solutions

In the existing theory of Dember effect research community understands that the photo-electromotive force is the voltage difference arising between the illuminated and dark surfaces of a semiconductor. In this work it is shown that the latter is incorrect. A new formulation of the linear theory of Dember effect is presented. Conclusions of this new theory are essentially different from the ones of conventional theory. Proposed theory is applied to both open- and closed-circuit conditions.     

An experiment to test the reality of de Broglie waves

A second-order interferometric experiment in which de Broglie waves pass through a set of beamsplitters and progressively lose intensity, leading to a decrease in the visibility, is presented. On the contrary, since the intensity reduction is the same in the two overlapping waves, quantum mechanics predicts a constant visibility.     

CCD摄像机用于测量中存在的问题及解决方法

本文从ＣＣＤ面阵探测器的光电响应不均匀性、非线性以及摄像机内部的制式转换电路、自动增益控制（ＡＧＣ）电路和γ校正电路等方面阐述了ＣＣＤ摄像机用于能量分布测量存在的问题，并给出了相应的解决方法。同时对去除噪声的多幅积分法作了介绍。     

Planck's experiment on gas mixing,Gibbs' paradox and the definition of entropy in statistical mechanics

The interpretation of entropy provided by statistical thermodynamics is not adequate to represent the thermodynamic entropy of the gas of noninteracting particles considered in this theory. Planck's thought experiment on reversible mixing and Gibbs' paradox provide perhaps the best-known evidence of this. The assumption that the internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on its temperature is introduced both in the kinetic theory of gases and in the classical thermodynamics. Such an assumption is no doubt adequate to deal with real gases at appropriately low pressures and high temperatures. However, the present paper shows that the same assumption implies that the entropy of an ideal gas, like its internal energy, must also depend only on temperature. The paper calculates the expression of the entropy function that is consistent with the internal energy function of the gas. From this expression, the thermodynamic entropy of the ideal gas – as distinct from its statistical entropy – is finally expressed in terms of statistical mechanics variables.