Domain formation in films of magnetic nanoparticles with a random distribution of anisotropy axes

A theoretical model describing the magnetization distribution in a system of closely packed ferromagnetic grains with a random distribution of easy magnetization axes is constructed. It is demonstrated that, in this system, the domain structure with domains characterized by a random distribution of magnetization axes is formed even if the magnetostatic energy is negligible and can be ignored. The domain size increases linearly with an increase in the ratio of the exchange energy of the interaction between grains to the anisotropy energy of a single grain. The inclusion of the magnetostatic energy only insignificantly changes the domain size but leads to the formation of a vortex magnetization distribution inside the domains. The behavior of the system is numerically simulated by the Monte Carlo method. The results of the simulation confirm the conclusions drawn from the theoretical model.     

Magnetoelastic excitations in ferromagnets with cubic single-ion anisotropy

Magnetic and elastic properties of three-axial (S=2) ferromagnets with single-ion anisotropy have been discussed. The phase diagram in the plane (single-ion anisotropy, temperature) has been constructed and two tricritical points driven by the magnetoelastic interactions have been found. The dispersion of the magnetoelastic excitations in the low temperature has been considered. The special attention has been given to the systems with single-ion anisotropy constantK–8 where the softening of a magnetoelastic mode can be observed.     

Temperature phase transitions in ferromagnets with oblique anisotropy in the presence of induced anisotropy

The formation and rearrangement of the stripe domain structure with a change in temperature and the effect of induced anisotropy on the temperature phase transitions have been considered. The obtained theoretical results are compared with the experimental data on the basis of numerical methods.     

Theory of magnetic inhomogeneities in ferrite-garnets with mixed anisotropy

Inhomogeneous states of ferrite-garnet crystals with mixed anisotropy have been studied. A mechanism for the occurrence in these crystals of new types of magnetic inhomogeneities, frozen solitons or 0° domain walls, is presented. Their stability, static properties, and connection with homogeneous metastable states are investigated. The influence of the metastable states on the structure of domain walls of a normal type is also shown.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 8, pp. 51–56, August, 1988.     

Thermodynamic properties of ferromagnets with uniaxial and biaxial anisotropy

The thermodynamic properties of spin-one Heisenberg ferromagnets with uniaxial and biaxial anisotropy are investigated in the molecular field approximation (MFA) and random phase approximation (RPA). In MFA a full phase diagram comprising three lines of bicritical points, is obtained.Using the standard-basis operator method, the collective excitation spectrum is studied in detail; moreover the softening of the excitations at the phase boundaries is discussed. A self-consistent version of RPA with emphasis on the role of kinematic restrictions with regard to the standard-basis operators is analyzed.Moreover, the phase transitions are considered in the Ising model, where a line of tricritical points occurs, and the planar model, where a line of bicritical points, two lines of tricritical points and a line of triple points, occur.     

Photogalvanic effect in ferromagnets with a noncoplanar magnetization distribution

The photogalvanic effect in ferromagnetic materials is predicted. This is the appearance of the direct electric current in a ferromagnet sample due to a high-frequency alternating electric field. The phenomenological theory of this photogalvanic effect in ferromagnets is developed and the simplest microscopic model explaining the occurrence of the photogalvanic effect in a medium with the helical magnetic structure is proposed. The photogalvanic effect arises owing to the breaking of the symmetry with respect to the reversal of the electron motion in the medium with a noncoplanar magnetization distribution.     

Numerical simulation of the generation of magnetic inhomogeneities in ferromagnets with inhomogeneous parameters

The generation and evolution of magnetic inhomogeneities of the stationary breather type, which appear in a flat layer with the magnetic anisotropy and exchange interaction parameters that are different from those in the bulk of an infinite ferromagnet after transmission through a 180° domain wall, have been investigated theoretically. The dependences of the amplitude and frequency of vibrations on the parameters of the defect have been constructed for the revealed magnetic inhomogeneities, and the ranges of the parameters determining the possibility of their existence have been found.     

Macroscopic behaviour of ferromagnets with random and statistically vanishing anisotropy

A model is defined in which the anisotropy tensor is a random function of space point characterised by its mean square value σ and a correlation lenght a_c, and the exchange density A is uniform. If the magnetic moment density is M, it is shown that two dimensionless numbers can be defined a_c/a_p, where a_p is a typical Bloch wall width$\text{(}\text{A}\text{δ}\text{)}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$, and 4πM²/σ they define four types of macroscopic behaviour. For 4πM²/σ<1, the pole fields are a perturbation; if a_c<a_p, as in rare earth amorphous alloys, there is some frustration in the ground state and if a_p <a_c, as in inhomogeneous weak ferromagnets the magnetization direction is mainly fixed by the local anisotropy. For 4πM²/σ#62; 1, as in iron alloys, if a_p#62;a_c one has the case of soft alloys, the shape anisotropy is the dominant effect and if a_p<a_c the usual domain theory applies.     

Permalloy-copper-Permalloy sandwiches with perpendicular anisotropy axes in the magnetic layers

Layerd FeNi-Cu-FeNi structures with a mutually perpendicular orientation of the easy axes in the FeNi layers are fabricated in ultrahigh vacuum, and the physical properties of these structures are investigated: ferromagnetic resonance, quasistatic magnetization reversal, and the Faraday rotation of the plane of polarization of a light wave. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 67, 45–48 (November 1997)     

Phase transitions of classical Heisenberg ferromagnets with arbitrary parameter of anisotropy

The existence of a phase transition of the first kind is proved for anisotropic classical Heisenberg ferromagnet in two or more dimensions and with arbitrary parameter of anisotropy α, |α|<1; a similar fact is proved for much more general lattice spin systems.     

The anisotropy of microeddy losses connected with rotation processes in uniaxial ferromagnets

A computation is produced of the anisotropy of microeddy losses, the defect of velocity of elastic waves and Young's modulus in uniaxial ferromagnets, based on the solution of a system of equations of rotational moments simultaneously with the wave equation. In the linear response approximation of the system, there are found the variance of the absorption coefficient, the velocity of the wave, Young's modulus, and the amplitude-independent components of the microeddy losses.Kursk Polytechnic Institute. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 10, pp. 75–78, October, 1992.     

Velocity asymmetry of a 1D 180-degree domain wall in ferromagnets with negative cubic anisotropy

As a result of the absence of a definite spatial symmetry in the structure of a 180-degree domain wall in ferromagnets with negative crystallographic magnetic anisotropy, terms which are even functions of the external driving magnetic field appear in the velocity of a one-dimensional domain wall, and the wall undergoes drift in an oscillating field. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 68, No. 11, 823–827 (10 December 1998)     

Bound on anisotropy in itinerant ferromagnets from random impurities

We calculate the anisotropy energy of a single-domain ferromagnetic particle in which the only source of anisotropy is the presence of nonmagnetic impurities. Such anisotropy has easy-axis and easy-plane contributions, with random orientations of the axes. Typically the anisotropy energy is of order N1/2plankv/tau(so), where N is the number of electrons in the ferromagnetic particle and tau(so) is the spin-orbit time.     

Phase transitions in 2D and 3D non-Heisenberg ferromagnets with temperature-dependent anisotropy

A model of a non-Heisenberg ferromagnet is considered in which the single-ion anisotropy constant is linearly dependent on temperature. The conditions are found under which phase transitions occur in 2D and 3D non-Heisenberg ferromagnets as the temperature is varied. It is shown that, in the case where the biquadratic interaction is dominant, quadrupole states can occur in the system, which are specified by the orientation of the quadrupole moment. As the temperature is varied, a phase transition between quadrupole states can occur in 2D magnets. Depending on the ratios between the material constants, this transition can be either a second-order phase transition with the continuously changing orientation of the principal axes of the quadrupole moment tensor or a first-order phase transition with hysteresis through a state with a nonhomogeneous distribution of the principal axes of the quadrupole moment tensor. In 3D magnets, the phase transition between quadrupole states is of the first order with hysteresis. Phase diagrams of the system are constructed.     

The influence of surface anisotropy on FMR in bulk metal ferromagnets

The subject of this work is an investigation of the effects of surface anisotropy in ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) in bulk metal samples. The surface anisotropy (with arbitrary values of the constantK _s) is included in the equations of the macroscopic theory of FMR in the so called parallel experimental configuration. Its influence on the inflexion linewidth and on the resonance field correction is illustrated graphically for a typical value of the exchange-conductivity parameterE. It is also shown that experimental determination of the resonance parameters for samples with different surface orientations enables one to decide whether the Néel anisotropy dominates in the surface conditions.     

Critical behaviour of two slightly uniaxial ferromagnets: Evidence for crossover with anisotropy

The critical exponents β, γ, δ and the scaling function of ferromagnetic Cu(NH₄)₂Br₄, 2H₂O and CuRb₂Br₄, 2H₂O have been determined. The experimental scaling function is close to the theoretical one of three-dimensional Heisenberg model and the scaling laws are approximately fullfilled. The measured susceptibilities agree well with theoretical results for slightly anisotropic Heisenberg ferromagnet. The predicted cross-over effect, well observed on the perpendicular susceptibility, allows to explain the low experimental value of γ.     

Coupling between elliptic screw polarization modes in single-mode optical waveguides with linear birefringence and regular twist of anisotropy axes in the presence of random axis twist

An analysis is made of single-mode fiber optical waveguides with linear birefringence and regular twist of anisotropy axes in the presence of random twist, which shows that, in this case, the coupling of orthogonal polarization modes having elliptic polarization in the screw coordinate system comoving with twist cannot be characterized by one coupling parameter, as differentiated from the case where constant twist is absent. In this case, the coupling between polarization modes is characterized by three independent parameters, which are different in nature and have different effects on the coupling of polarization modes. An estimate is made of the domain of applicability of the classical formula for the h parameter in single-mode fiber optical waveguides without regular twist of anisotropy axes.     

Formation of inhomogeneous magnetic structures in weak ferromagnets with rhombohedral symmetry

A model of formation of inhomogeneous magnetic structures in weak ferromagnets with rhombohedral symmetry is proposed. This model is based on the general theory of ferromagnetism in these compounds. The quantitative calculations of the dependence of the period of magnetic inhomogeneities on the parameters of the samples are presented and compared with experimental data.