Efficient synthesis of enynes by tetraphosphine-palladium-catalysed reaction of vinyl bromides with terminal alkynes

Through the use of [PdCl(C₃H₅)]₂/cis,cis,cis-1,2,3,4-tetrakis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)cyclopentane as catalyst, a range of vinyl bromides undergoes Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction with a variety of alkynes, leading to the corresponding 1,3-enynes in good yields. The reaction tolerates several alkynes such as phenylacetylene, dec-1-yne, 2-methylbut-1-en-3-yne a range of alk-1-ynols, 3,3-diethoxyprop-1-yne and a propargyl amine. Higher reactions rates were observed in the presence of phenylacetylene, dec-1-yne, but-3-yn-1-ol, pent-4-yn-1-ol, 3,3-diethoxyprop-1-yne or 1,1-dipropyl-2-propynylamine than with propargyl alcohol, 3-methoxy-prop-1-yne or 2-methylbut-1-en-3-yne. This catalyst can be used at low loading even for reactions of sterically hindered vinyl bromides such as bromotriphenylethylene or 2-bromo-3-methyl-but-2-ene.     

Cyclotrimerization of alkynes catalyzed by the naphthalene ruthenium complex [CpRu(C10H8)]+

The naphthalene ruthenium complex [CpRu(C₁₀H₈)]⁺ (in the presence of Cl^? ions) catalyzes the cyclotrimerization of 2,2-dimethyl-5,5-dipropargyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione with alkynes (acetylene, hex-1-yne, hex-3-yne, oct-1-yne, phenylacetylene, trimetylsilylacetylene, octa-1,7-diyne, pent-1-yn-5-ol, methyl propargyl ether, and propargyl acetate) giving tricyclic aromatic compounds in 55–85% yields.     

Consecutive Reactions of Dialkyl Ethynyl Carbinols with Acetylene in Superbase KOH/DMSO Suspension

2-Methylbut-3-yn-2-ol, a tertiary propargylic alcohol, reacts with acetylene under pressure in superbase KOH/DMSO suspension (80 °C, 1 h) to afford, along with the expected vinyl ether, 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-5-methylidene-1,3-dioxolane, 2,5-dimethyl-5-(vinyloxy)hex-3-yn-2-ol and (Z)-2-methyl-4-(2-methylbut-3-yn-2-yloxy)but-3-en-2-ol.     

Intramolecular OH···π interactions in alkenols and alkynols

The vibrational overtone spectra of propargyl alcohol (prop-2-yn-1-ol, PA), allyl alcohol (prop-2-en-1-ol, AA), propargyl carbinol (but-3-yn-1-ol, PC) and allyl carbinol (but-3-en-1-ol, AC) were recorded with intracavity laser photoacoustic spectroscopy (ICL-PAS) in the Δv(OH) = 3, 4 and 5 regions for propargyl alcohol and allyl alcohol and in the Δv(OH) = 4 and 5 regions for propargyl carbinol and allyl carbinol. Local mode anharmonic oscillator calculations were performed with explicitly correlated coupled cluster methods to guide spectral assignment. Atoms in molecules (AIM) and non-covalent interactions (NCI) calculations were carried out to analyze the interactions between the OH-group and the π-electrons of the carbon-carbon multiple bonds. We ascertain the effect of the carbon chain length and saturation on the conformation and spectroscopy of the four alcohols in relation to intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions.     

Synthesis of methyl (E)-2-[(3S,4S)-4-hydroxy-3-(pent-3-yloxy)-pyrrolidin-2-ylidene]propanoate and its unusual recyclization

Methyl (2E,4S,5S)-5-hydroxy-6-mesyloxy-2-methyl-4-(pent-3-yloxy)hex-2-enoate was synthesized from l-tartaric acid. Attempted substitution of the mesyloxy group by the reaction with NaN₃ directly led to methyl (E)-2-[(3S,4S)-4-hydroxy-3-(pent-3-yloxy)pyrrolidin-2-ylidene]propanoate. The latter on treatment with CF₃COOH and then NaOH gave methyl (2E)-2-methyl-4-[(S)-oxiran-2-yl]-4-(pent-3-yloxy)but-2-enoate.     

Heck reactions of aryl bromides with alk-1-en-3-ol derivatives catalysed by a tetraphosphine/palladium complex

cis,cis,cis-1,2,3,4-Tetrakis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)cyclopentane/[PdCl(C₃H₅)]₂ efficiently catalyses the Heck reaction of alk-1-en-3-ol with a variety of aryl bromides. In the presence of hex-1-en-3-ol or oct-1-en-3-ol, the β-arylated carbonyl compounds were selectively obtained. Linalool and 2-methylbut-3-en-2-ol led to the corresponding 1-arylalk-1-en-3-ol derivatives. Turnover numbers up to 69,000 can be obtained for this reaction. A minor electronic effect of the substituents of the aryl bromide was observed. Similar reaction rates were observed in the presence of activated aryl bromides such as bromoacetophenone and deactivated aryl bromides such as bromoanisole.     

Montmorillonite K-10 as a mild acid for the Nicholas reaction

The use of Montmorillonite K-10 as a convenient acid component in the Nicholas reaction is described. Its use permits functional selectivity, inter- and intramolecular reactions and convenience in the experimental conditions. A four-step one-pot [Co₂(CO)₆-acetylene complex formation, THP-removal, cyclization and complex cleavage] process permits the direct synthesis of 2-ethynyl-tetrahydrofuran from 6-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)hex-1-yn-3-ol.     

Effect of the β-substituent with respect to the azido group on the reactivity of methyl (2E)-3-[5-(azidomethyl)-2,2-diethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]-2-methylprop-2-enoate

Unlike methyl (2E)-3-[5-(azidomethyl)-2,2-diethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]-2—methylprop-2-enoate which is stable on storage, its acyclic derivative, methyl (2E,4S,5S)-6-azido-5-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(pent-3-yloxy) hex-2-enoate at 20°C undergoes unusual decomposition with formation of exo-methylidenepyrrolidine. Analogous transformation was also observed in the epoxide ring opening in methyl (2E)-2-methyl-4-[(S)-oxiran-2-yl]-4-(pent-3-yloxy)but-2-enoate and in the substitution reaction of ethyl 5,6-bis(methanesulfonyloxy)-2-methyl-4-(pent-3-yloxy)hex-2-enoate with azide ion. Opening of the oxirane ring in the former by the action of azide ion was accompanied by formation of oxazetidine derivative as a minor product. The major intramolecular cyclization products, 4-hydroxy- and 4-mehtanesulfonyloxypyrrolidines were converted into stable pyrrole derivatives via elimination of the leaving groups. The hydrogenation of methyl and ethyl (2E)-3-[5-(azidomethyl)-2,2-diethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]-2-methylprop-2-enoates over palladium catalyst afforded the expected reduction products.     

Asymmetric total synthesis of all four isomers of 6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide: the major component of mosquito oviposition attractant pheromones

An asymmetric total synthesis of (5S,6R)-(+)-erythro-6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide 1a has been accomplished from readily available hex-5-yn-1-ol via Shi’s asymmetric epoxidation as the key step, in eight steps with an overall yield of 33.5%. In addition, the stereoselective synthesis of all four isomers of 6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide 1a–1d were obtained via Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation and Mitsunobu reaction as the key steps with overall yields of 16.5–21.2%, respectively.     

Novel Synthesis of 3,5,5-Trimethyl-4-(2-butenylidene)-cyclohex-2-en-1-one,a Major Constituent of Burley Tobacco Flavour

The acetylenic diol 2 , prepared by reaction of but-3-yn-2-ol dianion with 2,6,6-trimethyl-4,4-ethylenedioxy-cyclohex-2-en-1-one ( 1 ), afforded 3,5,5-trimethyl-4-(2-butenylidene)-cyclohex-2-en-1-one ( 4 ), a major constituent of Burley tobacco flavour, upon LiAlH₄ reduction and hydrolysis. Vomifoliol ( 5 ) and blumenol C ( 6 ) were major by-products in this reaction.     

Regioselective synthesis of polyfluoroalkyl-substituted 7-(1<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-6,7-dihydro-1<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>-indazol-4(5<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>)-ones

3-Polyfluoroalkyl-6,6-dimethyl-7-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-6,7-dihydro-1H-indazol-4(5H)-ones were synthesized with high regioselectivity by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of terminal alkynes (phenylacetylene, hex- 1-yne, hept-1-yne, and but-3-yn-1-ol) to 7-azido-6,6-dimethyl-3-polyfluoroalkyl-6,7-dihydro-1H-indazol-4(5H)-ones which were prepared by bromination of 6,6-dimethyl-3-polyfluoroalkyl-6,7-dihydro-1H-indazol- 4(5H)-ones with N-bromosuccinimide in anhydrous carbon tetrachloride, followed by treatment of the corresponding 7-bromo derivatives with sodium azide.     

Heck reaction of aryl halides with linear or cyclic alkenes catalysed by a tetraphosphine/palladium catalyst

cis,cis,cis-1,2,3,4-Tetrakis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)cyclopentane/[PdCl(C₃H₅)]₂ system catalyses efficiently the Heck reaction of aryl halides with linear alkenes such as pent-1-ene, oct-1-ene or dec-1-ene. Selectivities up to 70% in favour of E-1-arylalk-1-ene isomers can be obtained. In the presence of cyclic alkenes the selectivities of the reactions strongly depends on the ring size. Addition to cyclohexene or cycloheptene led mainly to 1-arylcycloalk-3-ene derivatives. On the other hand, addition to cyclooctene led to 1-arylcycloalk-1-ene adducts.     

A new and efficient synthesis of (3E,8Z,11Z)-tetradeca-3,8,11-trienyl acetate,the major sex pheromone component of the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta

An efficient synthesis of (3E,8Z,11Z)-tetradeca-3,8,11-trienyl acetate, the major sex pheromone component of the tomato leafminer moth, Tuta absoluta, was accomplished. The synthesis started with but-3-yn-1-ol and gave an overall yield of 41%.     

The absolute configuration of (+)- and (−)-1-phenylundec-4-yn-3-ols. Synthesis of (R)-4-dodecanolide,a component of the defensive secretion of rove beetle Bledius mandibullaris

Hydrogenation of the triple bond of (+)-1-phenylundec-4-yn-3-ol (obtained from (+)-[η⁶-(3-hydroxyundec-4-yn-1-yl)benzene]chromium tricarbonyl) with the NaBH₄-NiCl₂·6H₂O reagent system in MeOH leads to (?)-1-phenylundecan-3-ol. Ozonolysis of the phenyl ring in the corresponding acetate gives (R)-(?)-acetoxydodecanoic acid, lactonization of which leads to the known (R)-(+)-4-dodecanolide. The starting (+)-1-phenylundec-4-yn-3-ol was thus shown to have the S-configuration.     

Synthesis of dimethyl substituted benzimidazoles containing cyclopropane fused onto five to eight membered [1,2-a]alicyclic rings and influence of methyl group substituents on cytotoxicity of benzimidazolequinones

Upon thermolysis 5,6-dimethyl-N-[(allyl, but-3-enyl, pent-4-enyl and hex-5-enyl-benzimidazol-2-yl)methylene]-(trans)-2,3-diphenylaziridin-1-amines (Eschenmoser hydrazones) form cyclopropane fused onto pyrrolo-, pyrido-, azepino- and azocino[1,2-a]benzimidazoles in 70, 50, 77 and 11% yield, respectively. The latter reaction also gave carbene insertion products. Dimethyl group substituents were found to significantly reduce the cytotoxicity of benzimidazolequinone towards human skin fibroblast cells.     

Facile synthesis of dihaloheterocycles via electrophilic iodocyclization

An efficient and facile electrophilic iodocyclization for the synthesis of various O-, N-, and S-containing dihaloheterocycles has been developed. A wide range of the substituted propargyl alcohols having -OH, -NTs, and -SAc functional groups reacted with molecular iodine or bromoiodine at ambient temperature to produce the corresponding dihalogenated O-, N-, and S-containing five- and six-membered heterocycles in good to high yields; Under optimized solvent conditions, the reactions of various substituted but-2-yn-1-ones bearing -OH, -NTs, and -SAc functional groups at C4-position, with iodine or bromoiodine at ambient temperature afforded the corresponding 3,4-diiodo- and 3-bromo-4-iodo-substituted furans, pyrroles, and thiophenes in good to high yields. Further transformation of the resulting iodine- or bromine-containing products to polyaromatics potentially of useful as organo-material intermediates has been investigated.     

Synthesis of porphyrin-quinolone conjugates

meso-Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin reacts with propargyl alcohol to afford porphyrins substituted with one, two, three or four prop-2-yn-1-yloxy groups in the 4-position of the meso-aryl groups. These new porphyrin derivatives react with a 6-azidoquinolone under ‘click-chemistry’ conditions to give porphyrin-quinolone conjugates linked by 1,2,3-triazole units.     

A new Cu Schiff base complex with histidine and glutaraldehyde immobilized on modified iron oxide nanoparticles as a recyclable catalyst for the oxidative homocoupling of terminal alkynes

The novel functionalized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@APTMS@Glu-His@Cu complex was prepared from modification of iron oxide nanomagnet particles with (3-aminopropyl) trimethoxysilane (APTMS) and glutaraldehyde–histidine Schiff base followed by complexation with Cu(I) salt. Characterization of this complex was carried out by means of FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM and VSM techniques. The complex was found to successfully catalyze the oxidative homocoupling of phenylacetylene, 4-tert-butylphenylacetylene, 1-ethynyl-4-fluorobenzene and pent-1-yn-3-ol with 67–100 % conversions and 95–100 % selectivities. Magnetic recovery and recycling of the catalyst without significant decrease in activity is described in this presentation.     

Synthesis and Reactivity of Molybdenum and Tungsten Alkyne Complexes Containing 6-Methylpyridine-2-thiolate Ligands

A series of M(II) and M(IV) (M=Mo, W) alkyne adducts employing two 6-methylpyridine-2-thiolate (6-MePyS) ligands was synthesized and investigated towards the nucleophilic attack of PMe₃ on the coordinated alkynes. For this approach, 2-butyne (C₂Me₂), phenylacetylene (HC₂Ph), and diphenylacetylene (C₂Ph₂) were used. For the exploration of an intramolecular attack, but-3-yn-1-ol (HCCCH₂CH₂OH) was coordinated to the metal centers. A nucleophilic attack of PMe₃ was observed in [W(CO)(HC₂Ph)(6-MePyS)₂] yielding an η²-vinyl compound. Reaction of [W(CO)(C₂Ph₂)(6-MePyS)₂] with excess PMe₃ resulted in the selective coordination of one molecule of PMe₃ concomitant with decoordination of the nitrogen atom of one 6-MePyS ligand. In contrast, the W(IV) complexes did not react with PMe₃. While no selectivity was observed in the reaction of the Mo(II) compounds with PMe₃, alkynes in the Mo(IV) compounds were replaced by PMe₃. Addition of Et₃N to the but-3-yn-1-ol complexes did not lead to the anticipated formation of 2,3-dihydrofuran.     

Heck arylations of pent-4-enoates or allylmalonate using a palladium/tetraphosphine catalyst

The Heck reaction of aryl halides with functionalised alk-1-enes should be a powerful method for the synthesis of functionalised (E)-1-arylalk-1-ene derivatives. The major problem of this reaction is the palladium-catalysed migration of the carbon-carbon double bond along the alkyl chain when there are no substituents on the C3 carbon of the alk-1-enes. We observed that for the arylation of ethyl pent-4-enoate, ethyl 2-methylpent-4-enoate or dimethyl allylmalonate this migration could be partially or completely controlled using appropriate reaction conditions. The ramification on the alkyl chain and the substituents on the aryl halide have also an important influence on this migration. Moreover, the cis,cis,cis-1,2,3,4-tetrakis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)cyclopentane/1/2[PdCl(C₃H₅)]₂ system catalyses this reaction with a wide range of aryl bromides using very high ratio substrate/catalyst in good yields.