Quantitative determination of oil content in small quantity of oilseed rape by ultrasound-assisted extraction combined with gas chromatography

Accurately quantitative determination of oil content in oilseed rape plays an important role in varieties breeding for improving oil content in seeds. However, large quantity of oilseeds were needed in order to obtain accuracy and precision results by using standard Soxhlet extraction method, which may be a handicap in analysis of small, rare and precious samples in plant breeding. In the present work, ultrasound-assisted extraction was evaluated as a simpler and more effective alternative to conventional extraction method for the isolation of oil from small quantity of oilseed rape (<20 mg). The oil of oilseed rape samples was extracted by ultrasound-assisted method, and then the fatty acids and total oil content of the seeds were qualitatively and quantitatively determined by gas chromatography (GC). Extraction efficiency of total oil obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction through an orthogonal experiment (L(9) (3(4))) were investigated to get the best extraction conditions. Statistical analysis showed that the variable with the largest effect was the ultrasound-assisted extraction time which was followed by the ultrasound-assisted extraction power, and the liquid:solid ratio. A liquid:solid ratio of 1:4 (L:g), an ultrasound-assisted extraction time of 60 min and an ultrasound-assisted extraction power of 500 W were found to be optimal for oil extraction from oilseed rape. By comparing with the conventional method, it was found that the ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil from oilseed rape was about five times faster than the traditional extraction method. By the use of ultrasound-assisted extraction combined with GC analysis, the fatty acids and total oil content in small quantity of seeds (<20 mg) were successfully qualitatively determined and the results are in agreement with that obtained by traditional standard method.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of geniposide from Gardenia jasminoides

Fructus gardeniae (Zhizi), one of commonly-used traditional Chinese medicines, is derived from the ripe fruit of the evergreen shrub, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, and is an ingredient of many traditional Chinese preparations, and has numerous pharmacological actions. Geniposide is the important bioactive element derived from F. gardeniae. This study established optimum conditions and method of ultrasound-assisted extraction for geniposide from F. gardeniae by exploring the different experimental parameters, such as type of solvent, ratio of solid/liquid, extraction temperature and extraction time. The data gained from this study is important to further extract and apply the geniposide and is also a significant reference to extract the bioactive compounds from plant materials by the ultrasound-assisted method.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and analysis of maidenhairtree polysaccharides

The maidenhairtree polysaccharides (MTPs) have important application prospects. So, the extraction, purification, structure, derivatization and biological activities of polysaccharides from leaves, fruits, and testae of maidenhairtree were disscussed. Polysaccharides were extracted by collaborative extraction methods such as ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction. The ultrasound-assisted extraction had higher content and higher efficiency. The structural characteristics and structure-activity relationship of maidenhairtree polysaccharides were studied in order to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the further development and utilization of maidenhairtree polysaccharides.     

Ultrasonic extraction of plant materials--investigation of hemicellulose release from buckwheat hulls

Various one- and two-step extraction procedures with and without a short application of ultrasound at the beginning of the extraction were used to examine the effect of sonication on the extractibility of the hemicellulose components of buckwheat hulls. The polysaccharides recovered from the extracts were characterised by yield as well as composition determined by chemical methods and spectroscopic techniques. They comprised a complex of glucuronoxylan and co-extracted amylose-rich starch in various proportions contaminated with other cell wall components (protein, pectic polysaccharides). The hemicellulose fractions obtained by classical and ultrasound-assisted extraction exhibited significant immunomodulatory activities. The increased yield of ultrasonically extracted hemicelluloses, which have preserved their structural and molecular properties as well as immunological activity, confirmed the importance and great potential of ultrasound-assisted extraction of industrially important polysaccharides from different tissues of plant materials.     

Investigation on ultrasound-assisted extraction of salvianolic acid B from Salvia miltiorrhiza root

It is reported that salvianolic acid B, a bioactive phenolic compound contained in the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza, exhibits a much stronger activity in free radical scavenging and antioxidance than those of vitamin E. When a conventional refluxing method is adopted to extract salvianolic acid B from the root, in which the materials are subjected to higher temperature and longer time, the yield of this phenolic compound is lower due to the possibility of its hydrolysis to tanshinol. However, a higher extraction yield can be achieved over a shorter time period and lower temperature when an ultrasound-assisted extraction method is used. This paper investigated the parameters influencing the extraction of salvianolic acid B. Factors such as extraction time, frequency of the ultrasound, the ratio of solvent to material, and types of extraction solvent were examined. A comparison was also conducted between conventional refluxing and ultrasound-assisted extraction. Results showed that the optimal parameters to extract salvianolic acid B from the root of S. miltiorrhiza were as follows: ultrasonic frequency: 45 Hz; solvent: 60% aqueous ethanol; extraction temperature: 30 °C; extraction time duration: 25 min.; ratio of solvent to material: 20:1 (v/w, ml/g). Under these conditions, the yield of salvianolic acid B was 5.17 mg/g (33.93 mg/g) higher than those with conventional refluxing method (28.76 mg/g), indicating that the efficiency and the yield of ultrasound-assisted extraction method are higher than reflux method, and the hydrolysis of salvianolic acid B to tanshinol is effectively avoided.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of three bufadienolides from Chinese medicine ChanSu

In this study, the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method was shown to be more efficient in extracting anti-tumor bufadienolides (bufalin, cinobufagin and resibufogenin) from important animal medicine of ChanSu than the maceration extraction (ME) and soxhlet extraction (SE) method. The effects of ultrasonic variables including extraction solvent, solvent concentration, solvent to solid ratio, ultrasound power, temperature, extraction time and particle size on the yields of three bufadienolides were investigated. The optimum extraction conditions found were: 70% (v/v) methanol solution, solvent to solid ratio of 10ml/g, ultrasound power of 125W, temperature of 20°C, extraction time of 20min and particle size of 60-80 mesh. The extraction yields of bufalin, cinobufagin and resibufogenin were 43.17±0.85, 52.58±1.12, 137.70±2.65mg/g, respectively. In order to achieve a similar yield as UAE, soxhlet extraction required 6h and maceration extraction required much longer time of 18h. The results indicated that UAE is an alternative method for extracting bufadienolides from ChanSu.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and properties of polysaccharide from Ginkgo biloba leaves

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions of Ginkgo biloba leaves polysaccharide (GBLP). The optimum extraction conditions for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of GBLP were obtained as liquid to material ratio of 30 mL/g, ultrasonic power of 340 W, and extraction time of 50 min. Under these conditions, the yield of GBLP was 5.37 %. Two chemically modified polysaccharides, CM-GBLP and Ac-GBLP, were obtained by carboxymethylation and acetylation of GBLP. The physicochemical properties of these three polysaccharides were comparatively studied and their in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated comprehensively. The results showed that the solubility of the chemically modified polysaccharides was significantly enhanced and the in vitro antioxidant activity was somewhat improved. This suggests that carboxymethylation and acetylation are effective methods to enhance polysaccharide properties, but the results exhibited some uncontrollability. At the same time, GBLP has also shown high potential for research and application.     

Continuous and pulsed ultrasound-assisted extractions of antioxidants from pomegranate peel

There is a great demand for developing efficient extraction methods in order to reduce extraction time and increase the yield and activity of functional antioxidants. The yields, activities, and extraction kinetics of antioxidants from dry peel of pomegranate marc were studied using ultrasound-assisted extraction in continuous and pulsed modes and the results were compared with conventional extraction (CE) at a temperature of 25±2°C and water/peel ratio of 50/1, w/w. The studied factors were intensity level and treatment time for continuous ultrasound-assisted extraction (CUAE), and intensity level, number of pulse repetition, and pulse duration and interval for pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction (PUAE). The results showed that all factors significantly affected the antioxidant yield, but only treatment time had a significant effect on the antioxidant activity. Compared to CE, PUAE at intensity level of 59.2 W/cm(2), and the 5 and 5s of pulse duration and interval increased the antioxidant yield by 22% and reduced the extraction time by 87%. Similarly, CUAE at the same intensity level increased the antioxidant yield by 24% and reduced the extraction time by 90%. Since PUAE had 50% energy saving compared to CUAE, we recommend using PUAE for the extraction with antioxidant yield of 14.5% and DPPH scavenging activity of 5.8 g/g. A second-order kinetic model was successfully developed for describing the mechanism of ultrasound-assisted extractions under PUAE and CUAE. This research clearly demonstrated the superiority of PUAE for producing antioxidants from peel of pomegranate marc.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthraquinones from roots of Morinda citrifolia

This study investigated the use of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to improve the extraction efficiency of the classical solvent extraction techniques such as maceration and soxhlet extraction to extract anti-oxidant activity compounds, anthraquinones, from the root of Morinda citrifolia. The effects of different extraction conditions were determined, i.e., temperature of (25, 45, 60 °C), ultrasonic power, solvent types, and compositions of ethanol in ethanol–water mixtures. The results show that the yield increases with increasing extraction times and extraction temperatures. The percent recovery of anthraquinones using ultrasound was found to be highly dependent on the type of solvents (acetone > acetonitrile > methanol > ethanol). Furthermore, the use of ethanol–water solution as extraction solvent increased the yield of anthraquinones due to the relative polarity, the swelling effect of plant tissue matrix by water, and increased sound absorption. To achieve the same recovery as that achieved by UAE, soxhlet extraction and maceration required much longer time.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Laurus nobilis L. and their antioxidant activity

Bay leaves (BL) (Laurus nobilis L., Family: Laureceae) are traditionally used to treat some symptoms of gastrointestinal problems, such as epigastric bloating, impaired digestion, eructing and flatulence. These biological properties are mainly attributed to its phenolic compounds. In this paper, ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Laurus nobilis L. (Laureceae) was studied.Effects of several experimental factors, such as sonication time, solid/liquid ratio and concentration of solvent on extraction of phenolic compounds were evaluated through a randomized complete block design with factorial treatment arrangement (3³). The best extraction conditions were: 1 g plant sample with 12 mL of 35% ethanol, for 40 min, obtaining a yield of phenolic compounds of 17.32 ± 1.52 mg g^?1 of plant. In addition, free radical-scavenging potential of DPPH and lipid oxidation inhibition, by linoleic acid peroxidation of the selected extract was measured in order to evidence their antioxidant properties. Results indicated that high amounts of phenolic compounds can be extracted from L. nobilis by ultrasound-assisted extraction technology.     

Optimization of ultrasonic extraction process of polysaccharides from Ornithogalum Caudatum Ait and evaluation of its biological activities

Ultrasonic extraction technique (UET) was used to extract crude polysaccharides (OCAP) from Ornithogalum Caudatum Ait (OCA), an orthogonal experiment (L(9) (3)(4)) was applied to optimize extraction conditions. Membrane separation technology and gel filtration chromatography were used to fractionate OCAP, the antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities were evaluated by radical scavenging and spleen lymphocyte proliferation assay. The optimal conditions were determined: extraction time 60min, ultrasound power 500W, ratio of water to raw material 30ml/g and extraction number 3. Under these conditions, the yield of OCAP was 36.77±1.76%. OCAP was fractionated into three major fractions (OCAP-I, OCAP-II and OCAP-II), that all fractions possessed considerable antioxidant activity. OCAP-II and OCAP-III exhibited good immunomodulatory activities. The results indicated that UET is a very useful method for extraction bioactive polysaccharides from plant materials. OCAP could be explored as a potential antioxidant and immunostimulating agent for use in medicine or functional foods.     

Continuous and pulsed ultrasound-assisted extractions of antioxidants from pomegranate peel

There is a great demand for developing efficient extraction methods in order to reduce extraction time and increase the yield and activity of functional antioxidants. The yields, activities, and extraction kinetics of antioxidants from the dry peel of pomegranate marc were studied using ultrasound-assisted extraction in continuous and pulsed modes and the results were compared with conventional extraction (CE) at a temperature of 25 ± 2 °C and water/peel ratio of 50/1, w/w. The studied factors were intensity level and treatment time for continuous ultrasound-assisted extraction (CUAE), and intensity level, number of pulse repetition, and pulse duration and interval for pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction (PUAE). The results showed that all factors significantly affected the antioxidant yield, but only treatment time had a significant effect on the antioxidant activity. Compared to CE, PUAE at an intensity level of 59.2 W/cm², and a pulse duration of 5 s and a resting interval of 5 s increased the antioxidant yield by 22% and reduced the extraction time by 87%. Similarly, CUAE at the same intensity level increased the antioxidant yield by 24% and reduced the extraction time by 90%. Since PUAE had 50% energy saving compared to CUAE, we recommend using PUAE for the extraction with antioxidant yield of 14.5% and DPPH scavenging activity of 5.8 g/g. A second-order kinetic model was successfully developed for describing the mechanism of ultrasound-assisted extractions under PUAE and CUAE. This research clearly demonstrated the superiority of PUAE for producing antioxidants from peel of pomegranate marc.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid from Ligustrum lucidum Ait

Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid are the main bioactive compounds in fruit of Ligustrum lucidum Ait, which possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antiprotozoal, antimutagenic and anticancer properties. In this study, the ultrasound-assisted extraction of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid from L. lucidum Ait was investigated with HPLC-photodiode array detection. Effects of several experimental parameters, such as type and concentration of extraction solvent, ratio of liquid to material, extraction temperature and extraction time, on extraction efficiencies of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid from L. lucidum were evaluated. The influence of experimental parameters on extraction efficiency of ursolic acid was more significant than that of oleanolic acid. The optimal extraction conditions were 95% ethanol, the ratio of material to liquid at 1:20, and extraction for 10 min at 40 °C under ultrasonic irradiation. Under the optimal conditions, the yields of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid were 6.3 ± 0.25 and 9.8 ± 0.30 mg/g, respectively. The results indicated that the ultrasound-assisted extraction is a very useful method for the extraction of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid from L. lucidum.     

微波辅助萃取-分光光度法测定卫矛中总黄酮

采用微波辅助萃取法提取,以分光光度法测定卫矛样品中的总黄酮含量。并且通过单因素实验和正交实验设计优化了溶剂浓度、溶剂用量、微波功率和微波辐射时间等微波提取条件,确定了微波辅助萃取法提取卫矛中黄酮类化合物的最佳条件为：使用60%乙醇,在液固比40：1条件下,以255 W的微波功率,微波辐射5 min。在上述最优条件下进行了精密度和回收率实验,所得结果的相对标准偏差为1.71% (n=5),回收率在97%～101%之间。与传统的索氏提取法和超声波提取法比较,微波辅助萃取法具有操作简便,经济可靠,重现性好等特点。该实验采用的微波辅助萃取-分光光度法测定法简便高效,可推广应用于各类中草药中总黄酮的含量测定。     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction,analysis and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from the rinds of Garcinia mangostana L.

According to response surface methodology (RSM), the extraction conditions of ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharide from the rinds of Garcinia mangostana L. (GMRP) were optimized and determined. The optimal conditions obtained through optimization were: the liquid to material ratio was 40 mL/g, ultrasonic power was 288 W and extraction time was 65 min. The average extraction rate of GMRP was 14.73%. Ac - GMRP was obtained by acetylation of GMRP, and the antioxidant activities of the two polysaccharides were compared in vitro. The results indicated that the antioxidant capacity of polysaccharide obtained after acetylation was significantly improved compared with that of GMRP. In conclusion, chemical modification of polysaccharide is an effective measure to improve its properties to a certain extent. Meanwhile, it implies that GMRP has great research value and potential.     

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanins in red raspberries and identification of anthocyanins in extract using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Anthocyanins (Acys) are naturally occurring compounds that impart color to fruit, vegetables and plants. The extraction of Acys from red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. var. Heritage) by ultrasound-assisted process (UAP) was studied. A central composite rotate design (CCRD) was used to obtain the optimal conditions of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and the effects of operating conditions, such as the ratio of solvents to materials, ultrasonic power and extraction time, on the extraction yield of Acys were studied through response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized conditions of UAE were as follows: ratio of solvents to materials was 4:1 (ml/g), extraction time was 200 s, and ultrasonic power was 400 W. Under these conditions 34.5 mg of Acys from 100 g of fresh fruits (T_Acy, expressed as cyanidin-3-glucoside), approximately 78.13% of the total red pigments, could be obtained by UAE. The Acys compositions of extracts were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS), 12 kinds of Acys had been detected and eight kinds of Acys were characterized. Result indicated that cyanidin-3-sophoroside, cyanidin-3-(2^G-glucosylrutinoside), cyanidin-3-sambubioside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-xylosylrutinoside, cyanidin-3-(2^G-glucosylrutinoside), and cyanidin-3-rutinoside were main components in extracts. In addition, in comparison with the conventional solvent extraction, UAE is more efficient and rapid to extract Acys from red raspberry, due to the strong disruption of fruit tissue structure under ultrasonic acoustic cavitation, which had been observed with the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). However, the Acys compositions in extracts by both methods were similar, which were investigated using HPLC profile.     

Ultrasound-assisted cyanide extraction of gold from gold concentrate at low temperature

A sonochemical reactor was developed to study the ultrasound-assisted cyanide extraction of gold from gold ore at low temperature. The effects of ultrasound on gold leaching in low temperature and conventional conditions were investigated. At the low temperature of 10 °C, ultrasound-assisted extraction increased extraction rate of gold by 0.6%–0.8% and reduced the gold content of cyanide tailings to 0.28 g/t in the leaching of gold concentrate and cyanide tailings, respectively. At the conventional temperature of 25 °C, ultrasound-assisted extraction obtained a 0.1% higher extraction rate of gold compared with conventional extraction, with the unit consumption of NaCN reduction of 15%. The analysis of kinetic model also demonstrated that sonication indeed improved the reaction of gold leaching greatly. The mineralogy and morphology of ore were further analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and particle size analyzer to explore the strengthening mechanism of gold leaching. The results showed that the ore particles were smashed, the ore particle surface was peeled, the passive film was destroyed and the reaction resistance decreased under ultrasonic processing. Therefore, the extraction rate of gold was improved and the extraction time was shortened significantly in ultrasound-assisted cyanide extraction.     

Different Effects of Forsythoside E on Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase by Fluorescent Spectroscopy

Journal of Applied Spectroscopy - Forsythoside E is one of the major secondary metabolites in Forsythia suspensa. The interactions between forsythoside E and two types of cholinesterases,...     

超声波强化提取对茯苓水溶性多糖结构影响的研究

以茯苓菌核为原料,采用正交实验法确定超声波辅助热水浸提茯苓水溶性多糖的最佳提取条件,并对超声波辅助提取中药多糖的机理进行初步研究。用苯酚硫酸法测定糖含量,傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)分析糖类官能团,气相色谱法测定单糖组成,原子力显微镜观察多糖结构,并将测定结果与传统热水法浸提所得茯苓多糖进行对比。实验结果表明:采用超声波辅助热水浸提可以使水溶性茯苓多糖的提取率达到2.71%(传统热水浸提法提取率为1.49%),传统热水浸提得茯苓多糖(PPTH)与超声波辅助热水浸提得茯苓多糖(PPUH)具有相同的单糖组成,都包含核糖、木糖、甘露糖、果糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖,二者的红外吸收谱也基本相同,原子力显微镜扫描分析显示,PPTH整体呈现网状结构,而PPUH主要以长短不一的近棒状结构存在。     

Ultrasound-assisted oxidative process for sulfur removal from petroleum product feedstock

A procedure using ultrasonic irradiation is proposed for sulfur removal of a petroleum product feedstock. The procedure involves the combination of a peroxyacid and ultrasound-assisted treatment in order to comply with the required sulfur content recommended by the current regulations for fuels. The ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization (UAOD) process was applied to a petroleum product feedstock using dibenzothiophene as a model sulfur compound. The influence of ultrasonic irradiation time, oxidizing reagents amount, kind of solvent for the extraction step and kind of organic acid were investigated. The use of ultrasonic irradiation allowed higher efficiency for sulfur removal in comparison to experiments performed without its application, under the same reactional conditions. Using the optimized conditions for UAOD, the sulfur removal was about 95% after 9 min of ultrasonic irradiation (20 kHz, 750 W, run at 40%), using hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid, followed by extraction with methanol.