苯乙烯/丁二烯聚合反应挤出多嵌段共聚物结构表征及共聚机理的研究

以双螺杆挤出机为反应器,采用丁二烯(B)与苯乙烯(S)混和单体,以有机锂为引发体系,本体一步合成了S B多嵌段共聚物.采用过氧化氢在四氧化锇作用下对聚合物分子链进行了深度氧化,然后通过精制除去氧化降解产生的低分子物.1H- NMR和FT IR分析表明共聚物中的双键全部被氧化断裂,而共聚物中聚苯乙烯的链节并未破坏.利用18角度小角激光光散射仪(MALLS)联用GPC对氧化降解后的聚苯乙烯碎片进行了分析,证明共聚物分子是由1条1×104～4×104分子量的聚苯乙烯链段连接着数十个(S- B)嵌段的结构.TEM分析表明调节反应过程的工艺条件可以控制共聚物的织态结构.     

采用反应挤出三次加料法合成苯乙烯/异戊二烯/苯乙烯

以同向啮合双螺杆挤出机为反应器,采用苯乙烯和异戊二烯为聚合单体,以正丁基锂为引发剂,采用三次加料法合成苯乙烯/异戊二烯/苯乙烯(SIS)三嵌段热塑性弹性体.氢核磁共振(1H NMR)谱分析结果表明,共聚物中聚异戊二烯嵌段以1,4-结构为主.采用四氧化锇催化双氧水氧化降解聚合物分子链,利用凝胶渗透色谱对氧化降解后的聚苯乙烯碎片进行分析,证明共聚物分子为(聚苯乙烯-聚异戊二烯-聚苯乙烯)(PS-PI-PS)三嵌段结构.动态力学分析(DMA)及透射电子显微镜(TEM)分析结果表明,SIS具有两相分离结构.拉伸试验结果表明,共聚物拉伸强度与苯乙烯含量有关.     

过程控制对反应挤出苯乙烯/丁二烯共聚物微观结构的影响

在有机锂引发体系下,以双螺杆挤出机为反应器,苯乙烯(St)、丁二烯(Bd)混和物作为单体,四氢呋喃(THF)为极性调节剂,本体法一步合成了苯乙烯/丁二烯(S/B)共聚物.采用过氧化氢在四氧化锇作用下对聚合物分子链中Bd双键进行了深度氧化降解,通过精制除去降解的低分子产物.利用18角度小角激光光散射仪联用GPC对降解前后的样品进行分析.结果表明与通常规律相左,THF的加入使共聚物的分子量分布加宽,同时使降解后的聚苯乙烯(PS)第一嵌段分子量降低.由1H-NMR谱图计算得知,THF使1,2-聚丁二烯(PBd)比例明显增加,但THF/引发剂摩尔比值超过一定量后,1,2-PBd含量增加趋势减缓.TEM分析结果表明THF的加入导致PBd相尺寸变小而且分布趋向均匀,再次表现出过程控制分子结构的特色.     

在胶束溶液中铈盐引发制备双亲嵌段共聚物PSt-b-PVP及其表征

采用过氧化氢-硫酸亚铁的氧化还原引发体系,首先使苯乙烯(St)在乳液聚合体系中进行均聚合,制得了端羟基聚苯乙烯(PSt-OH),然后将PSt-OH增溶于十二烷基硫酸钠的胶束溶液中,在硫酸铈铵的引发作用下,使水溶液中的N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮(NVP)在PSt-OH端羟基部位发生嵌段共聚合,制得了双亲嵌段共聚物PSt-b-PVP。采用红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、差示扫描量热(DSC)等手段对嵌段共聚物的组成与结构进行了表征。结果表明:在Ce(Ⅳ)盐的氧化作用下,增溶于胶束中的端羟基聚苯乙烯端会在端基产生自由基,顺利地实现NVP的嵌段共聚合反应。随着共聚合时间的延长,共聚物PSt-b-PVP大分子链中亲水嵌段PVP的比例不断增大。     

原子力显微镜与透射电镜对比研究嵌段共聚物微相分离形态

嵌段共聚物微观相分离形态结构由于其理论与应用中的重要性一直是人们研究的热点 [1] .本文研究的聚苯乙烯 -聚乙烯 /聚丁烯 -聚苯乙烯三嵌段共聚物 (SEBS)为聚苯乙烯 -聚丁二烯 -聚苯乙烯 (SBS)饱和加氢后的产物 .由于中间嵌段中的双键大多已加氢饱和 ,过去一直没有合适的染色剂进行染色 ,所以在 2 0世纪 80年代中期以前 ,SEBS形态结构未见文献报道 [1] .近年来 ,由于新型染色剂 Ru O4 的应用 ,使得用透射电镜 (TEM)观察其微相分离形态成为可能 .　　随着对嵌段共聚物形态结构认识程度深入 ,人们迫切希望能有新的手段提供更加丰富的…     

分子水平研究不同嵌段结构苯乙烯/丁二烯共聚物的表面结构

利用具有准单分子层灵敏度的和频振动光谱(SFG)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和接触角(CA)测定技术研究链结构和溶剂对苯乙烯(S)/丁二烯(B)嵌段共聚物表面准分子层化学结构形成的影响.结果表明,两嵌段共聚物SB比三嵌段共聚物SBS更有利于聚丁二烯(PB)组分在膜表面富集.利用PB的选择性溶剂环己烷做溶剂时,SB膜表面层完全由纯的PB组分组成,而SBS表面则是聚苯乙烯(PS)与PB二组分共存.利用PS的选择性溶剂甲苯做溶剂时,SB与SBS表面都是PS与PB二组分共存,其中SBS表面PS组分的含量更高.原因是由于溶剂影响嵌段共聚物分子在溶液中的构象从而影响溶剂挥发后聚合物表面结构的形成.     

苯乙烯/异戊二烯/丁二烯共聚物热降解过程

利用热重法研究了聚苯乙烯-聚异戊二烯／丁二烯-聚苯乙烯三嵌段共聚物S(IB)S在N2气氛以不同速率β升温时的热降解过程及动力学。结果表明，S(IB)S的热降解过程随着升温速率的增大由三步变为两步进行，热降解温度随着升温速率的增大而升高；分别采用Kissinger方程、Doyle方程计算热降解过程的表观活化能，并与用Coats-Redfen方法计算结果比较，分析鉴别出热降解过程的动力学表达式，从而确定了S(IB)S的热降解机理。     

双亲嵌段共聚物PSt-b-PAA在甲苯中的自聚集行为

以α-溴乙苯为引发剂,溴化亚铜为催化剂,2,2'-联吡啶为配体,用原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)法合成了结构一定的嵌段共聚物聚苯乙烯-b-聚丙烯酸丁酯(PSt-b-PBA).经水解制备了双亲性嵌段共聚物聚苯乙烯-b-聚丙烯酸(PSt-b-PAA);采用单溶剂溶解法配制了PSt-b-PAA在甲苯中的反胶束溶液;以极性荧光化合物N-1-萘乙二胺盐酸盐(NEAH)为极性微区探针,用荧光光谱法并配合透射电镜观察探索了双亲嵌段共聚物PSt-b-PAA在甲苯溶液中的自聚集行为,考察了双亲性嵌段共聚物浓度、链结构及温度等因素对反胶束化行为的影响规律.结果表明,亲水链PAA短而亲油链PSt长的双亲嵌段共聚物PSt-b-PAA,用单溶剂溶解法可使其在甲苯中发生自聚集,形成以亲水段为核,疏水段为壳的星状反胶束结构;反胶束为10-20nm的球形聚集态结构;PSt-b-PAA的自聚集行为及临界胶束浓度与分子链的微结构和温度等因素相关,且随着共聚物浓度的增大,小胶束会逐渐结合形成大的纺垂状聚集体.     

两亲性嵌段共聚物的自组装及载药胶束的研究

采用可逆-加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合(RAFT)技术合成了两亲性嵌段共聚物聚苯乙烯-b-聚甲基丙烯酸聚乙二醇单甲醚-b-聚苯乙烯(PSt-b-POEOMA-b-PSt),通过FT-IR、1 HNMR、GPC确定共聚物的结构。将三个具有不同嵌段比的共聚物在水溶液中自组装,通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察得到的胶束的形貌,发现随着亲水性嵌段的比例减小,胶束的直径略微减小。通过透析方法,以共聚物作为载体,负载维生素E,TEM观察载药胶束的形貌,仍然为核-壳状的球形胶束。差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测试共聚物载药胶束前后的热性能,发现药物分子在载入内核的过程中,聚苯乙烯的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)有所降低。通过紫外(UV)分析计算得出共聚物的药物负载量(DLC)为70%～80%。     

高橡胶含量苯乙烯-异戊二烯共聚物的反应挤出聚合

以正丁基锂(n-BuLi)为引发剂,苯乙烯(St)、异戊二烯(Ip)混合物为单体,十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、四氢呋喃(THF)为极性调节剂,在双螺杆挤出机中,应用反应挤出技术实现了聚异戊二烯(PI)质量分数高达60％左右的苯乙烯-异戊二烯共聚物(S-I)的阴离子本体嵌段聚合.通过选择性氧化降解与GPC、1H-NMR、DMA和TEM结合,分析了产物的分子链结构.结果显示,SDBS和THF的加入增加了PI的3,4-结构含量,且大大限制了St的聚合,使最长聚苯乙烯(PS)嵌段的分子量大为减小,同时很难包裹大的Ip气泡,共聚物的结构主要为S-I小嵌段,两组分相容性增强,无规化程度增加.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.