胶束电动色谱柱上酶反应测定低分子量肝素的抗凝血活性

发展了一种基于胶束电动色谱（MEKC）结合柱上酶微反应的方法,用于测定低分子量肝素（LMWHs）的抗凝血活性。肝素与抗凝血酶Ⅲ（ATⅢ）结合后,将ATⅢ抑制凝血因子10（FXa）活性提高了约1000倍。通过测定FXa水解生色肽底物CPS产生的对硝基苯胺（p -NP）就可以测定FXa的活性。因此,通过LMWHs抑制FXa产生的对硝基苯胺的量就可以测定抗凝血活性。该方法将毛细管柱端作为微量的酶微反应器,以呋喃妥英（nitrofurantoin,NF）作为内标,依次将LMWHs溶液、ATⅢ溶液、FXa和CPS溶液导入毛细管柱端,反应物经过分子扩散、横向层流扩散混合和电压混合后反应。反应结束后,采用MEKC分离模式将产物对硝基苯胺与底物以及其他大分子分离,在其最大波长380 nm下测定产生对硝基苯胺的量,从而确定LMWHs的抗凝血活性。该方法具有自动化、重复性好、灵敏度高、样品消耗量少的优点,而且不受其他成分的干扰,可用于各种复杂样品（如血浆）中LMWHs抗FXa活性的监测。     

低抗凝肝素寡糖的制备、结构表征及免疫活性评价

以猪肠黏膜来源低抗凝肝素为原料,采用苄酯碱水解法制备了寡糖.通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)、高效凝胶渗透色谱(HPGPC)-多角激光光散射法(MALLs)联用、核磁共振波谱(NMR)和液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)联用技术对所制备寡糖的分子量分布及化学结构进行了表征.以该寡糖对活化X因子(FXa)及人凝血酶(FⅡa)活性的抑制作用评价了其抗凝血活性,并通过测定其对RAW264.7巨噬细胞吞噬能力及NO释放量的影响评价其免疫活性.结果表明,所制备寡糖的聚合度分布于2~22之间,平均分子质量为5300,无明显的抗凝血活性,但具有显著的免疫增强活性.     

一种凝血酶亲和色谱介质的制备方法

对凝血酶-琼脂糖亲和色谱介质的制备方法进行了研究。首先使用凝血酶和溴化氰活化的琼脂糖制备凝血酶-琼脂糖亲和色谱介质,然后用生色底物法考察亲和色谱介质上凝血酶的活性,以凝血酶活性为指标对最佳偶联条件进行了优化。结果表明最佳条件为使用pH 8.3的Na₂CO₃-NaHCO₃溶液(含0.5 mol/L NaCl)为缓冲溶液,凝血酶用量为每1 g色谱介质加入凝血酶200 U,室温反应10 h。在最佳条件下所制备的色谱介质有较好的稳定性,在4℃条件下存放40天,亲和介质上的凝血酶活性仍有70.6%保留。该亲和色谱介质可广泛用于含凝血酶抑制剂的天然药物筛选和分离纯化。     

色谱-质谱技术在生物分析研究中的最新进展

<正>本文对近期色谱-质谱相关技术和方法学研究进展进行简略评述。由于色谱方法研究和应用领域十分广泛,涉及方方面面,本文仅简要介绍色谱、多维色谱及其与质谱联用技术在生物物质分析领域(主要是人类染色体蛋白质组、糖蛋白、磷酸化蛋白质组)的研究工作,此外还包括体积排阻色谱分离病毒颗粒、量子点、肝素方面的研究和多维气相色谱分析进展及其他亮点文章。     

同位素稀释三重串联四级杆质谱法测定鱼组织中24种多环芳烃

采用气相色谱-三重串联四级杆质谱联用技术测定了鱼组织中24种多环芳烃(PAHs).将冻干鱼组织样品加入同位素内标后,用加速溶剂萃取法(ASE)进行提取,提取液采用凝胶排阻色谱(GPC)和固相萃取(SPE)联用进行净化.采用二氯甲烷为提取溶剂,100℃下提取,以二氯甲烷作为GPC的流动相,在3.5 mL/min流速下,收...     

高效液相色谱法测定涤纶中的间苯二甲酸含量

 涤纶中加入少量的间苯二甲酸对改进涤纶性能有一定的影响。用高效液相色谱法对涤纶样品中的间苯二甲酸的含量进行测定 ,用甲醇和氢氧化钠溶液充分水解样品 ,利用NovaparkC18柱 ,以甲醇 水 (体积比为 15∶85 ,pH 3 )溶液为流动相 ,分析了不同国家和地区的涤纶样品 ,并对最佳水解条件及色谱条件的选择等方面进行了讨论。     

高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定紫菜中的碘形态

建立了高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(HPLC-ICP-MS)联用技术测定紫菜中IO_3~-,I~-,MIT和DIT的方法。采用离子交换色谱柱AS7分离4种碘形态,以175 mmol/L NH_4NO_3和4%(V/V)甲醇为流动相,在梯度洗脱的条件下可实现4种碘形态的完全分离。在此条件下,IO_3~-,I~-,MIT和DIT的方法检出限(以碘计)分别为0.09,0.34,0.09,0.33μg/L,可满足紫菜中碘形态的测定要求。对紫菜样品前处理方法进行了优化比较,最终确定40℃超声提取2次,每次超声2 h为紫菜样品前处理方法,方法可保持样品处理过程中各碘形态的稳定。利用建立的方法并结合体积排阻色谱对紫菜标准物质GSB-14中的碘形态进行分析,发现其主要以I~-和一种未知碘形态存在。     

生物样品二恶英分析中两个常见干扰峰的鉴定

利用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱联用仪（HRGC/HRMS）和高分辨气相色谱/低分辨质谱仪（HRGC/LRMS）对实际生物样品中二恶英（polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans,PCDD/Fs）的分析过程中¹³C标记的2,3,7,8-四氯代二苯并呋喃（¹³C₁₂-2,3,7,8-TCDF）监测碎片离子通道的两个常见干扰峰进行了分析鉴定。通过实际样品分析结果首先推测这两个干扰峰可能为有机氯农药类化合物滴滴涕（DDT）降解产物滴滴伊（DDE）的两个异构体,其次采用DDE的标准溶液（包括o,p’-DDE和p,p’-DDE）进行分析确认。通过HRGC/HRMS的色谱峰分离效果分析、色谱保留时间匹配以及与DDE碎片离子的理论丰度比进行比较,最终确认实际样品分析中的两个干扰峰依次为o,p’-DDE和p,p’-DDE。本文可为生物样品中二恶英的准确识别提供重要参考。     

邻苯二甲酸为背景吸收电解质的毛细管电泳法测定低分子量肝素中的阴离子

在生产和贮存低分子量肝素的过程中,糖链上的硫酸酯基团会被水解而损失活性,因此肝素样品中常可以检测到游离的硫酸根离子,此外在生产过程中还会引入其他阴离子。为了检测低分子量肝素的质量稳定性,常用离子色谱检测低分子量肝素中游离的阴离子。但是相对分子质量较大的低分子量肝素会污染离子色谱柱和抑制器。为此发展了一种灵敏的毛细管电泳方法用于测定低分子量肝素中游离的SO~(2-)_4、Cl~-、F~-、PO~(3-)_4和OAc~-。不同于常用的背景吸收离子铬酸根,采用邻苯二甲酸根作为背景吸收电解质。与铬酸根相比,邻苯二甲酸根与所有待测阴离子电泳淌度匹配得更好,因此可以获得较窄的峰形。而且邻苯二甲酸根在230 nm检测波长下的摩尔吸光系数(4 754 L/(mol·cm))比铬酸根(254 nm,2 400 L/(mol·cm))高。因此,可以将毛细管电泳检测阴离子的灵敏度提高到与离子色谱法相当的水平。通过验证,该方法在0.002~1 mmol/L的浓度范围内具有较好的线性关系,日内(n=6)和日间(n=3)迁移时间和峰面积的相对标准偏差均小于3%。所测阴离子的检出限(S/N=3)和定量限(S/N=10)分别为0.4~0.8μmol/L和2~4μmol/L。该方法可用于监测低分子量肝素的稳定性。     

HPLC-ICP-MS法测定环境水样中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)及方法在复杂基体水样适用性

基于高效液相色谱和电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术,建立测定环境水样中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的分析方法。结果表明Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度在1~100μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限均为0.07μg/L,不同浓度(2,50,90μg/L)测试相对标准偏差在1.1%~6.3%之间。所建立方法无需其他前处理就可用于高盐度水样中两种形态铬分离分析。C18固相萃取小柱可高效吸附废水样品中的有色物质,但对其中的Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)没有吸附,可用于废水样品脱色处理。     

Structural elucidation of the tetrasaccharide pool in enoxaparin sodium

Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) are produced from heparin by various depolymerization strategies, which result in a reduction of the average molecular weight of the polysaccharide chains, a reduction of the anti-factor IIa activity (and a concomitant increase in the anti-factor Xa/anti-factor IIa ratio), and introduction of process-related structural signatures. Numerous techniques have been developed to characterize LMWHs and to measure the type and extent of structural modifications that are introduced as a function of the depolymerization process. We present here an analysis of the tetrasaccharide pool of enoxaparin sodium, a LMWH produced by chemical β-elimination of heparin benzyl ester. We identify the predominant sequences present within the tetrasaccharide pool and demonstrate that this pool provides a sensitive, specific readout of the physicochemical process conditions used to generate enoxaparin sodium.     

Low molecular weight heparin enhances prostacyclin production by cultured human endothelial cells.

Confluent cultures of vascular endothelial cells derived from the human umbilical vein were incubated in a serum-free medium in the presence of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) with molecular weights of 4000-6000 dalton (Da), or of unfractionated heparin (UFH) with average molecular weight 12,000 Da, and prostacyclin production was determined by radioimmunoassay for 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, the stable metabolite of prostacyclin. LMWH at 1 U/ml as anti-factor Xa activity significantly increased prostacyclin production after 6h or longer; however, UFH at 1 USP U/ml did not induce such a significant change. The LMWH-induced increase in prostacyclin production occurred at 0.1 U/ml and above after 6 h of treatment. Since prostacyclin is both a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation and a vasodilator, it was suggested that the increased endothelial cell prostacyclin production induced by LMWH may be a component of the anticoagulant activity of the drug.     

Protamine neutralisation of low molecular weight heparins and their oligosaccharide components

Protamine sulphate is an effective inhibitor of heparin and is used clinically to neutralise both low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) and unfractionated heparin (UFH). However, protamine sulphate does not fully counter the anti-Xa effect of LMWH, even in excess (>40 μg to 1 IU/ml). To investigate the molecular basis for this observation, the residual potencies in the presence and absence of plasma as well as the molecular weight profiles of commercial LMWH neutralised with increasing amounts of protamine were measured. Materials over 5000 Da are preferentially neutralised by protamine. To further investigate this molecular weight dependence, monodisperse oligosaccharides were prepared from three commercial LMWHs. The specific anti-Xa activity for the fractions increased with molecular weight, and was found to vary between the three preparations for oligosaccharides of the same molecular weight. Our results indicate that protamine sulphate neutralisation is largely dependent on molecular weight, leading to the implication that LMWHs containing a larger proportion of small oligosaccharides will not be as effectively neutralised. Protamine sulphate neutralisation of any given LMWH is also affected by the specific anticoagulant activities of its low molecular weight components, which varies between LMWH products, presumably with the method of manufacture.     

Validation of the anti-factor Xa assay for the potency assessment of enoxaparin in pharmaceutical formulations

Enoxaparin is a low-molecular weight heparin used clinically for the prevention and treatment of venous and arterial thrombosis. An anti-factor Xa assay was used to evaluate the potency of the final drug preparation. Method validation investigated parameters such as the range, linearity (r2 = 0.9971), precision, accuracy, and robustness; the biological assay incorporated a chromogenic endpoint and detection at 405 nm. The method yielded good results with a quantitation limit of 0.037 IU/mL and a detection limit of 0.011 IU/mL. The results demonstrated the validity of the anti-factor Xa assay for the determination of enoxaparin.     

Polyion-sensitive membrane-based electrodes for heparin-binding foldamer analysis

Polymer membrane-based electrodes sensitive to low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) have been used to examine the binding between several preparations of LMWH and heparin-binding foldamers, which have recently been developed as potential inhibitors of the anticoagulant activity of LMWHs. It was found that the structure of the heparin-binding foldamer affects the equilibrium binding constant, K(eq), determined by analysis of the titration curves of the foldamers with LMWHs monitored with these electrodes, and further, the strength of binding depends on the specific LMWH preparation. Additionally, polymer membrane-based electrodes utilizing dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate as the ion-exchanger were developed to measure the heparin-binding foldamers directly in whole blood, and the response was found to depend on the lipophilicity and charge density of the foldamer.     

A Synthetic Antithrombin III Binding Pentasaccharide Is Now a Drug! What Comes Next?

Heparin is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan isolated from animal organs that has been used clinically as an antithrombotic agent since the 1940s. In the early 1980s it was discovered that a unique pentasaccharide domain in some heparin chains activates antithrombin III (AT-III), a serine protease inhibitor that blocks thrombin and factor Xa in the coagulation cascade. Sanofi-Synthélabo and Organon developed a synthetic analogue of this pentasaccharide. The resulting antithrombotic drug arixtra, which went on the market in the USA and Europe in 2002, shows superior antithrombotic activity and brings about AT-III-mediated activity against factor Xa exclusively. Structure-based design has subsequently led to analogues with longer-lasting activity, such as idraparinux, as well as novel conjugates and long oligosaccharides with specific anti-Xa and antithrombin activities. The new drug candidates are more selective in their mode of action than heparin and less likely to induce thrombocytopenia.     

Detection of protease activities using specific aminoacyl or peptidyl p-nitroanilides after sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and its applications

A general method for detecting protease activities on acrylamide or agarose gels after sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) using specific aminoacyl p-nitroanilide (NA) or peptidyl NA as substrate is described. This method is extended from the spectrophotometric assay of p-nitroaniline, which is a chromogenic product liberated by protease action on aminoacyl NA or peptidyl NA. The acrylamide gel containing protein bands was dipped directly into a solution which contained specific synthetic aminoacyl NA or peptidyl NA as a substrate or had been overlaid with an agarose gel containing the same substrate. The p-nitroaniline released on the acrylamide or agarose gel by the specific protease was diazotized with sodium nitrite and then coupled to N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine to produce distinct activity band(s). The substrates used for protease activity staining on gels were identical to those used for spectrophotometric assays. Some applications are described.     

Preparation of Polyporus Albicans Teng Sulfate and Its Anti-coagulation Activity

More studies have indicated that polysaccharide sulfate has anti-coagulant activity.Now,heparin is the most popular anticoagulant used in clinic,however,its side effects have also caused highly concern.It is still under intensive investigations to synthesize effective safe polysaccharide sulfate as heparin substitute.We extracted water-soluble polysaccharide from fermented mycelium of edible polyporus albicans(Imaz.) teng,and got the water-soluble polyporus albicans teng sulfate(PATS) by modifying the water-solubility polyose with the method of chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine.The anti-coagulant assay of PATS in vitro towards normal human plasma indicates its remarkable anticoagulant activity,while the dose could be as low as 5 mg/L for anticoagulation.The anti-coagulant effect was equivalent to that of heparin about 150 U when the concentration of PATS was 10 mg/L.The study on anti-coagulation mechanism suggests that PATS got involved in the intrinsic pathway.The anti-coagulation activity of PATS was due to the inhibition of the coagulation factors IIa and Xa activities mediated by antithrombin Ⅲ(ATIII).The anti-coagulation mechanism of PATS is absolutely identical to that of heparin.In conclusion,we suggest that PATS has the similar anti-coagulation characteristic to heparin,but with a better anti-coagulation effect.Meanwhile,derived from edible fungus-polysaccharide,PATS has more bio-safety advantage.Therefore,PATS has promising future to be developed and used as an ideal substitute for heparin in clinic.     

Comparative study of Factor Xa fluorogenic substrates and their influence on the quantification of LMWHs

Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are recognised as the preferred anticoagulants in the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. Anti-Factor Xa (anti-FXa) levels are used to monitor the anticoagulant effect of LMWHs and such assays are routinely employed in hospital diagnostic laboratories. In this study, a fluorogenic anti-FXa assay was developed using a commercially available fluorogenic substrate with an attached 6-amino-1-naphthalene-sulfonamide (ANSN) fluorophore and was used for the determination of two LMWHs, enoxaparin and tinzaparin and the heparinoid, danaparoid. The assay was based on the complexation of heparinised plasma with 100 nM exogenous FXa and 25 μM of the fluorogenic substrate Mes-D-LGR-ANSN (C₂H₅)₂ (SN-7). The assay was tested with pooled plasma samples spiked with anticoagulant concentrations in the range 0–1.6 U mL⁻¹. The statistically sensitive assay range was 0–0.4 U mL⁻¹ for enoxaparin and tinzaparin and 0–0.2 U mL⁻¹ for danaparoid, with assay variation typically below 10.5%. This assay was then compared with a previously published fluorogenic anti-FXa assay developed with the peptide substrate, methylsulfonyl-d-cyclohexylalanyl-glycyl-arginine-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin acetate (Pefafluor FXa). Both assays were compared in terms of fluorescence intensity, lag times and sensitivity to anticoagulants.     

Experimental proof for the structure of a thrombin-inhibiting heparin molecule

Kinetic studies of thrombin inhibition by antithrombin in the presence of heparin have shown that thrombin binds to heparin in a preformed heparin-antithrombin complex. To study the relative position of the thrombin binding domain and the antithrombin binding domain on a heparin molecule we have designed and synthesized heparin mimetics, which structurally are very similar to the genuine polysaccharide. Their inhibitory properties with respect to factor Xa and thrombin provide experimental evidence that in heparin the thrombin binding domain must be located at the nonreducing end of the antithrombin binding domain to observe thrombin inhibition. As expected, factor Xa inhibition is not affected by elongation of the antithrombin binding pentasaccharide sequence, regardless of the position in which this elongation takes place.