The slowing down of atoms with energies ofE<10 eV in crystals

The line shape of the 773 keV emission line emitted by¹⁸⁷Re depends on the slowing down of the recoil the atom receives in the precedingβ transition. Using the nuclear resonance fluorescence method the line profile was studied for sources where the radioactive atoms are embedded in single crystals of W and WSe₂ and in polycrystalline samples of Nb. The experimental results for W and Nb are in complete agreement with predictions by a theory in which the slowing down is calculated starting from a Born-v. Karman lattice model. The temperature dependence of the line shape yields the phonon lifetimes in W and Nb (W) to beτ(300 K)=(2.4±0.3)ps andτ(300 K)=(1.7±0.2) ps, respectively. Measurements for the slowing down of the recoiling atoms perpendicularly to and along the hexagonal axis of WSe₂ yielded an anisotropy in qualitative agreement with expected values.     

Scattering and recoiling mapping of the Kr–Pt(1 1 1) system by SARIS

The technique of angle resolved mapping of scattering and recoiling imaging spectra (SARIS) combined with computer simulations is demonstrated to be a valuable tool for characterization of atomic collision events on surfaces. The energy distributions of scattered Kr and fast recoiled Pt atoms from a Pt(1 1 1) surface were measured as a function of exit angle. The use of a large area microchannel plate detector and time-of-flight techniques decreases the collection time and increases the number of detected trajectories above that of other designs. Classical ion trajectory simulations using the three-dimensional scattering and recoiling imaging code are used to simulate the kinematics of the scattering and recoiling particles. It is shown that SARIS mapping allows one to probe the kinematics of both scattered and recoiled particles, the probability for their occurrence in specific trajectories, their detection probabilities, and their threshold detection velocity. The measured and simulated energy distributions agree quantitatively if the detection efficiency is taken into account. The observed value of the threshold detection velocity for Pt atoms, ν^th=3.78(5)×10⁴ m/s, is in good agreement with previous studies.     

低能原子簇轰击金属簿膜引起的级联碰撞(Ⅱ)——注入簇原子的加速

研究了能量为１ｋｅＶ／ａｔｏｍ的金原子簇和０．２ｋｅＶ／ａｔｏｍ的铝原子簇轰击金薄膜产生的级联碰撞。用分子动力学模拟计算了注入靶后的簇原子能量分布及其随时间的演化。结果表明，在原子簇注入引起的级联碰憧中，簇原子除了将能量传递给靶原子外，尚有可能破加速。簇原子的最高能量可大于它的初始能量；分析了原子簇注入引起的多次碰撞效应，并用经典力学守恒定律计算了一个簇原子发生二次散射后的能量增益，用以解释注入原子的加速机制。 关键词：     

A semiempirical formula describing the recoil yield in silicon

Krypton ions in the energy range 20–300 keV are used to generate recoiling atoms in silicon from thin layers evaporated on its surface. The recoil yields and the impurity distributions in the substrate have been measured as a function of several parameters (energy, thickness of the layer, incident dose). The results are used to propose a new formulation of the recoil yield based on the possibility, for both projectiles and recoiling atoms, to remove impurities previously introduced in silicon.The calculation fits very well the experimental results using displacement energies close to the generally admitted values     

First gamma-ray measurements of fusion alpha particles in JET trace tritium experiments

Gamma-ray spectra from nuclear reactions between fusion-born alpha (alpha) particles and Be impurities were measured for the first time in deuterium-tritium plasmas in the Joint European Torus. The time dependence of the measured spectra allowed the determination of the density evolution of fast alpha particles. Correlation between the decay time of the gamma-ray emission and the plasma parameters in different plasma scenarios was established. Results are consistent with classical slowing down of the alpha particles in discharges with high plasma currents and monotonic q-profiles. In low plasma current discharges and in the discharges with large on-axis current holes (extreme reversal central magnetic shear), the gamma-ray emission decay times are shorter than the classical slowing down times, indicating an alpha-particle confinement degradation in such discharges in line with theoretical predictions.     

Energy spectra of atoms sputtered by KeV light-ion bombardment

A calculation has been made for the sputtering of heavy targets by KeV light-ion bombardment. The calculation is based both on linear transport theory and on the assumption that only primary recoiling atoms are candidates for the sputtering process. The energy spectra calculation predicts the experimentally observed peak shift towards lower velocities than those obtained by standard linear cascade theory.     

On the motion control of microparticles by means of an electromagnetic field increasing with time for spectroscopic applications

The possibility of controlling the motion of microparticles by means of external electromagnetic fields (nonresonance laser radiation, in particular) that induce potential wells for such particles, which are characterized by fixed spatial distribution but deepen over time to a certain level, are analyzed. It is assumed that the particles are located in high vacuum and are affected by nondissipative external forces. Slowing down of relatively fast particles when they pass through the discussed potential wells is shown. Such slowing down of particles is demonstrated using a nonresonance laser beam with intensity increasing over time as an example. Specific features of particle dynamics in the electromagnetic fields under consideration in the case of a one-dimensional rectangular potential well are studied in detail based on simple analytical relations derived from the fundamental equations of classical mechanics. The methods of particle cooling and localization demonstrated in the present work can substantially increase spectroscopy resolution of various microparticles, including, under certain conditions, atoms and molecules.     

Low-frequency Raman scattering study of the ferroelectric phase transition in the DKDP crystal

The low-frequency Raman scattering spectra of the DKDP ferroelectric crystal are studied in the temperature range 30–393 K. At temperatures above 150 K, the Raman spectra exhibit a central peak which reflects the lattice relaxation susceptibility. The width and integrated intensity of the central peak are derived from the experimental spectra. The critical slowing down of the relaxation response predicted by the Ginzburg-Landau-Devonshire theory is observed throughout the temperature range in which the central peak persists. Its integrated intensity does not, however, follow the predictions of the theory and reveals a strong temperature dependence in the ferroelectric phase and a weaker dependence in the paraphase. It is shown that the thermal activation law describes well the temperature dependence of the intensity of the central peak. An interpretation is proposed according to which the intensity of order parameter fluctuations is related to the activation barrier whose height is proportional to the deviation from the phase transition temperature.     

Electromagnetically induced transparency in the medium of four-level atoms with upper level doublet

Light absorption and slowing down when traveling in a medium of four-level atoms with a doublet of close-lying upper levels is studied in conditions of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). It is shown that the presence of the second upper level leads to an increase in the absorption of the probe pulse. However, a control-pulse-detuning range exists between the doublet levels where light decelerates considerably more than in the case of ideal EIT.     

Observation of critical slowing down of ortho-positron quenching rate near gas-liquid transition

Thermalized ortho-positronium life time spectra have been measured in xenon gas along three different isochores. The quenching rate as a function of T-T₀ shows a striking similarity to the critical slowing down of density fluctuations as measured by the Rayleigh scattering of light.     

各向同性光场对原子束的分步减速

通过理论分析计算了积分球中各向同性光场对原子产生的辐射压力,提出了一种新的激光对原子束的减速方案:将原子炉产生的热铷原子束通过五个直径为10 cm的积分球,积分球内部各向同性光场的失谐量从Δ=-70Γ依次减小到Δ=-10Γ,从而可以对原子束进行减速和冷却。通过对减速过程的数值计算结果发现,该方案可以把速度小于331 m/s的原子束减速和冷却到小于1 m/s,接近多普勒极限。     

试用临界慢化原理探讨气候突变

近年来, 临界慢化现象在揭示复杂动力系统是否趋向于临界性灾变方面展示了重要潜力. 本文基于临界慢化的理念, 着重研究不同噪声影响下, 气候突变前兆信号出现的时间; 对含有不同噪声的气温观测资料、太平洋年代际振荡指数以及阿留申低压强度资料进行处理, 研究突变的前兆信号. 以20世纪70年代末80年代初这次气候突变为例, 分别计算了表征临界慢化现象的方差和自相关系数. 结果表明, 临界慢化现象出现在具有不同信噪比的资料中, 这表明临界慢化现象可能是气候突变发生前的一个前兆信号, 并且噪声对气候突变前兆信号的检测结果影响较小, 从而论证了临界慢化现象检测突变前兆信号的可靠性, 为该方法在实际观测资料中的广泛应用提供了实验基础.     

中国不同区域气候突变的前兆信号

近年来, 临界慢化现象在揭示复杂动力系统是否趋向于临界性突变方面展示了重要潜力. 在此基于临界慢化的理念, 对含有不同噪声的中国一级气象地理区划的11大区域的气温观测资料进行处理, 研究气候突变的前兆信号. 首先利用Mann-Kendall (M-K)方法准确的找出各个区域的突变位置, 然后计算了表征临界慢化现象的自相关系数以此寻找气候突变前兆信号, 并研究了不同噪声对气候突变前兆信号的影响. 结果表明, 针对不同的信噪比、不同区域的气温资料在气候突变发生前5–10年均出现了自 相关系数增大的临界慢化现象, 临界慢化现象可能是气候突变发生前的一个前兆信号; 噪声对气候突变前兆信号的检测结果影响较小, 论证了临界慢化现象检测突变前兆信号的可靠性, 为该方法在实际观测资料中的应用提供了实验基础. 关键词： 气候突变 临界慢化 M-K方法 前兆信号     

Cooperative motions in a finite size model of liquid silica: an anomalous behavior

Finite size effects on dynamical heterogeneity are studied in liquid silica with Molecular Dynamics simulations using the BKS potential model. When the system size decreases relaxation times are found to increase in accordance with previous results in finite-size simulations and confined liquids. It has been suggested that this increase may be related to a modification of the spatially heterogeneous dynamics in confined liquids. In agreement with this hypothesis we observe a decrease of the spatially heterogeneous dynamics when the size decreases. The spatially heterogeneous dynamics is usually characterized by the dynamical aggregation of the most or the least mobile atoms. However we find that the decrease of the dynamical aggregation associated to the least mobile atoms is much more important than the decrease associated to the most mobile atoms when the size decreases. This result associated with a slowing down of the liquid is surprising as it is expected that the dynamical aggregation of the least mobile atoms should increase the slowing down of the liquid dynamics. The decrease of the heterogeneous behaviour is also in contradiction with the increase of the spatially heterogeneous dynamics observed in liquids confined inside nanopores. However, an increase of the non-Gaussian parameter appears both for the confinement inside nanopores and for the finite size simulations. As the non-Gaussian parameter is usually associated with the heterogeneous dynamics, the increase of the non-Gaussian parameter together with a decrease of the spatially heterogeneous dynamics is also surprising.     

Kinematics of sputtered excited atoms

The kinematics of binary inelastic collisions, when the inelasticity is strong enough in order to influence the collision dynamics, has been derived. It has been shown that neutral and excited sputtered atoms differ from each other in regions of kinetic energy and angular variables. The structure of these physical regions, due to their general character, can be used to obtain direct information on the inelastic processes which are responsible for the formation of the excited states. In particular, on the basis of a limiting angle for the recoiling particle, we show a simple equation and a cross-section which enable us to obtain direct information about inelastic processes. Applications on Si-sputtered species are shown.     

带电粒子束在靶等离子体中能量沉积模拟计算

一、引言 利用轻离子束为驱动源的惯性聚变,已成为很有前途的一个研究方向。美国Sandia研究所最近建成PBFA-Ⅱ装置,它给出离子束能量为2MJ,功率为10~(14)W,能量转换效率可达到20％。用这台设备,可以做聚变点火研究和能量得失相当实验。 我们应用Bethe-Bloch理论和LSS理论,计算带电粒子束与原子相互作用;应用库仑连续慢化理论,计算带电粒子束与等离子体相互作用.将能量沉积理论与一维辐射流体力学程序耦合起来,得到能量沉积随物质状态变化关系.在计算中应用了真实气体状态方程参数.     

Messung des inneren Magnetfeldes in Osmium nach Coulomb-Rückstoßimplantation in Eisen

Theγ-angular correlation of osmium is measured after Coulomb-excitation with 30 MeV¹⁶O ions. The recoiling nuclei are implanted into a magnetized iron substrate. The fit of the perturbated angular correlation gives the valueB=?800±200 kG for the internal field at the sites of osmium atoms dissolved in an iron host.     

The application of the linearized boltzmann transport equation to low energy atomic collisions in solids

A new method has been developed for the solution of the linearized Boltzmann equation far from thermal equilibrium. The solution has been applied to the interpretation of the slowing down of atoms with kinetic energies of a few hundreds of eV as obtained from measured -peak profiles, using the gamma ray induced doppler broadening (GRID) technique. From this solution, lifetimes of nuclear excited states can be extracted. These results are compared with the predictions of other models.     

Dielectric and ultrasonic investigation of phase transition in cuinp2s6 crystals

Investigation results of dielectric and ultrasonic properties of layered CuInP₂S₆ crystals are presented. At low frequencies, dielectric spectra are highly influenced by the high ionic conductivity with the activation energy of 7357.4?K (0.635?eV). The high-frequency part of the spectra is determined by relaxational soft mode. The critical slowing down and Debye-type dispersion show the order–disorder type of the phase transition. The temperature dependence of the relaxational soft mode and dielectric contribution show a quasi-one-dimensional behaviour. Ultrasonic velocity exhibits critical slowing down which is accompanied by attenuation peaks in the phase transition region. Layered CuInP₂S₆ crystals have extremely large elastic nonlinearity in the direction perpendicular to layers. The nonlinear elastic parameters substantially increases at the PT temperature.