Effect of thermo-mechanical process on structure and high temperature shape memory properties of Ti–15Ta–15Zr alloy

The effect of thermo-mechanical treatment on microstructure evolution, martensite transformation, and shape memory behavior of Ti–15Ta–15Zr high temperature shape memory alloy were investigated. Different martensite morphologies were found with different annealing temperatures. The Ti–15Ta–15Zr alloy exhibits almost perfect shape memory recovery strain of 6% after annealing at 973 K for 0.5 h.     

Approximate homotopy symmetry method: Homotopy series solutions to the sixth-order Boussinesq equation

An approximate homotopy symmetry method for nonlinear problems is proposed and applied to the sixth-order Boussinesq equation,which arises from fluid dynamics.We summarize the general formulas for similarity reduction solutions and similarity reduction equations of different orders,educing the related homotopy series solutions.Zero-order similarity reduction equations are equivalent to the Painlevé IV type equation or Weierstrass elliptic equation.Higher order similarity solutions can be obtained by solving...     

Softening micromechanical constitutive model of stress induced martensite transformation for NiTi single crystal shape memory alloy

Based on the assumption of laminated microstructure, a micromechanical model of stress induced martensite transformation for NiTi shape memory alloys single crystal is proposed. Elasticity anisotropy and different proper-ties for two phases are considered. Martensite volume fraction is chosen as the internal variable that controls the phase transformation quantitatively. An effective macroscopic elasticity matrix based on the different elasticity characteristics of each phase and the martensite volume fraction are obtained with the help of the perfect interfa-cial relationships. A phase transformation driving force is derived to construct the transformation criterion. The model corresponds to a non-convexity free energy function during phase transformation, so softening behavior can be well simulated by the model. A numerical simulation is implemented for the uniaxial loading of NiTi single crystal alloy according to the model, and simulation results are proved by experimental results of polycrystal with strong {111} texture. Superelasticity, Anisotropy, the evolution of microstructure and softening behavior can be well simulated.     

Reversible and irreversible martensitic transformations in Fe-Pd and Fe-Pd-Co alloys

Ferromagnetic Fe-Pd shape memory alloys (SMA) undergo a martensitic phase transformation during cooling from a parent FCC phase to a tetragonal FCT martensite. This transformation is thermoelastic and reversible giving rise to the shape memory effect. On further cooling an irreversible FCT to BCT transformation occurs that makes impossible the memory effect. Nevertheless, the transformation from reversible to irreversible phase has been not complete since a volume fraction of reversible phase in the alloy is retained even after cooling below the temperature of appearance of the irreversible phase. The addition of Co lowers the temperature of the reversible and irreversible phase transformations but also reduces the amount of transformed irreversible martensite after cooling to 10 K.     

Effects of the energy equation in studies of limit-cycle behaviors of black hole accretion disks

The inconsistency of the energy equation used in the literature is pointed out and a new consistent energy equation is given. With this new energy equation, calculations are made for the limit-cycle behaviors of thermally unstable accretion disks around black holes. From the comparison of our numerical results with those obtained using the inconsistent energy equation, it is found that the inconsistent energy equation undervalues the temperature and overvalues the effective optical depth when the accreted gas becomes effectively optically thin. Thus, it is dangerous if the inconsistent energy equation is used in the studies of very hot and optically thin accretion flows such as advection-dominated accretion flows (ADAFs), and our new energy equation is likely to be a better alternative. Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2009CB824800), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10673009 and 10833002), and the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China (Grant No. V0750001)     

Algebraic dynamics solution to and algebraic dynamics algorithm for nonlinear advection equation

Algebraic dynamics approach and algebraic dynamics algorithm for the solution of nonlinear partial differential equations are applied to the nonlinear advection equation. The results show that the approach is effective for the exact analytical solution and the algorithm has higher precision than other existing algorithms in numerical computation for the nonlinear advection equation. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 90503008 and 10775100), the Doctoral Program Foundation from the Ministry of Education of China, and the Center of Theoretical Nuclear Physics of HIRFL of China     

Mechanism of the shape memory effect in martensitic alloys: an assessment

The (one-way) shape memory effect is a phenomenon that when a martensitic alloy is deformed in a martensitic state it recovers its original shape upon heating to the parent phase. This is a universal effect for certain martensitic alloys. We will assess the mechanism of the effect critically and select the essential factors which govern the effect. We try to understand it from a unified view, invoking the group–subgroup symmetry relation between the parent and martensite phase, along with analysis of reversible twinning modes in martensite. By such an assessment, we will show why typical shape memory alloys, such as Ti–Ni, Cu–Al–Ni etc., exhibit good shape memory characteristics, while others, such as ferrous alloys, do not. Thus, we will show that most of the shape memory characteristics of various martensitic alloys can be understood consistently from such an approach.     

Phase transition in a multiferroic Ni-Mn-Ga single crystal

ABSTRACT

We studied martensitic phase transformation, crystal structure and twinned microstructure of resulting martensite of a Ni-Mn-Ga single crystal as essential conditions for magnetic shape memory effect. Thermal dependence of electric resistivity, magnetic susceptibility and dilatation measurements were measured to characterise kinetics of the transformation. With the help of XRD analysis and optical microscopy we evaluated the hierarchical twinning microstructure in the 10M martensite.     

δ/γ transformation in non-equilibrium solidified peritectic Fe-Ni alloy

Through phase transformation kinetic analysis and experimental observation, the δ/γ transformation occurring in the non-equilibrium peritectic Fe-4.33at.%Ni alloys was systematically investigated. According to JMA solid-state transformation kinetic theory, the Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) curves of the δ/γ transformation in peritectic Fe-Ni alloy were calculated. On this basis, the physical correlation between the δ/γ transformation and the initial undercooling of melt (△T) was elucidated. The results indicate that the change of △T can alter not only the overall δ/γ transformation pathways but also the transformation fraction with respect to each transformation mechanism.     

Microdynamics and nonlinear stochastic processes of gross variables

Starting from classical Hamiltonian mechanics, we derive for the dynamics of gross variables in nonequilibrium systems exact nonlinear generalized Fokker-Planck and Langevin equations in which the effect of the initial preparation is taken into account explicitly. This latter concept allows for the construction of a uniquely determined projection operator. The memory functions occurring in the Langevin equations are related to the random forces by a fluctuation-dissipation theorem of the second kind. We discuss the connection with the generalized Fokker-Planck equation. The known results for equilibrium fluctuations are recovered as a special case.Supported in part by the National Science Foundation, Grant CHE78-21460.     

The refined theory of deep rectangular beams for symmetrical deformation

Based on elasticity theory, various one-dimensional equations for symmetrical deformation have been deduced systematically and directly from the two-dimensional theory of deep rectangular beams by using the Papkovich-Neuber solution and the Lur’e method without ad hoc assumptions, and they construct the refined theory of beams for symmetrical deformation. It is shown that the displacements and stresses of the beam can be represented by the transverse normal strain and displacement of the mid-plane. In the case of homogeneous boundary conditions, the exact solutions for the beam are derived, and the exact equations consist of two governing differential equations: the second-order equation and the transcendental equation. In the case of non-homogeneous boundary conditions, the approximate governing differential equations and solutions for the beam under normal loadings only and shear loadings only are derived directly from the refined beam theory, respectively, and the correctness of the stress assumptions in classic extension or compression problems is revised. Meanwhile, as an example, explicit expressions of analytical solutions are obtained for beams subjected to an exponentially distributed load along the length of beams. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10702077, 10672001, and 10602001), the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 1083012), and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in Germany     

Scaling relationships in sharp conical indentation of shape memory alloys

Based on dimensional analysis and finite element calculations, several scaling relationships in the indentation of shape memory alloys with a sharp conical indenter were obtained. These scaling relationships illustrate the dependence of the indentation response on the material properties of shape memory alloys, such as phase transition and plastic deformation. It is shown that the yield stress and strain-hardening exponent of transformed martensite play important roles in the indentation response, in addition to the phase transition properties. Additionally, the general relationships between indentation hardness and phase transition stress, maximum transition strain, martensite yield stress and the strain-hardening exponent of shape memory alloys were obtained. The results show that the indentation hardness of shape memory alloys is not proportional to the phase transition stress or to the martensite yield stress, and cannot be used directly to measure the phase transition stress or the yield stress of shape memory alloys.     

Phase transitions in shape memory alloys: A non-isothermal Ginzburg–Landau model

We propose a model to describe non-isothermal transitions from the austenite to the martensite phase occurring in shape memory materials. The phenomenon is set in the context of the Ginzburg–Landau theory of phase transitions, postulating a free energy depending on the temperature, the stress and the order parameter. In the one-dimensional case, when only two martensitic variants are involved and stress and deformation have a fixed direction, our choice of free energy allows us to deduce a phase diagram describing the main features of a typical SMA. The Ginzburg–Landau equation ruling the evolution of the order parameter is coupled with the equations of thermoelasticity by assuming a constitutive equation relating stress, strain and order parameter. The consistency of the model with the second law of Thermodynamics in the form of the Clausius–Duhem inequality is proved. Finally a possible generalization to a three-dimensional model is proposed, by introducing a tensor-valued order parameter.     

具有形状记忆效应的新型智能阻尼材料及其热弹性力学性能研究

将传统金属橡胶制备工艺和形状记忆合金材料相结合, 研制了一种新型智能阻尼材料——-记忆合金金属橡胶, 并对其成型工艺、形状记忆效应、热弹性力学性能及参数影响规律进行了试验研究. 研究表明, 作为一种特殊的金属橡胶, 该材料不仅具备普通金属橡胶高阻尼、低密度、孔隙度可控等优点, 同时具备普通金属橡胶所不具备的智能材料特征: 1)良好的单程形状记忆效应, 该材料在大载荷加载后的残余塑性变形可以在升温过程中完全恢复; 2) 弹性模量和损耗因子具有温变特性, 在相变温度区间内弹性模量和损耗因子随温度近似线性变化. 由于同时具备金属橡胶和形状记忆合金两大金属类功能材料的优点, 形状记忆合金金属橡胶成为一种可应用于振动主动控制、 集良好承载能力和阻尼特性于一身、具有结构功能一体化优 势的新型智能阻尼材料.     

Characterization of phase transformation in shape memory alloys by atomic force microscope

An atomic force microscope operated at various temperatures is introduced to evaluate phase transformation temperature and to observe microstructure for a shape memory alloy at same time in this paper. A commercial hot-rolled TiNi shape memory alloy bar is ground, polished and etched. The specimen is then observed by atomic force microscopy at the temperature range of 20–100 C in nitrogen gas. The topographies of a TiNi specimen show twinning martensite with rough surface and smooth austenite at various temperatures. The shape memory effect of the TiNi alloy is analyzed based on the shifts of the topographies obtained at various temperatures, which are used to evaluate the phase transformation temperature between martensite and austenite. The phase transformation temperature is also confirmed in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) experiment.     

演示记忆合金弹簧的形状记忆效应的实验设计

设计了测试记忆合金弹簧的形状记忆效应的物理实验.描述了实验装置的设计和结构,给出了实验内容的设计和实验方法,包括观察测试记忆合金弹簧的温度-形变记忆效应实验和电流-形变记忆效应实验.根据测量数据,描绘了用该仪器得到的温度-形变曲线和电流-形变曲线.该实验可作为设计性实验在大学物理实验课中开出.     

Molecular dynamics of MgSiO3 perovskite melting

The melting curve of MgSiO分子动力学 MgSiO3钙钛矿 熔化温度 高压melting temperature, molecular dynamics, high pressureProject supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos 10274055 and 10376021),the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province, China (Grant No 3ZS051-A25-027) and the Scientific Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Gansu Province, China (Grant No 0410-01).2005-01-125/8/2005 12:00:00 AMThe melting curve of MgSiO3 perovskite is simulated using molecular dynamics simulations method at high pressure. It is shown that the simulated equation of state of MgSiO3 perovskite is very successful in reproducing accurately the experimental data. The pressure dependence of the simulated melting temperature of MgSiO3 perovskite reproduces the stability of the orthorhombic perovskite phase up to high pressure of 130GPa at ambient temperature, consistent with the theoretical data of the other calculations. It is shown that its transformation to the cubic phase and melting at high pressure and high temperature are in agreement with recent experiments.     

Spherical/gyroid phase diagram of the diblock copolymer in the median selective solvent

The effect of the median selective solution on the lamellar, spherical and gyroid structures is studied. The self-consistent field equations of the diblock copolymer solution are solved by using the reciprocal space method. It is shown that the spherical and gyroid phases have the lowest free energy in the certain range of the solution concentration. Furthermore, the phase diagram of the ordered structures in the diblock copolymer solution with the median selective solvent is calculated, which is consistent with the experimental results. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10834014, 10674173, and 30770517) and the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2009CB930704)     

Annealing effect on phase transformation in nano structured Ni–Mn–Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloy

Nano structured Ni_52.6Mn_23.7Ga_24.3 alloy was prepared using the ball milling technique. High martensitic transition temperatures are observed in the range between 336 and 367 K. The X-ray diffraction profile revealed that annealed Ni–Mn–Ga powder at 1073 K displays mixture phases of austenite and martensite. Annealing at 1173 K induces phase transformation from mixture phase to Heusler L2₁ structure, which confirms the high-temperature shape memory effect. On the contrary, the milled sample shows no evidence of shape memory effect. Furthermore, annealing at higher temperature (1273 K) shows the accumulation of oxidation, which leads to the loss of shape memory effect. The grain size increases with increasing annealing temperature and causes deterioration in the soft magnetic properties.     

Violation of the sequence of martensite crystals formation on cooling and their shrinking on heating during B2 ↔ B19′ martensitic transformation in Ti40.7Hf9.5Ni44.8Cu5 shape-memory alloy

An in situ transmission electron microscopy study of the B2 ? B19′ martensitic transformation in Ti_40.7Hf_9.5Ni_44.8Cu₅ shape memory alloy was carried out. It was observed that the sequence of the martensite crystals shrinking on heating differed from the sequence of the martensite crystal appearance on previous cooling. This was shown that strain nanodomain formation on cooling prior to the forward martensitic transformation resulted in accumulation of the elastic energy. This led to the dependences of the elastic energy stored on cooling or released on heating on the volume fraction of the martensite phase became different. In this case, at the same volume fraction of the martensite phase, the configuration of the martensite crystals on cooling and heating was different and it was a reason for a violation of the sequence of the martensite crystal formation on cooling and its shrinking on heating.