Dihydroazulene-Boron Subphthalocyanine Conjugates with Oligo(phenyleneethynylene) Bridging Unit: Photoswitchable Fluorophores

In this work, we have linked the dihydroazulene (DHA)/vinylheptafulvene (VHF) photo-/thermoswitch and the boron subphthalocyanine (BsubPc) fluorophore via an axial oligo(phenyleneethynylene) bridging unit into new DHA-BsubPc conjugates. The objectives were to elucidate the influence of BsubPc on the DHA/VHF switching reactions and the influence of DHA/VHF on the BsubPc fluorescence in these conjugates for which the entire axial substituent connected to boron comprises one large, conjugated scaffold. We present the synthesis and properties of DHA-BsubPc conjugates with varying peripheral substituents on the BsubPc core, being either unsubstituted (H₁₂BsubPc) or partially fluorinated (F₆BsubPc). Fluorination of the BsubPc core provided a remarkable increase in the reversibility of the DHA-VHF interconversions promoted by light and heat, respectively, and accompanied by on/off switching of the BsubPc fluorescence. Synthetically, the units were connected using Sonogashira coupling reactions of suitable acetylenic building blocks.     

Boron subphthalocyanine polymers: Avoiding the small molecule side product and exploring their use in organic light‐emitting diodes

In this study, we set out the steps to efficiently synthesize boron subphthalocyanine (BsubPc)‐containing polymers while circumventing the formation of a known side product. The synthesis was achieved using the post‐polymerization coupling reaction of a carboxylic acid functional prepolymer with bromo‐BsubPc. We have earlier shown that when copolymerizing styrene and acrylic acid (AA) a significant amount of an undesired side product is formed. In this study, we have determined that this side product persisted when styrene was copolymerized with AA or n‐butyl acrylate but could be avoided when styrene was copolymerized with methacrylic acid (MAA), methyl methacrylate, or acrylonitrile. Therefore, MAA/styrene copolymer, synthesized by nitroxide‐mediated polymerization was chosen to be coupled to BsubPc. The resulting BsubPc polymer was found to have similar electrochemical properties, solution state absorption and photoluminescence characteristics when compared against a small molecule model compound although the solid‐state PL emission of the polymer was found to be excitation wavelength dependent. Finally, preliminary organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) were fabricated to assess the potential role(s) of the BsubPc polymer in organic electronic devices. These OLEDs represent the first‐solution processed organic electronic devices containing BsubPc polymers as a functional material. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015 , 53, 1996–2006     

Aluminum chloride activation of chloro-boronsubphthalocyanine: a rapid and flexible method for axial functionalization with an expanded set of nucleophiles

We have developed a process whereby chloro-boronsubphthalocyanine (Cl-BsubPc) and other BsubPcs are activated to reaction with oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen based nucleophiles by treatment with aluminum chloride under mild conditions. This allows for the scope of atoms chemically bound to the boron atom to be expanded beyond those derived from the traditional oxygen and carbon based nucleophiles. The successful formation of thiophenoxy and phenylamino derivatives of BsubPc was confirmed spectroscopically and by X-ray crystallography of single crystals. We have proposed a detailed mechanism for this process based on experimental observation and NMR spectroscopy ((1)H, (11)B, and (27)Al) which involves formation of a complex between a halo-BsubPc and AlCl(3) (which we denote BsubPc(Cl)·Al(Cl')(3)). Our observations indicate that the action of phenol on BsubPc(Cl)·Al(Cl')(3) does not involve direct reaction at the boron atom; rather phenol first reacts at the aluminum atom along the way to the formation of a new intermediate complex BsubPc(OPh)·Al(O'Ph)(3). The consequence is that the rate of this process is independent of the nature of the starting BsubPc. Cl-BsubPc and Br-BsubPc as well as BsubPcs with peripheral substitutents all react to form their respective phenoxy derivatives at the same rate. Quenching of BsubPc(OPh)·Al(O'Ph)(3) with a Lewis base ultimately produces a new bond between the phenol nucleophile and the boron atom of the BsubPc.     

Sulfonate pseudohalides of boron subphthalocyanine

The crystal structures of three sulfonate pseudohalide derivatives of boron subphthalocyanine (BsubPc) are described and compared with four structures of three published sulfonate derivatives. Benzenesulfonate boron subphthalocyanine [(benzenesulfonato)(subphthalocyaninato)boron, C₃₀H₁₇BN₆O₃S, (I)] crystallizes in the space group P with Z = 2. The structure contains two centrosymmetric π‐stacking interactions between the concave faces of the isoindoline units in the BsubPc ligands. 3‐Nitrobenzenesulfonate boron subphthalocyanine [(3‐nitrobenzenesulfonato)(subphthalocyaninato)boron, C₃₀H₁₆BN₇O₅S, (II)] crystallizes in the space group P2₁/c with Z = 4. The structure contains an intermolecular S—O...π interaction from the sulfonate group to a five‐membered N‐containing ring of an isoindoline unit on the concave side of a neighbouring BsubPc ligand, at a distance of 3.151 (3) Å. The crystal of methanesulfonate boron subphthalocyanine [(methanesulfonato)(subphthalocyaninato)boron, C₂₅H₁₅BN₆O₃S, (III)] was produced via sublimation and it is not a solvate, in contrast with two previously published structures of the same compound. Compound (III) crystallizes in the space group P2₁/n with Z = 2, and its structure is similar to that of the more common compound Cl‐BsubPc.     

Synthesis,crystal structures and antimicrobial activity of azido and isocyanato Zn(II) complexes with the condensation product of 2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde and Girard’s T reagent

Two Zn(II) complexes with the condensation product of 2-quinolinecarboxaldehyde and trimethylammonium acetohydrazide chloride (Girard’s T reagent) (HLCl) and monodentate pseudohalides (azide and cyanate) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and NMR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In both complexes, the coordination surroundings of the Zn(II) ions consist of a deprotonated hydrazone ligand coordinated through an NNO set of donor atoms and two monodentate pseudohalides (N₃^– or NCO^–) at the remaining coordination sites. The Zn(II) complexes showed low to moderate activity against laboratory control strains of pathogenic bacteria and fungi.     

过渡金属五卤苯基有机化合物的研究(Ⅰ)——含烷、芳基混合型膦配体的五氯苯基镍化合物的合成及其反应

本文合成了一些通式为(Ph₂PR)₂Ni(C₆Cl₅)Cl的新型含烷、芳混合型膦配体的五氯苯基镍化合物。研究了这些化合物与无机卤化合物、类卤化物、有机锂试剂以及炔烃的化学反应,并由此合成了一系列新的有机镍化合物和扩展了某些反应的应用范围。     

Boron Subphthalocyanine Polymers by Facile Coupling to Poly(acrylic acid‐ran‐styrene) Copolymers Synthesized by Nitroxide‐Mediated Polymerization and the Associated Problems with Autoinitiation

Boron subphthalocyanines (BsubPcs) are macrocyclic aromatic small molecules containing a chelated boron atom. BsubPcs have interesting optoelectronic and physical properties, justifying their use in various organic electronic devices such as organic solar cells and organic light‐emitting diodes. However, our group has only recently reported the first incorporation of a BsubPc moiety into a polymer using a two‐step post‐polymerization procedure. This communication outlines the use of acrylic acid as a method for obtaining carboxylic acid functional copolymers for the facile coupling to BsubPc post polymerization. In addition, the observations and the proposed mechanism of a side product unique to the copolymerization of acrylic acid and styrene due to autoinitiation are presented.

     

Studies on the polymer + plasticizer membrane-electrode-VIII Use of the PVC + tricresyl phosphate membrane as indicating electrode in potentiometric precipitation titration

Results obtained by use of the PVC + tricresyl phosphate membrane-electrode in potentiometric precipitation titration of some halides and pseudohalides are given. Solutions of Ag(+), Tl(+) and Hg(2)(2+) were used as titrants, to which the membrane is responsive. The fast response to Ag(+) ions allowed the determination of iodide by automatic recording of the potentiometric curve (or its derivative).     

Hydrotrope promoted in situ azidonation followed by copper catalyzed regioselective synthesis of β-hydroxytriazoles

Research on Chemical Intermediates - The rapid method for the synthesis of organic azides was achieved by employing azide acceptors such as halides, epoxides and pseudohalides like diazonium salts...     

Structure of thionyl imides — the new isomer

Equilibrium geometries of the molecules XNSO (where X = Li, Na, HBe, HMg, H₂B or H₂Al) were calculated using the second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory. The four-membered planar cyclic form, previously postulated for a number of other pseudohalides, is predicted to be the dominant isomer in the vapour phase. Potential energy curves for the migration of the substituent between the end atoms of the NSO group were also calculated and the relative stabilities of the new structures are compared to the ‘conventional’ open chain isomers.     

Pentavalent uranium trans-dihalides and -pseudohalides

Pentavalent uranium complexes of the formula U(V)X(2)[N(SiMe(3))(2)](3) (X = F(-), Cl(-), Br(-), N(3)(-), NCS(-)) are accessible from the oxidation of U(III)[N(SiMe(3))(2)](3) through two sequential, one-electron oxidation reactions (halides) and substitution through salt metathesis (pseudohalides). Uranium(v) mixed-halides are also synthesized by successive one-electron oxidation reactions.     

A general solution for the 2-pyridyl problem

Problem solved: an air-stable 2-pyridyl borane that can effectively couple to a wide range of aryl and heteroaryl halides and pseudohalides has evaded the synthesis community for decades. The discovery that Cu(DEA)(2) powerfully enables palladium-mediated cross-couplings with air-stable boronates 1 has finally provided a general solution to this problem. DEA=diethanolamine, DMF=N,N'-dimethylformamide, Tf=trifluoromethanesulfonyl.     

Thiocyanation et selenocyanation des olefines par voie electrochimique

Thiocyanogen (SCN)₂ and selenocyanogen (SeCN)₂, electrochemically generated by anodic oxidation of the corresponding pseudohalides, were used to study the thiocyanation and selenocyanation of unsaturated hydrocarbons in acetonitrile. In the aprotic medium, the ambident character of the SCN^? ion was revealed, two isomeric products were formed in similar yields, the dithiocyanato product, and the α-thiocyanato β-isothiocyanato compound. The mechanism of the addition reaction is discussed and various results are given which support an ionic mechanism.     

Functionallization of the δ-carbon atom by the ferrous ion induced decomposition of alkyl hydroperoxides in the presence of cupric salts

In the ferrous ion induced decomposition of alkyl hydroperoxides in the presence of cupric halides or pseudohalides, intramolecular functionalization, with ligand transfer from cupric salts to δ-carbon atom, is achieved.     

Combined use of data from liquid crystal N.M.R. and electron diffraction in structural studies of fluorophosphine derivatives

Liquid Crystal Nuclear Magnetic Resonance was used to obtain structural information on certain difluorophosphine pseudohalides. This was combined with data from Electron Diffraction in a joint analysis. Some results are given and problems encountered discussed.     

Homogeneous nucleophilic radiofluorination and fluorination with phosphazene hydrofluorides

A series of phosphazenium hydrofluorides, P(1)(tBu)·[(18/19)F]HF, P(1)(tOct)·[(18/19)F]HF, P(2)(Et)·[(18/19)F]HF, and P(4)(tBu)·[(18/19)F]HF, was synthesized. The radioactive phosphazenium [(18)F]hydrofluorides were obtained by the one-step formation and trapping of gaseous [(18)F]HF with the respective phosphazene bases. The [(19)F] isotopomers were prepared from the corresponding phosphazene bases and Et(3)N·3HF. Under the design of experiment (DoE)-optimized conditions, P(2)(Et)·HF and P(4)(tBu)·HF fluorinated alkyl chlorides, bromides, and pseudohalides in 76-98% yield, but gave lower yields with iodides and electron-deficient arenes. DoE models showed that fluorination can be performed in glass vessels, and that the reactivity of P(2)(Et)·HF and P(4)(tBu)·HF is dominated by solvent polarity but is insensitive to water to at least 2 equiv. In contrast, P(1)(tBu)·HF and P(1)(tOct)·HF were unstable towards autofluorolysis. DFT calculations were performed to rationalize this finding in terms of diminished steric bulk, higher Parr's electrophilicity, and chemical hardness of P(1)(R)H(+). The corresponding radiofluorination reaction gave no valid DoE model but displayed similar substrate scope. High specific activity and excellent radiochemical yields with various pseudohalides (81-91%) suggest that the proposed radiofluorination methodology can complement the current [(18)F]KF/Kryptofix methods, particularly in the areas for which nonpolar reaction conditions are required.     

Room-temperature Suzuki-Miyaura couplings in water facilitated by nonionic amphiphiles

Use of a dilute aqueous solution containing a nonionic amphiphile allows efficient Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings of arylboronic acids with a wide array of aryl halides and pseudohalides, including sterically hindered and lipophilic substrates, in most cases at room temperature.     

The repeat distance in triorganotin(IV) polymers

The average repeat distance in zigzag class 2 triorganotin polymers with second-row bridging atoms, such as F, O, or N, is ca. 4.25 Å. The unit cell constants can be used to distinguish between linear class 1 and zigzag class 2 polymers, as well as the bridging mode in polymeric triorganotin pseudohalides. The structural information that can be obtained from the unit cell constants is illustrated by application to some triorganotion(IV) fluorides, hydroxides, cyanates, and thiocyanates.     

Reactions of tricarbonylpyridine complexes (NN)(py)M(CO)3 (M = Mo, W; NN = 2,2′-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline) with mercuric derivatives HgX2 (X = Cl, CN, SCN)

Treatment of mercury(II) halides and pseudohalides with complexes (NN)(L)M(CO)₃ (L = py; NN = 2,2′-bipyridine (bipy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen); M = Mo, W) gives new tricarbonyl complexes. In all cases elimination of the pyridine ligand occurs and in some cases there is partial displacement of halogen from the mercuric halide. Treatment of bipy(py)W(CO)₃ with mercuric chloride gives only an adduct. Conductivity, IR and electronic absorption are given, and possible formulations suggested.     

Anion nucleophilicity in ionic liquids: a comparison with traditional molecular solvents of different polarity

The nucleophilic reactivity of a homogeneous series of anions (halides, pseudohalides and organic anions) in the ionic liquids [hexmim] [ClO₄] and [hexmim] [PF₆] has been measured in their reaction with n-alkyl methanesulfonates, and compared with that found in traditional molecular solvents of different polarity, that is, chlorobenzene, DMSO, and MeOH.