原子层沉积构筑Pd/TiO2限域催化剂及其在1,4-丁炔二醇加氢的应用

利用ALD制备了TiO₂限域的Pd催化剂, 研究了限域空间内Pd纳米颗粒与TiO₂的界面作用对1,4-丁炔二醇(BYD)加氢性能的影响. 相比于管外负载型催化剂, 限域催化剂在催化1,4-丁炔二醇选择性加氢反应中体现出非常高的催化活性和1,4-丁烯二醇的选择性. HR-TEM、 EDX-Mapping、 XRD、 XPS和H₂-TPR表征说明, 限域体系中Pd-TiO₂的界面相互作用强于传统TiO₂表面负载型Pd催化剂, 这种强界面作用不仅能够提高BYD的加氢活性, 也可抑制半加氢产物1,4-丁烯二醇的异构化和深度加氢, 提高1,4-丁烯二醇的选择性, 而且限域结构也可阻止管内壁Pd纳米颗粒的脱落, 提高催化剂的稳定性.     

不同形貌的 CeO2 催化 1,4-丁二醇选择性脱水合成 3-丁烯-1-醇

 以 Ce(NO3)3•6H2O 为铈源, 采用不同沉淀剂制备了 CeO2 催化剂. 运用 N2 吸附-脱附、X 射线衍射、高分辨透射电镜和 H2程序升温还原等技术对催化剂进行了表征, 并评价了其对 1,4-丁二醇选择性脱水合成 3-丁烯-1-醇反应的催化性能. 结果表明, 以不同沉淀剂制得的 CeO2 样品形貌不同, 其中以 Na2CO3 为沉淀剂制备的 CeO2 呈边缘清晰的长方体形貌, 晶粒尺寸较大, 结晶较完整, 优先暴露的 (111) 晶面较多, 在 1,4-丁二醇选择性脱水反应中表现出较高的催化活性和选择性, 3-丁烯-1-醇收率可达 59.7%.     

Cu对Ni-Cu/SiO2催化1,4-丁炔二醇加氢性能的影响

采用超临界干燥法和等体积浸渍法制备了不同Ni/Cu比例的Ni-Cu/SiO₂双金属催化剂,利用ICP、BET、XRD、H₂-TPR、H₂-TPD、NH₃-TPD等手段对催化剂进行了结构表征,考察了不同Ni/Cu比例对催化剂结构以及1,4-丁炔二醇加氢性能的影响.结果表明,少量Cu的引入不仅能够提高Ni活性物种的分散性,而且Ni-Cu双金属间的相互作用改善了NiO物种的还原性能及氢活化能力,有利于氢和1,4-丁炔二醇在活性位点的快速转化.在反应温度50℃,氢压1 MPa,反应时间3 h的加氢评价条件下,Ni/Cu比为3：1时,15Ni5Cu/SiO₂催化材料不仅可以实现BYD的完全转化,而且能够有效降低难分离副产物2-羟基四氢呋喃的含量,具有最优的加氢活性和对1,4-丁烯二醇及1,4-丁二醇的选择性.     

Ni-M/SiO2催化1,4-丁炔二醇加氢的金属助剂效应

以SiO₂气凝胶为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了Ni/SiO₂及不同金属助剂改性的Ni-M/SiO₂（M=Fe、Co、Cu）催化剂,利用ICP、BET、XRD、H₂-TPR、H₂-TPD等手段对催化剂进行了表征,考察了不同第二金属对催化剂结构与1,4-丁炔二醇加氢性能的影响.结果表明,第二金属与Ni物种具有不同程度的双金属协同效应,其中Cu的加入不仅能够提高Ni活性物种的分散度,而且Ni-Cu双金属间的相互作用改善了NiO物种的还原性能及氢活化能力,有利于氢和1,4-丁炔二醇在活性位点的快速转化.在反应温度50℃,氢压1 MPa,反应时间3 h的加氢评价条件下,15Ni5Cu/SiO₂催化剂不仅可以实现1,4-丁炔二醇的完全转化,而且能够有效降低难分离副产物2-羟基四氢呋喃的含量,具有最优的加氢活性和对1,4-丁烯二醇的选择性.     

基于第一性原理方法研究ReOx在ReOx-Rh/ZrO2和ReOx-Ir/ZrO2催化的甘油氢解反应中的作用机制

采用密度泛函理论研究了ZrO₂负载的Ru基、Rh基以及Re改性的Rh基、Ir基催化剂上甘油氢解生成1,2-丙二醇和1,3-丙二醇的热力学过程, 重点考察了ReO_x调变催化剂活性和选择性的作用机制. 结果表明, Ru/ZrO₂和Rh/ZrO₂催化剂上甘油分解经由脱水-加氢反应途径, 1,2-丙二醇的生成是热力学有利过程, 其中Ru基催化剂活性更高. 在Re修饰的Rh基和Ir基催化剂上, 反应遵循直接氢解机理, 其中金属表面解离的氢原子进攻ReO_x团簇上与醇盐紧邻的C-O键是催化甘油转化为丙二醇最核心的步骤. ReO_x-Rh/ZrO₂催化剂上1,2-丙二醇为主要产物, 并伴随1,3-丙二醇的生成, ReO_x的修饰则显著提高了Ir/ZrO₂催化剂上1,3-丙二醇选择性. 与单金属催化剂上发生的间接氢解机理相比, 修饰催化剂上1,3-丙二醇选择性的提高可主要归因于Rh(Ir)-Re协同催化的直接氢解反应过程, 其中羟基化铼官能团有利于末端醇盐中间体的生成. ReO_x-Ir/ZrO₂催化剂上较大的Ir-Re团簇使得末端金属醇盐的立体优选性比次级醇盐更为突出, 从而具有最高的1,3-丙二醇选择性.     

碱土金属对ZrO2-Al2O3及其负载Pd-Rh密偶催化剂的影响

采用胶溶法制备了一系列碱土金属改性的ZrO₂-Al₂O₃, 并以其为载体采用等体积浸渍法制备了Pd-Rh密偶催化剂. 采用低温N₂吸附-脱附、X射线衍射(XRD)、氨气程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)对载体样品进行了表征. 结果表明, 碱土金属的添加增大了ZrO₂-Al₂O₃的比表面积, Sr-Zr-Al样品经1000 °C焙烧5 h后具有最大的比表面积, 为164 m²·g^-1. 对催化剂进行了H₂程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和活性表征, 考察了催化剂对C₃H₈的转化活性. 测试结果表明, 添加碱土金属能有效提高催化剂上丙烷的转化活性.     

固体氧化物催化剂酸碱性质对 1,2-丙二醇转化反应的影响

 采用 X 射线衍射、热重、NH3 程序升温脱附、CO2 程序升温脱附等手段研究了 Al2O3, MgO, CaO 和 KNO3 改性 MgO 催化剂的结构和酸碱性质, 并在固定床反应装置上考察了上述催化剂气相催化转化 1,2-丙二醇反应性能. 结果表明, 催化剂表面的酸碱性对 1,2-丙二醇气相转化反应的产物分布有显著影响. Al2O3 催化剂上的产物以丙醛和丙酮为主; MgO 催化剂上的主要产物为丙酮醇; CaO 催化剂上丙酮和丙烯醇选择性相对较高; KNO3 改性 MgO 催化剂上环氧丙烷选择性显著升高. 结合不同催化剂酸碱性质及其反应结果, 提出了 1,2-丙二醇气相转化的 6 个主要反应途径, 明确了各反应途径与催化剂酸碱性质的关系.     

Ag/ZrO2催化剂上的1,2-丙二醇选择性气相氧化反应

采用浸渍法制备了一系列Ag/ZrO₂催化剂, 考察了Ag/ZrO₂催化剂对1,2-丙二醇选择性氧化合成丙酮醛反应的催化性能. 实验结果表明: 在原料气配比为V(N₂)∶V(O₂)＝300∶19, n(O₂)/n(alcohol)＝1.2, 反应物液时空速为3.2 g/(g•h), 反应温度为673 K时, 1,2-丙二醇选择性氧化合成丙酮醛反应的转化率为95.7%, 选择性为55.3%, 高于传统电解银催化剂. UV-Vis DRS和XPS的研究结果表明: 在Ag/ZrO₂催化剂上存在大量的Ag^＋和Ag_n^δ＋有利于促进催化活性的提高.     

国产航空煤油裂解催化剂Pt/ZrxTixAl1-2xO2的性能

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列Zr_xTi_xAl_1-2xO₂复合氧化物载体材料,考察了其作为裂解催化剂载体对航空煤油裂解反应的影响.?采用全自动吸附仪、X射线衍射、扫描电镜/能谱仪联用、NH₃-程序升温脱附等手段对催化剂进行了表征.?结果表明,当ZrO₂：TiO₂：Al₂O₃质量比为1：1：3时催化剂具有最大的比表面积和孔容;具有最强的表面酸性和最集中的强酸中心密度,且具有良好的再生功能.?实验结果表明,载体ZrO₂：TiO₂：Al₂O₃质量比为1：1：3时催化剂上650?℃裂解产气量较热裂解提高了2.1倍,700?℃时提高1.4倍.?另外,该系列载体材料经1000?℃焙烧5?h后,所制得的催化剂几乎失去了催化活性.     

碱土金属氧化物掺杂氧化铈基电解质材料中的晶格缺陷

基于能量最小化算法，对碱土金属氧化物(MgO、CaO、SrO、BaO)掺杂的氧化铈基电解质缺陷进行模拟计算. 研究了掺杂离子与空位缺陷形成能和氧空位跃迁能之间的关系. 结果说明，在碱土金属氧化物掺杂氧化铈的固溶反应中，氧空位缺陷是电荷补偿缺陷的首选形式，CaO和SrO较MgO和BaO 易溶于CeO₂; Ca²⁺掺杂离子与氧空位缺陷对[CaCe″•VO^••]×的结合能最高；复合缺陷[VO•••MCe″•VO••]••在CeO₂中的状态不稳定；氧空位在次近邻间的跃迁能最低，因此最容易实现跃迁.     

Glycerol etherification over highly active CaO-based materials: new mechanistic aspects and related colloidal particle formation

Glycerol is an attractive renewable building block for the synthesis of di- and triglycerols, which have numerous applications in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. In this work, the selective etherification of glycerol to di- and triglycerol was studied in the presence of alkaline earth metal oxides and the data are compared with those obtained with Na2CO3 as a homogeneous catalyst. It was found that glycerol conversion increased with increasing catalyst basicity; that is, the conversion increases in the order: MgO90 % at 60 % conversion) are obtained over CaO, SrO, and BaO. For these catalysts no substantial acrolein formation was observed. Furthermore, at the start of the reaction mainly linear diglycerol was produced, whereas at higher conversion degrees branched diglycerol started to form. In another series of experiments different types of CaO materials were prepared. It was found that these CaO-based materials not only differed in their surface area and number of basic sites, but also in their Lewis acid strength. Within this series the CaO material possessing the strongest Lewis acid sites had the highest catalytic activity, comparable to that of BaO, pointing towards the important role of Lewis acidity for this etherification reaction. Based on these observations a plausible alternative reaction scheme for glycerol etherification is presented, which considers the facilitation of the hydroxyl leaving process. Finally, the stability of the catalytic solids under study was investigated and it was found that colloidal CaO particles of about 50-100 nm can be spontaneously generated during reaction. Catalytic testing of these CaO colloids, after isolation from the reaction medium, revealed a very high etherification activity. Understanding the nature of these Ca-based colloids opens new opportunities for investigating supported colloidal particle catalysts to take advantage of both their hetero- and homogeneous nature.     

整体式担载型Pt基催化剂上航空煤油的裂解:助剂SrO和BaO的影响

考察了整体式担载型Pt基催化剂上国产3号航空煤油(RP-3)的常压裂解反应,着重探讨了添加BaO和SrO助剂对裂解效果的影响,以及裂解时间对积炭量的影响.采用全自动吸附仪、程序升温还原、X射线光电子能谱以及X射线衍射和扫描电镜等方法对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,在整体式担载型Pt基催化剂上RP-3裂解的总产气量比热裂解提高了39.7%;BaO或SrO助剂的添加又使其总产气量又分别提高了25.6%和37.0%;同时添加BaO和SrO的催化剂,其催化裂解总产气量则提高了96.5%.BaO和SrO助剂均可有效地抑制积炭的生成,而两者间的协同作用,进一步抑制了RP-3催化裂解过程中积炭的生成.     

The effect of alkaline earth metal oxide on nickel catalyst for carbon dioxide reforming of methane

A study on the effect of alkaline earth metal oxide on the activity and stability of nickel catalyst for carbon dioxide reforming of methane was performed. When CaO, SrO, and BaO were used as supports, there was no difference in catalytic activity between the catalysts made by coprecipitation and impregnation. However, when MgO was used as a support, the catalyst prepared by coprecipitation showed superior activity than that made by impregnation. The higher activity of the catalyst made by coprecipitation was due to the formation of solid solution consisting of nickel and magnesium. The formation of the solid solution enhanced the dispersion of nickel and the resistance to coke formation.     

Characterization of ZrO2-SiO2 unmodified or modified with H2SO4 and acid catalysis

A series of ZrO₂-SiO₂ catalysts with various molar ratios of ZrO₂/SiO₂ were prepared by a coprecipitation method. The characterization of catalyst unmodified or modified with H₂SO₄ was performed using XRD, IR and XPS methods, and by the measurement of surface area. Mixing with amorphous SiO₂ or modifying with H₂SO₄ shifted the transition of ZrO₂ from the amorphous to tetragonal phase to a higher temperature. The catalytic activities for 2-propanol dehydration and cumene dealkylation were correlated with both acidity and acid strength of the catalyst, and the modification of catalyst with H₂SO₄ enhanced the catalytic activities remarkably. The difference in catalytic activities between modified and unmodified catalysts increased with increasing ZrO₂ content.     

Untersuchungen in den Zweistoffsystemen La2O3—(CaO,SrO, BaO)

Zusammenfassung Der Einbau von Lanthanoxid in die Erdalkalioxide CaO, SrO und BaO wurde auf röntgenographischem Wege untersucht. Bei 1000°C geglühte Proben zeigen folgende Löslichkeiten für La₂O₃: 1 Mol% in BaO, 2,4 Mol% in SrO und praktisch keine Löslichkeit in CaO.

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The incorporation of lanthanum oxide into CaO, SrO and BaO was studied by X-ray methods. The incorporated quantities of La₂O₃ in samples decarbonized at 1000°C were found to be 1 mol% for BaO, 2.4 mol% for SrO and no solubility for CaO.

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Mit 2 Abbildungen     

ZrO_2负载Pt催化巴豆醛选择性加氢

以高比表面积ZrO2为载体,采用浸渍法制备了负载型Pt催化剂,应用于常压下气相巴豆醛加氢反应,考察了Pt负载量和H2还原温度等对巴豆醛选择性加氢性能的影响.实验结果表明,Pt负载量(质量分数)为3%的3Pt/ZrO2催化剂经500℃还原后,具有较高的巴豆醛选择性加氢性能:巴豆醛转化率为27%,巴豆醇的选择性为55%.X射线粉末衍射(XRD)分析,CO化学吸附,NH3程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)表征结果表明Pt/ZrO2催化剂上Lewis强酸中心和适宜的Pt颗粒(约为8nm)有利于巴豆醛选择性加氢生成巴豆醇.     

Effect of Sulfation of Zirconia on Catalytic Performance in the Dehydration of Aliphatic Alcohols

Catalytic dehydration of 2‐propanol and that of 1‐butanol were performed at atmospheric pressure and 150–300°C over ZrO₂ and sulfated ZrO₂ (S/ZrO₂) in a fixed‐bed, tubular reactor. The catalysts were characterized with XRD, elemental analysis, FT‐IR, N₂ physisorption, TG/DTA, TPD, and TPR. The main structures of ZrO₂ and S/ZrO₂ were monoclinic and tetragonal, respectively. As ZrO₂ was modified with sulfuric acid, its surface area and acid amount were greatly increased, whereas the pore volume, the pore diameter, and the particle size were reduced. Both samples owned weak basicity. For both reactions, only dehydration products of alkene and ether were obtained. The alcohol conversion enhanced remarkably with the catalyst acid amount and the surface area as well as the reaction temperature. In addition, the ether selectivity on S/ZrO₂ decreased with raising the reaction temperature. The activation energy was 81.0 kJ/mol in the propene formation from 2‐propanol over S/ZrO₂. The corresponding value was 94.4 kJ/mol for the dehydration of 1‐butanol.     

添加碱土金属化合物对CeO2甲烷氧化偶联催化性能的影响

天然气中甲烷的利用,特别是氧化偶联(OCM)制乙烯过程近年来成为多相催化研究的热点之一.自从1982年Keller和Bhasin提出该课题以来许多学者已进行了大量催化剂的研制工作.尽管在这方面已取得重要进展,但催化剂的性能距工业化要求还有较大差距.     

CeO<Subscript>2</Subscript>–ZrO<Subscript>2</Subscript>–Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> Modified by Selective Doping with SrO for Improved Pd-Only Three-Way Catalyst

Composite CeO₂–ZrO₂–Al₂O₃ (CZA) modified by selective doping with SrO was prepared by simple coprecipitation method. The characterization results reveal that the structural property of the modified sample is fundamentally different from that of undoped CZA, the doped SrO can selectively combine with Al₂O₃ and act as a stabilizer, meanwhile homogeneous CZ solid solution is formed which appears insusceptible to Al₂O₃. Consequently more lattice defects are created in CZAS, which facilitate the improvement of oxygen mobility. The UV–Vis DRS and XPS results demonstrate that after doping with SrO, the supported catalyst Pd/CZAS possesses higher surface Pd and Ce³⁺ concentrations, which consequently leads to improved reducibility and catalytic performance. Furthermore, the synergistic effect between CeO₂–ZrO₂ and SrO–Al₂O₃ helps improve the thermal stability of Pd/CZAS. As a result, after aging treatment, Pd/CZASa still maintains improved structural, textural, morphological and reduction properties along with enhanced three-way catalytic performance.     

氧化铝载体和氧化钡助剂对钌基氨合成催化剂结构和性能的影响

采用不同来源γ-Al2O3(市售Al2O3-1,合成Al2O3-2)作为钌基氨合成催化剂载体,利用浸渍法制备了一系列添加不同BaO助剂含量的Ba-Ru/Al2O3催化剂.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、N2-低温物理吸附、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、透射电镜(TEM)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、NH3程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等方法研究了不同来源的Al2O3以及BaO助剂含量对负载型钌基催化剂的物相结构、织构性质、微观形貌、表面性质和催化剂的氨合成活性等方面的影响.结果表明,载体的物理化学性质对制备的钌基氨合成催化剂的结构以及活性有较大影响.BaO助剂对催化剂的影响主要表现在两个方面:添加量不同导致BaO与γ-Al2O3的作用力不同,从而进一步影响催化体系的比表面积和孔结构性质;BaO助剂会对体系的Ru物种还原性质以及催化剂表面酸碱性质进行调节,适量BaO的加入能够极大提高反应活性,而这种最佳量与载体性质密切相关.