Rate constant for the reaction C2H5 + HBr → C2H6 + Br

RRKM theory has been employed to analyze the kinetics of the title reaction, in particular, the once-controversial negative activation energy. Stationary points along the reaction coordinate were characterized with coupled cluster theory combined with basis set extrapolation to the complete basis set limit. A shallow minimum, bound by 9.7 kJ?mol(-1) relative to C(2)H(5) + HBr, was located, with a very small energy barrier to dissociation to Br + C(2)H(6). The transition state is tight compared to the adduct. The influence of vibrational anharmonicity on the kinetics and thermochemistry of the title reaction were explored quantitatively. With adjustment of the adduct binding energy by ～4 kJ?mol(-1), the computed rate constants may be brought into agreement with most experimental data in the literature, including new room-temperature results described here. There are indications that at temperatures above those studied experimentally, the activation energy may switch from negative to positive.     

单次碰撞条件下，反应Ba+C2H5Br、n-C3H7Br、1,2-C2H4Br2、1,3-C3H6Br2的动力学研究

Under single-collision beam-gas scattering conditions the reactions Ba+ C_2H, Br、n-C_3H_7Br、1, 2-C_2H_4Br_2、1,3-C_3H_6Br_2 have been studied using laser induced fluore-scence to detect the BaBr X~2∑~+ product. The vibrational distributions, the fractions of the available energy going into vibrational and rotational energy of the BaBr products have been calculated by means. of computer simulation. It has been found that the average vibrationel energies of the BaBr products can be described as a linear function of the mass factors for the reactions Ba+CH_3Br、C_2H_5Br、n-C_3H_7Br、1,3-C_3H_6Br, and that the potential energy surfaces for these reactions are similar. For the reactions Ba+CH_3Br、C_2H_5Br、n-C_3H_7Br, the vibrational increae, but for the reactions Ba+CH_2Br_2、1,2-C_2H_4Br_2、1,3-C_3H_6Br_2, the vibrational excitations of the BaBr products decrease greatly when the number of the carbons increase.     

Two-configuration potential energy surface for the Ca + HF → CaF + H reaction

The three-dimensional potential energy surface for the reaction of Ca and HF has been obtained from a two-configuration direct minimization method using an extended GTO basis set. Features of the surface were examined by fitting calculated values using cubic splines. The height of the barrier to reaction was found to be quite insensitive to the direction of the impinging Ca atom for a wide range of angles of approach. The transition state occurs in the exit channel at an angle of approach of 77°, 33.6 kcal/mole (or 14.8 kcal/mole if the correlation energy error is considered) above the reactants asymptote. A further analysis of the basis set superposition error and the correlation energy error is presented, these results modify the dynamical properties of the system and give a criterion to test the validity of the previously reported two-configuration PES for BeFH and MgFH systems.     

State-to-State Quantum Dynamical Study of H+Br2→HBr+Br Reaction

The time-dependent wave packet method has been employed to calculate the state-to-state integral cross sections and differential cross sections (DCSs) for three initial states of the title reaction on the recently constructed neural network potential energy surface. It is found that the product HBr(\begin{document}$ v' $\end{document} = 2, 3, 4) states have the dominated population in the entire energy region considered here, indicating an inverted HBr vibrational state distribution. More than half of the available energy ends up as product internal motion, and most of which goes into the vibrational motion. Our calculations show that initial rotational excitation of Br\begin{document}$ _2 $\end{document} has little effect on the product ro-vibrational state distributions and DCSs of the reaction. While the initial vibrational excitation has some influences. The initial vibrational excitation to \begin{document}$ v_0 $\end{document} = 5 obviously enhance the product vibrational excitation in the low energy region. The DCSs for collision energy up to 0.5 eV at the ground and rotationally excited state are peaked in the backward direction, but the width of the angular distribution increases considerably with the increase of collision energy. For the vibrationally excited state, the DCSs are rather complicated with some strong forward scattering peaks for highly vibrationally excited products.     

KrF激光诱导BrC2F4Br+C2H4反应

激光诱导化学合成是一有兴趣的课题。不久前已报导了红外激光诱导调聚反应的结果。由于红外激光的加热特性,在许多情况下导致选择性与量子产率的矛盾。因紫外光反应的低温特性,有可能获得较高的选择性。但普通光源是宽带光源,对一个以平方断链为主的链反应,过强的吸收不利于链长的提高,而弱吸收又使反应速度太慢。为此,激光光源是满足最佳吸收的合宜光源。在使用了昂贵的激光光源后,经济上的合理性主要取决于链长     

State-selected ion-molecule reactions: H+2(ν) + He → HeH+ + H and He + H+ + H

Total cross sections for production of HeH⁺ and H⁺ in the reaction of state-selected H⁺₂ (v = 0 to 6) with He at 3.1 eV c.m. collision energy are measured by means of the threshold-photoelectron/photoion coincidence method, using pulsed synchrotron radiation. Both reaction cross sections are observed to rise with vibrational energy. The H⁺/HeH⁺ branching ratio, which is determined directly, remains approximately constant at about 0.3 for v ⩽ 3 and rises gradually for higher levels to reach the value 1.3 for v = 6. For v ⩽ 3 both reactions involve hard-type collisions and result in large-angle scattering. In contrast, at higher v levels, the HeH⁺ becomes essentially forward scattered with respect to the incident He direction, but with a velocity greater than that expected from the spectator stripping model. The H⁺ products are backward scattered with respect to the incident H⁺₂ for v ⩽ 1 and receed faster from the He atom than the H products. This observation directly leads to the conclusion that collision-induced dissociation from v = 0 and 1 involves transitions to the first excited potential-energy surface.     

New ab initio potential energy surface for BrH2 and rate constants for the H + HBr → H2 + Br abstraction reaction

A global potential energy surface (PES) for the electronic ground state of the BrH(2) system was constructed based on the multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) method including the Davidson's correction using a large basis set. In addition, the spin-orbit correction were computed using the Breit-Pauli Hamiltonian and the unperturbed MRCI wavefunctions in the Br + H(2) channel and the transition state region. Adding the correction to the ground state potential, the lowest spin-orbit correlated adiabatic potential was obtained. The characters of the new potential are discussed. Accurate initial state specified rate constants for the H + HBr → H(2) + Br abstraction reaction were calculated using a time-dependent wave packet method. The predicted rate constants were found to be in excellent agreement with the available experimental values and much better than those obtained from a previous PES.     

氢抽提反应CHBr2+HBr→CH2Br2+Br的直接动力学研究

采用直接动力学方法,对CHBr2+HBr→CH2Br2+Br反应通道进行了理论研究,在B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p)水平下获得了优化几何构型、频率以及最小能量路径,更精确的单点能在B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,2pd)水平下完成.利用正则变分过渡态理论,结合小曲率隧道效应校正方法计算了反应通道在220 K～2 000 K温度范围内的速率常数.在整个反应区间,隧道效应对反应的影响比较大;变分效应在低温时有一定的影响,在高温区间的影响很小可以忽略.计算得到的速率常数和已有实验值很好地吻合.     

反应(Cl+HBr→HCl+Br和Cl+HBr→BrCl+H)机理和速率的密度泛函理论研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法,在6-311G**基组下,计算研究了反应Cl+HBr→HCl+Br和Cl+HBr→BrCl+H的机理,求得的各过渡态均通过振动分析加以确认.运用求得的反应活化能,以及不同温度下过渡态和反应络合物的配分函数,借助绝对反应速率理论求得50～1500K的反应速率常数.     

Pictet-Spengler condensation reactions catalyzed by a recyclable H+-montmorillonite as a heterogeneous Brønsted acid

Catalytic performance of different cation-exchanged montmorillonite clays has been investigated in the Pictet-Spengler C-C bond forming reaction. H⁺-Montmorillonite was found to be a very efficient and reusable catalyst for the endo cyclization of β-phenylethylamine derivatives with aldehydes under solvent-free conditions. In addition, an aqueous condensation version for the synthesis of tetrahydro-β-carbolines using the H⁺-montmorillonite catalyst has been developed. In these environmentally friendly processes, the use of organic solvents was avoided and the catalyst was recycled with maintenance of high catalytic activity.     

Ca+-Pyridine络合物的光解反应

Photodissociation spectra of Ca+-pyridine complex was obtained by reflectron time of flight spectrum (RTOF). Two channels were found from difference photodissociation spectra, one was non-reactive Ca+ cation separation channel, the other one was active channel for product Ca+NH2. Product Ca+ was dominant in the whole region studied and the only product in 530-590 nm region, reactive product Ca+NH2 shared a little present in whole products. Action spectrum as a function of photolysis laser wavelength shows appearance peaks relevant to transitions of complex. Branching ratio supports the information of photodissociation too.     

Calcium Hydride Cation Dimer Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Unactivated 1-Alkenes and H2 Isotope Exchange: Competitive Ca−H−Ca Bridges and Terminal Ca−H Bonds

Recently, it was shown that the double Ca−H−Ca bridged calcium hydride cation dimer complex [LCaH₂CaL]²⁺ (macrocyclic ligand L=NNNN-tetradentate Me₄TACD) exhibited remarkable activity in catalyzing the hydrogenation of unactivated 1-alkenes as well as the H₂ isotope exchange under mild conditions, tentatively via the terminal Ca−H bond of cation monomer LCaH⁺. In this DFT mechanistic work, a novel substrate-dependent catalytic mechanism is disclosed involving cooperative Ca−H−Ca bridges for H₂ isotope exchange, competitive Ca−H−Ca bridges and terminal Ca−H bonds for anti-Markovnikov addition of unactivated 1-alkenes, and terminal Ca−H bonds for Markovnikov addition of conjugation-activated styrene. THF-coordination plays a key role in favoring the anti-Markovnikov addition while strong cation-π interactions direct the Markovnikov addition to terminal Ca−H bonds.     

Ce3+对细胞内游离Ca2+的影响

研究了Ce^3 对肝细胞和V79细胞中游离Ca^2 的影响。低浓度的Ce^3 能使肝细胞内游离Ca^2 浓度增高，高浓度的Ce^3 能使肝细胞内游离Ca^2 浓度显著升高。Ce^3 可促进细胞外Ca^2 的内流，高浓度的Ce^3 对细胞是有毒性的。     

Étude radiocristallographique des solutions solides KAuCl3,69Br0,31, KAuCl1,94Br2,06et KAuCl1,82Br2,18,2H2O

The structures of anhydrous solid solutions KAuCl_3.69Br_0.31 (a=8.687(2) b=6.420(1) c=12.290(1)Å β=95.568(3)° R=0.046) and KAuCl_1.94Br_2.06 (a=8.789(2) b=6.578(1) c=12;562(2)Å β=96.147(3)° R=0.074) have been determined by X-ray diffraction to be in the P2₁/c centrosymmetric group. The structure of the hydrous solid solution KAuCl_1.82Br_2.18,2H₂O (a=9.414(1) b=11.842(1) c=8.399(2)Å β=94.459(2)° R=0.068) corresponds to the P2₁/n group. The statistical substitution coefficient observed in the anhydrous or hydrous solid solutions with a bromine/chlorine ratio near 50% gives proof of a trans substitution. In the anhydrous solid solution KAuCl_1.94Br_2.06 the length between gold and halides (Hal) is equal to 2.330(14)Å for Au(2)-Hal(3) and 2.400(5)Å for Au(2)-Hal(4), close to the corresponding lengths Au-Cl (2.288Å) in KAuCl₄,2H₂O and Au-Br (2.427Å) in KAuBr₄,2H₂O. These results are in agreement with the existence of an intermediate trans entity [AuCl₂Br₂]⁻.     

Ca+-叔丁胺络合物的激光诱导反应

使用反射式飞行时间质谱仪, 研究了Ca⁺-叔丁胺络合物在激光诱导下的反应. 得到了反应的光解谱和作为波长函数的光解行为光谱以及各反应通道的分支比. 反应有两个通道, Ca⁺-与分子的解离通道和生成产物Ca⁺-NH₂的反应通道, Ca⁺-是主要产物, 而且在整个激光扫描的范围都存在, 并且在530～595 nm波段是唯一的产物. 反应的光解行为光谱显示出明显的无结构的峰, 分别对应于络合物的跃迁. 结合反应通道的分支比以及量化计算, 对这些峰进行了指认, 并初步探讨了反应的动力学机理.     

Capture and dissociation in the complex-forming CH + H2 → CH2 + H, CH + H2 reactions

The rate coefficients for the capture process CH + H(2)→ CH(3) and the reactions CH + H(2)→ CH(2) + H (abstraction), CH + H(2) (exchange) have been calculated in the 200-800 K temperature range, using the quasiclassical trajectory (QCT) method and the most recent global potential energy surface. The reactions, which are of interest in combustion and in astrochemistry, proceed via the formation of long-lived CH(3) collision complexes, and the three H atoms become equivalent. QCT rate coefficients for capture are in quite good agreement with experiments. However, an important zero point energy (ZPE) leakage problem occurs in the QCT calculations for the abstraction, exchange and inelastic exit channels. To account for this issue, a pragmatic but accurate approach has been applied, leading to a good agreement with experimental abstraction rate coefficients. Exchange rate coefficients have also been calculated using this approach. Finally, calculations employing QCT capture/phase space theory (PST) models have been carried out, leading to similar values for the abstraction rate coefficients as the QCT and previous quantum mechanical capture/PST methods. This suggests that QCT capture/PST models are a good alternative to the QCT method for this and similar systems.     

Br+活化甲烷C-H键反应机理的理论研究

使用量子化学从头算方法和密度泛函理论对溴正离子活化甲烷分C-H键的反应机理进行了理论研究,以探讨溴正离了成为一种活化甲烷催化剂的可能性.在B3LYP/6-311 G(3df,3p)和MP2/6-311 G(3df,3p)水平下优化了反应通道上各驻点(反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物)的儿何构型.在G2M( )水平下计算了各物种的能量.研究结果表明:CH4与Br (3P)反应存在三条不同的吸热反应途径,与Br (1D)反应存在二条不同的放热反应通道.反应更易于通过单重态反应通道进行.理论结果不仅较好地解释了实验事实,还说明Br 有可能成为一种活化甲烷的催化剂.     

Theoretical study of X + H2 → XH + H and reverse reactions (X = F,Cl, Br,I) using a new empirical potential energy surface

A method for constructing empirical potential surfaces is proposed which is based on the BSBL (bond-strength-bond-length) treatment originally developed to predict kinetic parameters for atom transfer reactions. Quasiclassical trajectory results for X + H₂ → HX + H (X = F, Cl, Br, I) and the reverse reactions were used to demonstrate the utility of the new PES for the study of the dynamics and kinetics of metathesis reactions.