不同蒸馏压力下的生物油分子蒸馏分离特性研究

采用分子蒸馏分离技术对热敏性生物油在不同蒸馏压力下的分离特性进行了研究。经过分子蒸馏分离后,生物油被分离为蒸出馏分油与残留馏分油,蒸出馏分油的得率随着压力的下降而显著增大,在700 Pa时达到了56.50%(质量分数)。在馏分油的物理性质方面,蒸出馏分油富集了生物油内的大部分水分,残留馏分油内水分得到了较好的脱除,其中,700 Pa下残留馏分油的水分含量降至4.20%(质量分数)。结合生物油及馏分油的GC-MS分析结果,对乙酸、苯酚、糠醛以及左旋葡聚糖等生物油内典型化合物在不同蒸馏压力下的分布特性进行了研究,获得了相应化合物在分子蒸馏过程中的富集规律。结合分离因子评估模型对生物油内14种代表化合物的富集特性进行了量化评价。     

P-507回流萃取法富集镥的研究——Ⅱ模拟和扩大试验

根据精馏理论及单2-乙基己基膦酸2-乙基己基酯(P-507)萃取稀土的机理和性能,提出了用P-507逆流液液回流萃取富集镥的流程。通过模拟试验,设计了在混合澄清器中由十一级萃取转相、二十级贫化、六十级富集、三十级硝酸反萃转相、七级盐酸反萃和二级水洗的流程,经过较长时间的运转,表明本流程可以由混合重稀土(Tm<1％、Yb～89％、Lu～8％、Y～3％)中获得纯度大于99.95％和收率大于98％的镥,并在贫化段中可以定量回收纯度>92％(Lu<0.4％)的镱。稀土总收率为98％,与传统的萃取-汞齐-离子交换法相比较,本法具有产率高、成本低、工艺简单和无汞害的优点。     

Economic analysis of biobutanol recovery from the acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation using molasses

Commercial production of biobutanol via acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation is challenged by the energy-intensive recovery of biobutanol from inherently diluted fermentation broth. Towards the solution of this problem, four combinations (scenarios) of separation techniques such as distillation, gas stripping (GS), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), and pervaporation (PV) are investigated for the minimum unitary production cost of biobutanol. Cost components for the installation and operation of the plant are estimated using Matlab software and method given by Peters and Timmerhaus. Production costs with significant variables viz. biobutanol yield, price of molasses, and fermenter volume are individually estimated. Gas stripping followed by distillation is found as the most economical scenario with a unitary production cost of INR 74/kg. The optimum values of yield and fermenter volume are found as 0.4 kg ABE/kg sugars and 100 m³, respectively. The optimization of three major variables around the baseline values provides nearly 10% reductions in the cost with present fermentation technology. This economic analysis of biobutanol recovery certainly contributes to the commercial production of biobutanol from renewable raw materials. The economic feasibility of biodiesel production may offer better environment to the mankind.     

From the dilute solution to the pure compound: Extraction strategy based on a multi-stage process of phase separation

It is very rare that a one-step process of extraction leads to the pure compound with a high degree of purity specified by an industrial application. The various stages of a synthesis process and possible secondary reactions may lead to the synthesis of more or less complex and highly diluted solutions. In this work, the rationale and strategy for extraction and purification of a high added value compound are discussed. All the thinking is based on the knowledge and the exploitation of phase diagrams and then developed for different unit operations of the process. The most significant research tools are the experimental data and the modelling of phase equilibrium to estimate the yield of each step of extraction. The significant example chosen involves all the basic methods of phase separation, starting with liquid-vapour equilibrium: stripping of high volatility components and then more or less complex distillation are classically employed. The theoretical plateau number can be deduced from the equilibrium equation curves. The second step is based on the study of the liquid-liquid equilibrium and is an intermediate step for enrichment of the solution when distillation is not possible. A final step based on solid-liquid equilibrium consists of the selective crystallization of the pure product at low temperature, in order to satisfy the requirements of purity and safety imposed by industrial use. The conclusion includes all isolation operations in the form of a general extraction and purification scheme.

     

Study of factors affecting uranium stripping from DEHMA/TOPO solvent by factorial design

Uranium is recovered from wet phosphoric acid by a DEHPA/TOPO mixture. It was found that stripping is the most crucial step in this process. Several studies were undertaken to understand this process in greater depth. This study investigates the main operating variables, mainly concentration of phosphoric acid, temperature and concentration of iron on stripping, by the method of factorial design. A mathematical model was developed to represent the data. Another experiment was undertaken to find out the effect of fluoride ion on stripping. The results agree well with those of earlier investigations, namely that it is beneficial to increase the concentration of phosphoric acid and the temperature. The increase in fluoride ion concentration leads to an enhancement of the stripping distribution ratio.     

Synthesis,isolation and characterization of methyl levulinate from cellulose catalyzed by extremely low concentration acid

A direct synthesis of methyl levulinate from cellulose alcoholysis in methanol medium under mild condition (180–210 °C) catalyzed by extremely low concentration sulfuric acid (≤0.01 mol/L) and the product isolation were developed in this study. Effects of different process variables towards the catalytic performance were performed as a function of reaction time. The results indicated that sulfuric acid concentration, temperature and initial cellulose concentration had significant effects on the synthesis of methyl levulinate. An optimized yield of around 50% was achieved at 210 °C for 120 min with sulfuric acid concentration of 0.01 mol/L and initial cellulose concentration below 100 g/L. The resulting product mixture was isolated by a distillation technique that combines an atmospheric distillation with a vacuum distillation where n-dodecane was added to help distill the heavy fraction. The light fraction including mainly methanol could be reused as the reaction medium without any substantial change in the yield of methyl levulinate. The chemical composition and structural of lower heavy fraction were characterized by GC/MS, FTIR, ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR techniques. Methyl levulinate was found to be a major ingredient of lower heavy fraction with the content over 96%. This pathway is efficient, environmentally benign and economical for the production of pure levulinate esters from cellulose.     

减压蒸馏生物油与乙醇在ZSM-5/MCM-41上共催化裂化

采用减压蒸馏生物油为原料,与无水乙醇2:3(质量比)混合,在固定床中ZSM-5/MCM-41分子筛上共催化裂化,考查了反应温度和质量空速(WHSV)对裂化产物的影响。对ZSM-5/MCM-41进行了NH₃-TPD、BET、N₂吸附-脱附等表征,对裂化气体产物通过气相色谱仪分析,减压蒸馏生物油和精制生物油采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪进行定量分析。结果表明,反应温度500 ℃、WHSV 3.75 h^-1为反应优化工况。此反应条件下,精制生物油酸类物质从减压蒸馏生物油中的25.6%降至反应后的0.1%,效果显著,且精制生物油产率为46.8%,气体产物中CO₂和CO的浓度共9.5%。     

Understanding the pyrolysis of CCA-treated wood: Part II. Effect of phosphoric acid

The pyrolysis process of chromated copper arsenate-treated wood impregnated with phosphoric acid (2–6 wt.%) has been investigated using a Kugelrohr short-path distillation apparatus. The presence of phosphoric acid is shown to change the overall pyrolysis kinetics and yields of products resulting in a decrease in the amount of volatile products and an increase in the char formation. The yield of levoglucosan was found to decrease in the presence of relatively higher concentrations of phosphoric acid, while the yield of levoglucosenone increased. The pyrolysis of chromated copper arsenate-treated wood in the presence of phosphoric acid gave rise to 22% (on water-free tar basis) levoglucosenone. Such data demonstrates the potential for a new pathway toward the rational utilization of chromated copper arsenate-treated wood waste.     

Extraction of sulphuric acid from technological solution of hydroxylamine sulphate

The extraction of sulphuric acid from solutions containing hydroxylamine sulphate and ammonium sulphate with Cyanex 923 and the acid stripping from loaded Cyanex 923 are studied at 20 and 50°C. The effect of the numbers of extraction and stripping stages and the volume phase ratios in extraction and stripping upon sulphuric acid recovery is discussed. The process can be design to obtain a high or low recovery of sulphuric acid but with its low or high concentration, respectively.     

Antioxidant activity of hydro distillation water residues from Rosmarinus officinalis L. leaves determined by DPPH assays

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a perennial herb with an intensive aromatic flavor. Its most important chemical constituents are essential oils (e.g., 1,8-cineole and camphor) and antioxidants (e.g., carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid). The common methods to extract the essential oil of rosemary are steam or hydro distillation. The aim of this work is to investigate the residual antioxidants after hydro distillation, especially rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid. For this purpose, the hydro distillation water residues were analyzed by HPLC-UV. Moreover, the influence of the extraction duration on the concentration of the antioxidants was investigated. Also, the residual amount of these compounds in the leaves was examined. The total antioxidant activity of the extracts and of the pure compounds was determined by DPPH assays. It is shown that after 2.5 h of hydro distillation the amount of rosmarinic acid and the antioxidant activity in the water residue reaches a maximum value. In addition, the yield and the quality of the essential oil were investigated to draw a comparison between steam and hydro distillations of Moroccan rosemary leaves.     

4种氮杂双环化合物的合成方法改进

以邻苯二胺及2,3-二氨基吡啶为原料,与羰基化合物反应制备苯并吡嗪、吡啶并吡嗪、苯并咪唑和吡啶并咪唑4种氮杂双环化合物,探讨了溶剂、温度、时间和pH值等实验条件对反应的影响。 在合成吡啶并吡嗪时,采用正丙醇为溶剂,用甲醇钠调节pH=9,回流反应1 h,将收率从35.7%提高至89.4%;在合成苯并吡嗪时,用水作溶剂,用亚硫酸钠调节pH=9,60 ℃反应40 min,产物纯化采用低温静置代替减压蒸馏,收率可提高至98.3%;尝试不同方法合成苯并咪唑和吡啶并咪唑,确定最优合成条件分别为：邻苯二胺在88%的甲酸溶液中回流2 h,苯并咪唑收率为92%;2,3-二氨基吡啶在原甲酸三已酯中回流3 h,加浓盐酸继续回流1 h,吡啶并咪唑收率为84.2%。     

Milking process for the preparation of 239Np

A milking process is described for preparing ²³⁹Np from ²⁴³Am. The process includes the stabilization of Np(IV) with ascorbic acid, isolation of Np(IV) by extraction with TOPO/dodecane and stripping of Np with (NH₄)₂CO₃. The yield amounts to 60%. During milking, about 2% of the ²⁴³Am ends up in the scrub which is collected and reprocessed together with the remaining feed after 25 operations using extraction chromatography.     

Reactive Distillation: An Attractive Alternative for the Synthesis of Unsaturated Polyester

Summary: Unsaturated polyester is traditionally produced in a batch wise operating reaction vessel connected to a distillation unit. An attractive alternative for the synthesis of unsaturated polyester is a reactive distillation. To value such alternative synthesis route reliable process models need to be developed. In this paper, the strategy is described for the development of the reactive distillation model. Essential parts of the reactive distillation model are kinetic and thermodynamic which are subsequently validated with the experimental data of the traditional batch process such as acid value of the polyester, weight of the distillate and glycol concentration in the distillate. We find that the models predict these important variables reliably. Unsaturated polyester production time is around 12 hours in the traditional batch process. However, the simulation study of the reactive distillation process shows that the total production time of unsaturated polyester in a continuous reactive distillation system is between 1.5 hours to 2 hours for the same product quality as during batch production. The equilibrium conversion is raised by 7% compared to the traditional batch process. The model demonstrated that reactive distillation has the potential to intensify the process by factor of 6 to 8 in comparison to the batch reactor.     

Steady state and dynamic simulation of a hybrid reactive separation process

Modelling and simulation of hybrid reactive separation system in steady state and in dynamic regime was carried out. The investigated hybrid process consisted of a reactive distillation column and a pervaporation membrane located in the distillate stream to remove water from the process. Heterogeneously catalysed esterification of propionic acid with propan-1-ol to propyl propionate and water was chosen as the model chemical reaction. Esterification reactions are a typical example of equilibrium-limited reactions producing water as a by-product. Using just a pervaporation membrane brings the biggest benefit in increasing the yield of one of the reactants due to the removal of water. To study reactive separation processes, a model of the hybrid system in steady state and in dynamic regime was developed. Steady state behaviour of the model was studied for different hybrid system configurations. The effect of catalyst amount doubling was also investigated. Dynamic behaviour of the system during the step changes of propionic acid feed flow rate and during the membrane module failure was investigated. For this reason, the conversion of propionic acid, purity of the product stream, mole fraction of water, and the temperature in three different parts of the reactive distillation column were monitored.     

Determination of traces of antimony and tin in copper by anodic stripping voltammetry

The determination of antimony and tin impurities in copper by anodic stripping voltammetry on a hanging mercury drop electrode is described. Antimony and tin were previously separated from copper by distillation with hydrobromic acid or a mixture of hydrobromic acid and hydrochloric acid. The method was applied to the analysis of various high-purity copper samples, commercially available, showing satisfactory sensitivity and precision. The determination limit was about 1.4· 10^-9M for antimony and 7·10^-10M for tin in solution, for pre-electrolysis times of respectively 15 and 25 min; this corresponds to 0.8 p.p.b. of antimony and 0.3 p.p.b. of tin for a 2-g sample and a final volume of 10 ml after separation.     

A new procedure for preparation of anhydrous perchloric acid employing anhydrous magnesium perchlorate

The dehydration of hydrated perchloric acid to yield anhydrous acid is described. Anhydrous (5·5% water content) magnesium perchlorate is employed as desiccant followed by distillation under reduced pressure. The new procedure is less complicated than previously described processes, and is convenient for the preparation of small amounts to be employed in studies of the preparation of anhydrous metallic perchlorates from reactions with suitable selected reagents, and for convenient lecture demonstrations.     

The long-term studies of osmotic membrane distillation

The results of osmotic membrane distillation carried out for 2.5 years were presented in this work. The influence of the process conditions, such as temperature and brine concentration on the permeate flux, was investigated. The saturated NaCl solutions and distilled water were used as a stripping solution and feed, respectively. A continuous regeneration of stripping solution was conducted using a method of natural evaporation from the surface of Bia?ecki rings to the air surrounding the installation. The possibilities of application of Accurel PP S6/2 hydrophobic polypropylene membranes were tested. It was studied whether a saturation stripping solution does not cause scaling and wettability of membranes. It was found that most of the pores in the used membranes were non-wetted, and the salt retention over 99% was maintained during a study period. However, the obtained permeate flux was decreased by 10–20%. The SEM examinations revealed that it was caused by amorphous deposit, which was formed on the membrane surface on the brine side. The SEM–EDS analysis demonstrated that the deposit composition mainly included Si and O.     

介孔分子筛MCM-41负载磷钨酸催化合成香兰素1,2-丙二醇缩醛

以香兰素和1,2-丙二醇为原料,以介孔分子筛MCM-41负载磷钨酸为催化剂,环己烷为带水剂,合成了香兰素1,2-丙二醇缩醛.考察了醛醇物质的量比、反应时间、带水剂用量、催化剂用量及负载量对产率的影响.实验表明,介孔分子筛MCM-41负载磷钨酸是合成香兰素1,2-丙二醇缩醛的理想催化剂,较优反应条件为:n(香兰素)∶n(1,2-丙二醇)=1∶2.4,负载量为50%,催化剂用量为反应物总质量的2.0%,带水剂环己烷15mL,回流反应2.0h,香兰素1,2-丙二醇缩醛的收率达92%以上.     

色谱模拟蒸馏方法测试渣油的馏分分布

采用nC9、nC10的混合物作为渣油模拟蒸馏的内标物,利用石科院提供的软件,进行渣油色谱模拟蒸馏测试,实验结果表明,用nC9、nC10的混合物作为渣油模拟蒸馏的内标物是可行的,相对标准偏差小于1.29%。从整个馏程看出,用色谱模拟蒸馏方法测定渣油,可以指导工艺渣油生产过程,提高轻油收率。     

Evaluation of some dry ashing methods for anodic stripping voltammetric determination of cadmium and lead in biological materials

Several dry-ashing methods were evaluated for the accurate determination of cadmium and lead in biological materials by anodic stripping voltammetry. The method utilizing sulphuric acid as the ashing aid at 500°C was found to be most suitable for the determination of both elements. However, a carbonaceous residue still required that substantial sample dilution be made after dissolution of the sample ash to avoid interferences to the stripping electrode process(es). The dissolution of the sample ash with hydrochloric acid as preferred to the use of nitric acid in obtaining more reproducible results.