Determination of vanadium in petroleum and petroleum products using atomic spectrometric techniques

Vanadium is recognized worldwide as the most abundant metallic constituent in petroleum. It is causing undesired side effects in the refining process, and corrosion in oil-fired power plants. Consequently, it is the most widely determined metal in petroleum and its derivatives. This paper offers a critical review of analytical methods based on atomic spectrometric techniques, particularly flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET AAS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In addition an overview is provided of the sample pretreatment and preparation procedures for vanadium determination in petroleum and petroleum products. Also included are the most recent studies about speciation and fractionation analysis using atomic spectrometric techniques.     

Acid interferences in atomic spectrometry: analyte signal effects and subsequent reduction

When considering elemental analysis by atomic spectrometry techniques (e.g. flame atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), the sample is normally introduced as a solution. In many instances an acid is present in that solution, as a result of previous sample preparation steps, analyte stabilization procedures, etc. Therefore, acids are among the most common matrices involved in spectroscopic analysis. The effect of the acid on the different stages taking place during the whole analytical process has been reviewed. Attention has been paid to the three techniques mentioned above. The results summarized here reveal the crucial role that acids play in atomic spectrometry, being one of the most important sources of interferences suffered by these techniques. In the last part of this bibliographic survey, the methods found for correction of the acid effect are mentioned and briefly described.     

单一稀土元素检测方法的新近进展

本文对1999～2004年间有关单一稀土元素检测方法的研究进展进行了综述,内容包括原子吸收/原子荧光光谱法,荧光光度法,X-射线荧光光谱法,中子活化分析,电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法以及其干扰效应、进样技术和分析应用.引用文献127篇.     

岩石矿物分析

评述了2006年6月-2008年5月期间国内在岩石矿物分析领域的研究与应用现状及进展概况。内容包括综述与会议、试样的前处理、滴定法和重量法、光度法、原子光谱法、电化学分析法、X射线荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法及联用技术、化学物相分析及形态分析、质量控制及标准方法等。收集文献462篇。     

矿物分析技术及进展

评述了2001年11月至2003年10月期间国内有关矿物分析技术的现状及进展概况。内容包括综述与会议、重量法与滴定法、光度法、电化学分析法、原子光谱分析法、X射线荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法、联用技术、国家标准方法及其它。     

Uranium determination using atomic spectrometric techniques: An overview

This review focuses on the determination of uranium using spectroanalytical techniques that are aimed at total determination such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES); and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) that also enables the determination of uranium isotopes. The advantages and shortcomings related to interferences, precision, accuracy, sample type and equipment employed in the analysis are taken into account, as well as the complexity and costs (i.e., acquisition, operation and maintenance) associated with each of the techniques. Strategies to improve their performance that employ separation and/or preconcentration steps are considered, with an emphasis given to solid-phase extraction because of its advantages compared to other preconcentration procedures.     

Multi-element characterization of silicon nitride powders by atomic and mass spectrometric solution methods

A sample pretreatment technique for silicon nitride involving digestion and matrix/traces separation was developed by means of radiotracers and applied to analysis of this material by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The results obtained for a high purity silicon nitride material by these methods are compared each with the other and with those obtained by neutron activation analysis. The limits of detection and the capabilities of the methods are compared and discussed.     

植物样品中痕量砷的形态分析研究进展

介绍了近十年来国内外植物样品中包括药用植物中砷的形态分析研究进展。由于植物中的砷含量甚低,其主要的检测手段是:氢化物电感耦合等离子体原子吸收光谱法(HG-ICP-AAS)、高效液相色谱-等离子体质谱法(HPLC-ICP-MS)、氢化物原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱方法在生物样品分析中的应用

介绍了电感耦合等离子体质谱方法在生物样品分析中应用研究的新进展。针对ICP－MS的特点阐述了样品处理、进样方式、干扰校正的主要方法和应注意的问题。     

Role of Modern Analytical Chemistry in Material Analyses for Trace Metals

The trend in the modern analytical laboratory is toward lower and lower analytical concentration measurements. The analyst has a variety of analytical instruments and techniques in which to meet the ever growing need for lower concentration measurements with improved precision and accuracy. Techniques available to the analyst include flame and electrothermal atomization-atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry, laser enhanced ionization spectrometry, neutron activation analysis, spectrophotometry, isotope dilution mass spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence spectometry, electroanalytical, and chromatography. However, there is no analytical technique that is a panacea for all analytes in the modern analytical laboratory. Steps the analyst must consider to obtain the highest degree of precision and accuracy include the obtaining of a representative sample, the selection of the “best” analytical method, the preparation of the sample, the calibration of the instrumentation, the deciding on the level of effort for the chemical measurement and the evaluation of the data are discussed.     

Cloud point extraction utilizable for separation and preconcentration of (ultra)trace elements in biological fluids before their determination by spectrometric methods: a brief review

This review summarizes and discusses applications related to the determination of (ultra)trace elements in biological fluids using cloud point extraction as sample pretreatment technique. Biological fluids, such as urine, whole blood, serum or plasma, are the most often analyzed biological materials in these applications. Spectrometric methods, such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, are commonly used for quantification of elements preconcentrated by the extraction technique. Optimized extraction procedures lead to the high extraction recoveries of the target analytes. High enrichment factors achieved lead to the lowering of quantification limits. All these achievements illustrate the great potential of extractions for reliable quantification of (ultra)trace elements in complex biological matrix what is documented in this review of a number of works published on this topic.     

Determination of trace elements in petroleum products by inductively coupled plasma techniques: A critical review

The fundamentals, applications and latter developments of petroleum products analysis through inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are revisited in the present bibliographic survey. Sample preparation procedures for the direct analysis of fuels by using liquid sample introduction systems are critically reviewed and compared. The most employed methods are sample dilution, emulsion or micro-emulsion preparation and sample decomposition. The first one is the most widely employed due to its simplicity. Once the sample has been prepared, an organic matrix is usually present. The performance of the sample introduction system (i.e., nebulizer and spray chamber) depends strongly upon the nature and properties of the solution finally obtained. Many different devices have been assayed and the obtained results are shown. Additionally, samples can be introduced into the plasma by using an electrothermal vaporization (ETV) device or a laser ablation system (LA). The recent results published in the literature showing the feasibility, advantages and drawbacks of latter alternatives are also described. Therefore, the main goal of the review is the discussion of the different approaches developed for the analysis of crude oil and its derivates by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) techniques.     

硒的化学形态分析

对硒的化学形态分析的现状(1991-2006)进行了评述,主要涉及的分析方法有紫外-可见分光光度法、荧光光度法、氢化物发生(HG)原子荧光光谱法、HG原子吸收光谱法、电感耦合等离子体(ICP)原子发射光谱、气相色译原子吸收光谱联用、ICP-质谱与多种分析技术联用等(引用文献45篇).     

Identification of Oil Pollution Sources by a Set of Modern Instrumental Methods

Source of contamination of the soil and water with oil can be exactly identified by a set of instrumental methods such as atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, atomic emission spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence analysis, and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry.     

On-line sample processing involving microextraction techniques as a front-end to atomic spectrometric detection for trace metal assays: A review

Within the last decade, liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) and micro-solid phase extraction (μSPE) approaches have emerged as substitutes for conventional sample processing procedures for trace metal assays within the framework of green chemistry. This review surveys the progress of the state of the art in simplification and automation of microextraction approaches by harnessing to the various generations of flow injection (FI) as a front end to atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry or mass spectrometry (ICP-AES/MS). It highlights the evolution of flow injection analysis and related techniques as vehicles for appropriate sample presentation to the detector and expedient on-line matrix separation and pre-concentration of trace levels of metals in troublesome matrices. Rather than being comprehensive this review is aimed at outlining the pros and cons via representative examples of recent attempts in automating green sample preparation procedures in an FI or sequential injection (SI) mode capitalizing on single-drop microextraction, dispersive liquid-phase microextraction and advanced sorptive materials including carbon and metal oxide nanoparticles, ion imprinted polymers, superparamagnetic nanomaterials and biological/biomass sorbents. Current challenges in the field are identified and the synergetic combination of flow analysis, nanotechnology and metal-tagged biomolecule detection is envisaged.     

Solid-phase extraction in the determination of gold, palladium, and platinum

A simple classification of various sorbents and solid-phase extraction procedures used for preconcentration of trace levels of Au, Pd, and Pt from different sample types is proposed in this review article. The large variety of available sorbents/procedures has been organized according to expected mechanisms of sorption process (complex formation; ion exchange; adsorption; ion-imprinted or molecularly imprinted polymers); according to the kind of monomeric units of the polymer matrix as well as on the basis of the kind of functional group responsible for main performance characteristics (selectivity, capacity) of the sorbent. Advantages of chemically modified sorbents, sulfur-containing sorbent extractants, and ion-imprinted polymers, together with rational pretreatment by means of microwave treatments, scaling down of enrichment, and quantification by means of flow and flow injection approaches are given. Preferred instrumental techniques for quantification of ppb levels of Au, Pd, and Pt in prepared concentrates/column eluates are multielement instrumental techniques: inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Excellent limits of detection at picogram levels of these analytes are provided by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS), generally in single-element mode and the neutron activation analysis (NAA), while X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and flame AAS are rarely applied because of lack of sensitivity at sub-ppm levels of Au, Pd, and Pt. Some problems of atomic spectrometric quantification techniques and their representative limits of detection are given. Recent applications to geological, industrial, pharmaceutical, biological, and other materials are tabulated. References have been selected mostly from the period 1995 to 2010.     

Trends in sorption preconcentration combined with noble metal determination.

Nowadays much attention is being paid to the determination of trace amounts of noble metals in geological, industrial, biological and environmental samples. The most promising techniques, such as inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) are characterized by high sensitivity. However, the accurate determination of trace noble metals has been limited by numerous interferences generated from the presence of matrix elements. To decrease, or eliminate, these interferences, the sorption preconcentration of noble metals is often used prior to their instrumental detection. A great number of hyphenated methods of noble metal determination using sorption preconcentration have been developed. This review describes the basic types of available sorbents, preconcentration procedures and preparations of the sorbent to the subsequent determination of noble metals. The specific features of instrumental techniques and examples of ETAAS, FAAS, ICP-AES, ICP-MS determinations after the sorption preconcentration of noble metals are considered. The references cited here were selected mostly from the period 1996 - 2006.     

Tungsten devices in analytical atomic spectrometry

Tungsten devices have been employed in analytical atomic spectrometry for approximately 30 years. Most of these atomizers can be electrically heated up to 3000 °C at very high heating rates, with a simple power supply. Usually, a tungsten device is employed in one of two modes: as an electrothermal atomizer with which the sample vapor is probed directly, or as an electrothermal vaporizer, which produces a sample aerosol that is then carried to a separate atomizer for analysis. Tungsten devices may take various physical shapes: tubes, cups, boats, ribbons, wires, filaments, coils and loops. Most of these orientations have been applied to many analytical techniques, such as atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic emission spectrometry, atomic fluorescence spectrometry, laser excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry, metastable transfer emission spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and microwave plasma atomic spectrometry. The analytical figures of merit and the practical applications reported for these techniques are reviewed. Atomization mechanisms reported for tungsten atomizers are also briefly summarized. In addition, less common applications of tungsten devices are discussed, including analyte preconcentration by adsorption or electrodeposition and electrothermal separation of analytes prior to analysis. Tungsten atomization devices continue to provide simple, versatile alternatives for analytical atomic spectrometry.     

X射线荧光光谱法快速测定费托蜡中铁

通过对费托蜡(合成蜡、渣蜡)创新制样与装样、测试条件优化,利用仪器自带的基本参数法无标样半定量分析软件,建立了X射线荧光光谱(XRF)测定费托蜡中Fe的方法。测定的相对标准偏差<1%、典型分析时间10 min/样,无需标样。与ICP-AES测定结果相比较,相对误差低于10%,同时降低了蜡样测试对仪器真空度或分光晶体产生的不良影响。     

Mercury speciation by CE: a review

CE methods for the speciation of inorganic and organomercury compounds are reviewed. Sample preparation, separation conditions and detection modes are discussed. Efficient separation and sensitive determination of mercury species by CE typically involves complexation with various thiols, chromogenic and other chelating agents; however, some methods do not require complexation. Spectrophotometric detection based on UV-visible absorption is by far the most commonly used. Hyphenated techniques, such as CE/inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-MS, hydride generation coupled to ICP-MS or atomic fluorescence spectrometry and CE/atomic absorption spectrometry are gaining popularity due to their high sensitivity and selectivity. Last, but not least, the potential and applications of electrochemical methods for detection of separated mercury species are outlined.