Rapid elongation of CdS nanowire at room temperature

The CdS nanowires synthesized by solvothermal route are rapidly elongated in the presence of the ethylenediamine by ultrosonication method at room temperature. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis reveals that the influential factors on the rapid elongate process are the concentration of ethylenediamine and duration of the ultrosonication reaction. The elongated CdS nanowires are further characterized by UV–vis absorption spectra, which has no apparent difference in the position of the maximum absorption peak comparing with the starting CdS nanowires synthesized by solvothermal method. A mechanism of oriented attachment is proposed to explain the phenomena based on a series of experimental results.     

Formation of organically and inorganically passivated CdS nanoparticles in reverse microemulsions

This paper is focused on the formation of organically and inorganically passivated cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles in two different types of microemulsions. On the one hand, we used a ternary inverse microemulsion consisting of water, heptanol, and 3-(N,N-dimethyldodecylammonio)propanesulfonate and on the other hand, a poly(ethyleneimine)-based quaternary microemulsion containing water, toluene, pentanol, and sodium dodecylsulfate. UV-vis measurements confirm the formation of CdS-ZnS core-shell nanoparticles in the ternary microemulsion. Using the quaternary microemulsion template phase, polymer capped luminescent CdS nanoparticles can be formed. After a complete solvent evaporation, the nanoparticles are redispersed in water and characterized by means of dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. From the ternary microemulsion, well-stabilized CdS-ZnS core-shell nanoparticles with diameters of about 5 nm can be redispersed, but from the quaternary microemulsion, only nanoparticle aggregates of about 100 nm.     

Amino acids (l-arginine and l-alanine) passivated CdS nanoparticles: Synthesis of spherical hierarchical structure and nonlinear optical properties

CdS nanoparticles (NPs) passivated with amino acids (l-alanine and l-arginine) having spherical hierarchical morphology were synthesized by room temperature wet chemical method. Synthesized NPs were characterized by ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy to study the variation of band gaps with concentration of surface modifying agents. Increase in band gap has been observed with the increase in concentration of surface modifying agents and was found more prominent for CdS NPs passivated with l-alanine. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis were carried out for the study of crystal structure and morphology of CdS NPs. The average particle size of CdS NPs calculated from Debye-Scherer formula was found to less than 5 nm and agrees well with those determined from UV–vis spectra and TEM data. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was performed to know the functional groups of the grown NPs. Peaks in FT-IR spectra indicate the formation of CdS NPs and capping with l-alanine and l-arginine. Photoluminescence spectra of these NPs were also studied. Finally, colloidal solution of CdS-PVAc was subjected to Z-scan experiment under low power cw laser illumination to characterize them for third order nonlinear optical properties. CdS-PVAc colloidal solution shows enhanced nonlinear absorption due to RSA and weak FCA on account of two photon absorption processes triggered by thermal effect.     

CdS:Mn nanocrystals passivated by ZnS: synthesis and luminescent properties

Synthesis and characterization of highly luminescent ZnS-passivated CdS:Mn (CdS:Mn/ZnS) core/shell structured nanocrystals are reported. Mn-doped CdS core nanocrystals are produced ranging from 1.5 to 2.3 nm in diameter with epitaxial ZnS shell of wider band gap via a reverse micelle process. UV irradiation-stimulated photo-oxidation of the ZnS shell results in formation of sulfate (ZnSO(4)) as determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which increases the photoluminescence emission intensity and subsequent photostability. Luminescent relaxation lifetime data present two different decay components, consisting of slow decay emission from the Mn center and a fast decay emission from a defect-related center. The impact of the density of surface defect states upon the emission spectra is discussed.     

Dynamic analysis of aggregation of methylene blue with polarized optical waveguide spectroscopy

Polarized optical waveguide (POW) spectroscopy permits analysis of the changing molecular state of methylene blue (MB), including aggregate order and orientation at the waveguide surface. Monomer or dimer, dissolved randomly in MB aqueous solution, tends to aggregate at the waveguide surface during air drying. Furthermore, POW spectroscopy dynamically revealed that MB molecules became oriented vertically to the waveguide surface with increasing aggregation order.     

Non-contact spectral analysis of cytochrome c on carbon electrodes with optical waveguide spectroscopy

To realize the spectral analysis of molecules on the opaque substrate, we proposed non-contact optical waveguide (NOW) spectroscopy. The cyt.c was adsorbed on the carbon substrate by dipping method. This was fixed above the optical waveguide. The gap between the carbon substrate and the waveguide was controlled by latex beads with a diameter of 120 nm as a spacer. A clear NOW spectrum based on the adsorbed cyt.c on the carbon substrate was observed. The cyt.c was easily adsorbed on the carbon surface with an oxidized form by the dipping method. The electrochemical cell system constructed on the waveguide enabled the dynamic analysis on the redox reaction of the adsorbed cyt.c on the carbon electrode. The adsorbed cyt.c showed stable redox reaction without the dislocation or re-dissolution in an aqueous solution.     

A displacement principle for mercury detection by optical waveguide and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

A novel displacement principle of metal nanoparticles for target analysis, differing from the usual target-induced aggregation principle, was proved feasible by the use of para-aminothiophenol coupled Au nanoparticles (PATP-Au) multilayer as probes to detect Hg(2+). The PATP-Au multilayer was fabricated through layer-by-layer assembly of Au nanoparticles on optical waveguide (OWG) chip surface using para-aminothiophenol (PATP) as coupling molecules. The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) extinction from Au nanoparticles and the PATP as a Raman reporter enable to easily capture changes in PATP-Au multilayer by OWG and of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, respectively. The introduction of the Hg(2+), which has a higher binding affinity to the thiol group of PATP, greatly destroyed the multilayer structure, and produced a large change, several folds higher than the noise, in LSPR features and Raman signals of PATP-Au multilayer probes, and resulted in an excellent selectivity for Hg(2+) detection at a low level of 1nM. This investigation provides us more ideas on the future development of surface analysis techniques for the detection of various target analytes.     

Absolute absorption measurements of polymer films for optical waveguide applications by photothermal deflection spectroscopy

A self‐contained experimental technique is proposed for measuring the absolute optical absorption spectra, thermal diffusivity, and thermal conductivity of polymer thin films. The technique is based on photothermal deflection spectroscopy and provides sensitivity that is high enough to quantify the very small optical absorption losses in polymer films used for optical waveguide applications. The capabilities of the technique are demonstrated with measurements performed on thin films of poly(methyl methacrylate) and a fluorinated polymer (CYTOP). An error analysis is presented, and the factors are discussed that influence the accuracy of the technique. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 2717–2726, 2001     

Synthesis and optical properties of CdS nanoribbons

Rapid production of single crystalline CdS nanoribbons with hexagonal wurtzite phase has been achieved by thermal evaporation of CdS powder on Si wafers. The flow rate of the carrier (Ar) gas along with the synthesis temperature plays an important role in defining the size and shape of the CdS nanoribbons. Scanning electron and transmission electron microscopic observations revealed the nanoribbons to have a flat end as well as side surfaces which will make it ideal for optoelectronic devices such as nanolasers and light emitting diodes based on individual nanoribbons. The nanoribbons have widths within 200-400 nm and lengths approximately a few hundred micrometers. Room-temperature photoluminescence measurements show green emission centered at approximately 525 nm which may be ascribed to the near band edge emission. The Raman spectra of the CdS nanoribbons show peaks around 304, 609, 915, and 1220 cm(-1) corresponding to the first-, second-, third-, and fourth-order longitudinal optical phonon modes, respectively.     

Cleaning requirements for silica‐coated sensors used in optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy

Optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS), based on the incoupling of laser light into a waveguide sensor by an optical grating, allows for the in situ measurement of protein adsorption. Few reports have described cleaning methods for the surfaces of such sensors, and in this investigation, we compare common methods for cleaning of silica surfaces in relation to their effectiveness for cleaning silica‐coated waveguide sensors used in OWLS. For this purpose, atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis of surface morphology and OWLS detection of protein adsorption kinetics were used to evaluate waveguide sensors before and after cleaning. While AFM line scans showed a substantial increase in average waveguide peak‐to‐valley height after RCA cleaning relative to all other methods tested, chemical etching owing to the alkaline component of the rolling circle amplification method rendered the waveguide unusable for detection of protein adsorption with OWLS. A revised method, based on replacement of the alkaline step with immersion in sodium dodecyl sulfate, was not only effective at cleaning OWLS waveguides off‐the‐shelf but also showed excellent protein adsorption reproducibility after ex situ cleaning. Moreover, the revised method showed excellent reproducibility when applied in situ, between repeated adsorption‐elution cycles. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用鲑鱼精DNA为模板构建CdS纳米线

以鲑鱼精DNA为模板合成了CdS纳米粒子，透射电子显微观察表明所生成的CdS是一种直径约为3nm的线形结构，紫外-可见吸收光谱，拉曼光谱和X-射线光电子能谱结果表明，CdS纳米粒子的生长点为DNA中的磷酸根，并且在这一体系中可能存在从CdS到DNA中碱基的电子转移。     

In situ monitoring of metal nanoparticle self-assembly on protein-functionalized glass by broadband optical waveguide spectroscopy

Broadband, time-resolved optical waveguide (OWG) spectroscopy has been used for in situ, real-time investigation into the self-assembly of metal nanoparticle monolayers. The OWG spectroscopy makes it possible to use the transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes to measure surface plasmon absorption of immobilized metal nanoparticles in two directions, parallel and normal to the waveguide surface. Therefore, this technique can provide direction-dependent information on the metal nanoparticles at the interface. In this paper, a 50-microm-thick glass plate was used as a slab waveguide and the kinetics of Au nanoparticle adsorption on a hemoglobin-functionalized glass substrate was examined in the early stage of self-assembly. The findings show that with the TE mode the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) behavior for immobilized Au nanoparticles is different from that with the TM mode.     

Rotational temperature of nitrogen glow discharge obtained by optical emission spectroscopy

Measurements of rotational temperature as low as several hundred Kelvin have been measured using optical emission spectroscopy (OES) in nitrogen direct current (DC) glow discharge. The strongest band of the first negative system of nitrogen was chosen to deduce the rotational temperature at four different positions in nitrogen DC glow discharge, the back of cathode; cathode sheath; positive column; and anode glow. In positive column the rotational temperature increased apparently with the increasing discharge voltage from 500 to 1000 V when the pressure was 10 Pa. But with pressure of 20 Pa the rotational temperature in positive column increased slightly with the increase of discharge voltage. On the contrary, the rotational temperature in cathode sheath took reverse tendencies when the discharge voltage varies from 500 to 1000 V. As regard the anode glow, the rotational temperature at 10 Pa decreased with the increase of discharge voltage, but that at pressure of 20 Pa increased. We attribute the different tendencies of the rotational temperature to the different discharge statues at different pressures. When the discharge voltage varies from 500 to 1100 V, the discharge with pressure of 10 Pa is normal glow and that with 20 Pa is abnormal glow.     

Variable temperature photoelectron spectroscopy. The adiabatic ionization potential of the iodine molecule

Vibrational structure is resolved in the first two bands in the Ne I photoelectron spectrum of iodine. The adiabatic IP is established by temperature variation, and spectroscopic IP for both bands are found to correspond to production of ions with three vibrational quanta. A photoionization value for the first IP corresponds to ions with two vibrational quanta. Structure is also observed in the corresponding bands of iodine bromide.     

Simultaneous determination of methylene blue and new methylene blue by slab optical waveguide spectroscopy and artificial neural networks

A slab optical waveguide (SOWG) has been used for study of adsorption of both methylene blue (MB) and new methylene blue (NMB) in liquid-solid interface. Adsorption characteristics of MB and NMB on both bare SOWG and silanized SOWG by octadecyltrichlorosilane (ODS) were compared. The simultaneous determinations of both MB and NMB were explored by flow injection SOWG spectrophotometric analysis and artificial neural networks (ANNs) for the first time. Concentrations of MB and NMB were estimated simultaneously with the ANNs. Results obtained with SOWG were compared with those got by conventional UV-visible spectrophotometry.     

Growth and optical properties of wurtzite-type CdS nanocrystals

This paper reports wurtzite-type CdS nanostructures synthesized via a hydrothermal reaction route using dithiol glycol as the sulfur source. The reaction time was found to play an important role in the shape of the CdS nanocrystals: from dots to wires via an oriented attachment mechanism. This work has enabled us to generate nanostructures with controllable geometric shapes and structures and thus optical properties. The CdS nanostructures show a hexagonal wurtzite phase confirmed by X-ray diffraction and show no evidence for a mixed phase of cubic symmetry. The Raman peak position of the characteristic first-order longitudinal optical phonon mode does not change greatly, and the corresponding full width at half-maximum is found to decrease with the CdS shape, changing from nanoparticles to nanowires because of crystalline quality improvement. The photoluminescence measurements indicate tunable optical properties just through a change in the shape of the CdS nanocrystals; i.e., CdS nanoparticles show a band-edge emission at approximately 426 nm in wavelength, while the CdS nanowires show a band-edge emission at approximately 426 nm as well as a weaker trap-state green emission at approximately 530 nm in wavelength. These samples provide an opportunity for the study of the evolution of crystal growth and optical properties, with the shape of the nanocrystals varying from nearly spherical particles to wires.     

Study of adsorption of methylene blue and new methylene blue in liquid-solid interface by slab optical waveguide spectroscopy

A slab optical waveguide (SOWG) has been used for study of adsorption of both methylene blue (MB) and new methylene blue (NMB) in liquid–solid interface. Adsorption characteristics of MB and NMB on both bare SOWG and silanized SOWG by octadecyltrichlorosilane (ODS) were compared. Effect of pH on adsorption on MB and NMB was investigated. Binding rate constant analysis showed that both MB and NMB on bare SOWG demonstrates larger association constants than those on ODS-SOWG. Interactions of MB and NMB on bare SOWG and ODS-SOWG were analyzed by molecular mechanics calculation method. The binding energy change was in the following order: E_NMB–bare > E_MB–bare > E_NMB–ODS > E_MB–ODS.     

Surface spectroscopy and structure of CdS/zeolite systems

In situ preparation of a CdS semiconductor clusters in zeolite cavities has been investigated. Properties of the CdS clusters and their influence on the surface chemistry and structure of the CdS/Zeolite system were examined.     

Synthesis of uniform CdS nanowires in high yield and its single nanowire electrical property

Large-scale high quality CdS nanowires with uniform diameter were synthesized by using a rapid and simple solvothermal route. Field emission scan electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that the CdS nanowires have diameter of about 26 nm and length up to several micrometres. High resolution TEM (HRTEM) study indicates the single-crystalline nature of CdS nanowires with an oriented growth along the c-axis direction. The optical properties of the products were characterized by UV-vis absorption spectra, photoluminescence spectra and Raman spectra. The resistivity, electron concentration and electron mobility of single NW are calculated by fitting the symmetric I-V curves measured on single NW by the metal-semiconductor-metal model based on thermionic field emission theory.